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<div class="section" id="module-tokenize">
<span id="tokenize-tokenizer-for-python-source"></span><h1>32.7. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tokenize" title="tokenize: Lexical scanner for Python source code."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></code></a> — Tokenizer for Python source<a class="headerlink" href="#module-tokenize" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/tokenize.py">Lib/tokenize.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tokenize" title="tokenize: Lexical scanner for Python source code."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></code></a> module provides a lexical scanner for Python source code,
implemented in Python. The scanner in this module returns comments as tokens as
well, making it useful for implementing “pretty-printers,” including colorizers
for on-screen displays.</p>
<p>To simplify token stream handling, all <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/lexical_analysis.html#operators"><span class="std std-ref">Operators</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/lexical_analysis.html#delimiters"><span class="std std-ref">Delimiters</span></a>
tokens are returned using the generic <a class="reference internal" href="token.html#token.OP" title="token.OP"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token.OP</span></code></a> token type. The exact
type can be determined by checking the second field (containing the actual
token string matched) of the tuple returned from
<a class="reference internal" href="#tokenize.generate_tokens" title="tokenize.generate_tokens"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tokenize.generate_tokens()</span></code></a> for the character sequence that identifies a
specific operator token.</p>
<p>The primary entry point is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator"><span class="xref std std-term">generator</span></a>:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="tokenize.generate_tokens">
<code class="descclassname">tokenize.</code><code class="descname">generate_tokens</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>readline</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize.generate_tokens" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#tokenize.generate_tokens" title="tokenize.generate_tokens"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generate_tokens()</span></code></a> generator requires one argument, <em>readline</em>,
which must be a callable object which provides the same interface as the
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#file.readline" title="file.readline"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline()</span></code></a> method of built-in file objects (see section
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bltin-file-objects"><span class="std std-ref">File Objects</span></a>). Each call to the function should return one line
of input as a string. Alternately, <em>readline</em> may be a callable object that
signals completion by raising <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.StopIteration" title="exceptions.StopIteration"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StopIteration</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>The generator produces 5-tuples with these members: the token type; the token
string; a 2-tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(srow,</span> <span class="pre">scol)</span></code> of ints specifying the row and column
where the token begins in the source; a 2-tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(erow,</span> <span class="pre">ecol)</span></code> of ints
specifying the row and column where the token ends in the source; and the
line on which the token was found. The line passed (the last tuple item) is
the <em>logical</em> line; continuation lines are included.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>An older entry point is retained for backward compatibility:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="tokenize.tokenize">
<code class="descclassname">tokenize.</code><code class="descname">tokenize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>readline</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>tokeneater</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize.tokenize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#tokenize.tokenize" title="tokenize.tokenize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tokenize()</span></code></a> function accepts two parameters: one representing the input
stream, and one providing an output mechanism for <a class="reference internal" href="#tokenize.tokenize" title="tokenize.tokenize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tokenize()</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>The first parameter, <em>readline</em>, must be a callable object which provides the
same interface as the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#file.readline" title="file.readline"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline()</span></code></a> method of built-in file objects (see
section <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bltin-file-objects"><span class="std std-ref">File Objects</span></a>). Each call to the function should return one
line of input as a string. Alternately, <em>readline</em> may be a callable object that
signals completion by raising <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.StopIteration" title="exceptions.StopIteration"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StopIteration</span></code></a>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.5: </span>Added <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.StopIteration" title="exceptions.StopIteration"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StopIteration</span></code></a> support.</p>
</div>
<p>The second parameter, <em>tokeneater</em>, must also be a callable object. It is
called once for each token, with five arguments, corresponding to the tuples
generated by <a class="reference internal" href="#tokenize.generate_tokens" title="tokenize.generate_tokens"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generate_tokens()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>All constants from the <a class="reference internal" href="token.html#module-token" title="token: Constants representing terminal nodes of the parse tree."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token</span></code></a> module are also exported from
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-tokenize" title="tokenize: Lexical scanner for Python source code."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></code></a>, as are two additional token type values that might be passed to
the <em>tokeneater</em> function by <a class="reference internal" href="#tokenize.tokenize" title="tokenize.tokenize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tokenize()</span></code></a>:</p>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="tokenize.COMMENT">
<code class="descclassname">tokenize.</code><code class="descname">COMMENT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize.COMMENT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Token value used to indicate a comment.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="tokenize.NL">
<code class="descclassname">tokenize.</code><code class="descname">NL</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize.NL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Token value used to indicate a non-terminating newline. The NEWLINE token
indicates the end of a logical line of Python code; NL tokens are generated when
a logical line of code is continued over multiple physical lines.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Another function is provided to reverse the tokenization process. This is useful
for creating tools that tokenize a script, modify the token stream, and write
back the modified script.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="tokenize.untokenize">
<code class="descclassname">tokenize.</code><code class="descname">untokenize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>iterable</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize.untokenize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Converts tokens back into Python source code. The <em>iterable</em> must return
sequences with at least two elements, the token type and the token string. Any
additional sequence elements are ignored.</p>
<p>The reconstructed script is returned as a single string. The result is
guaranteed to tokenize back to match the input so that the conversion is
lossless and round-trips are assured. The guarantee applies only to the token
type and token string as the spacing between tokens (column positions) may
change.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="tokenize.TokenError">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">tokenize.</code><code class="descname">TokenError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize.TokenError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Raised when either a docstring or expression that may be split over several
lines is not completed anywhere in the file, for example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s2">"""Beginning of</span>
<span class="s2">docstring</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>or:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="mi">3</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>Note that unclosed single-quoted strings do not cause an error to be
raised. They are tokenized as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ERRORTOKEN</span></code>, followed by the tokenization of
their contents.</p>
<p>Example of a script re-writer that transforms float literals into Decimal
objects:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">decistmt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="sd">"""Substitute Decimals for floats in a string of statements.</span>
<span class="sd"> >>> from decimal import Decimal</span>
<span class="sd"> >>> s = 'print +21.3e-5*-.1234/81.7'</span>
<span class="sd"> >>> decistmt(s)</span>
<span class="sd"> "print +Decimal ('21.3e-5')*-Decimal ('.1234')/Decimal ('81.7')"</span>
<span class="sd"> >>> exec(s)</span>
<span class="sd"> -3.21716034272e-007</span>
<span class="sd"> >>> exec(decistmt(s))</span>
<span class="sd"> -3.217160342717258261933904529E-7</span>
<span class="sd"> """</span>
<span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="n">g</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">generate_tokens</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">readline</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># tokenize the string</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">toknum</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tokval</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">toknum</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">NUMBER</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="s1">'.'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">tokval</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># replace NUMBER tokens</span>
<span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">([</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NAME</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Decimal'</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OP</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'('</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">STRING</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tokval</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OP</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">')'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">])</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">toknum</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tokval</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">untokenize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
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