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<div class="section" id="module-compileall">
<span id="compileall-byte-compile-python-libraries"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-compileall" title="compileall: Tools for byte-compiling all Python source files in a directory tree."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compileall</span></code></a> — Byte-compile Python libraries<a class="headerlink" href="#module-compileall" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/compileall.py">Lib/compileall.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>This module provides some utility functions to support installing Python
libraries. These functions compile Python source files in a directory tree.
This module can be used to create the cached byte-code files at library
installation time, which makes them available for use even by users who don’t
have write permission to the library directories.</p>
<div class="section" id="command-line-use">
<h2>Command-line use<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-use" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This module can work as a script (using <strong class="program">python -m compileall</strong>) to
compile Python sources.</p>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-compileall-arg-directory">
<code class="sig-name descname">directory</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"> ...</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-compileall-arg-directory" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="cmdoption-compileall-arg-file">
<code class="sig-name descname">file</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"> ...</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-compileall-arg-file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Positional arguments are files to compile or directories that contain
source files, traversed recursively. If no argument is given, behave as if
the command line was <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-l</span> <span class="pre"><directories</span> <span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">sys.path></span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-compileall-l">
<code class="sig-name descname">-l</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-compileall-l" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Do not recurse into subdirectories, only compile source code files directly
contained in the named or implied directories.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-compileall-f">
<code class="sig-name descname">-f</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-compileall-f" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Force rebuild even if timestamps are up-to-date.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-compileall-q">
<code class="sig-name descname">-q</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-compileall-q" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Do not print the list of files compiled. If passed once, error messages will
still be printed. If passed twice (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-qq</span></code>), all output is suppressed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-compileall-d">
<code class="sig-name descname">-d</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"> destdir</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-compileall-d" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Directory prepended to the path to each file being compiled. This will
appear in compilation time tracebacks, and is also compiled in to the
byte-code file, where it will be used in tracebacks and other messages in
cases where the source file does not exist at the time the byte-code file is
executed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-compileall-x">
<code class="sig-name descname">-x</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"> regex</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-compileall-x" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>regex is used to search the full path to each file considered for
compilation, and if the regex produces a match, the file is skipped.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-compileall-i">
<code class="sig-name descname">-i</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"> list</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-compileall-i" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Read the file <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code> and add each line that it contains to the list of
files and directories to compile. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code>, read lines from
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stdin</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-compileall-b">
<code class="sig-name descname">-b</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-compileall-b" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Write the byte-code files to their legacy locations and names, which may
overwrite byte-code files created by another version of Python. The default
is to write files to their <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3147"><strong>PEP 3147</strong></a> locations and names, which allows
byte-code files from multiple versions of Python to coexist.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-compileall-r">
<code class="sig-name descname">-r</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-compileall-r" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Control the maximum recursion level for subdirectories.
If this is given, then <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-l</span></code> option will not be taken into account.
<strong class="program">python -m compileall <directory> -r 0</strong> is equivalent to
<strong class="program">python -m compileall <directory> -l</strong>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-compileall-j">
<code class="sig-name descname">-j</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"> N</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-compileall-j" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Use <em>N</em> workers to compile the files within the given directory.
If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> is used, then the result of <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.cpu_count" title="os.cpu_count"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.cpu_count()</span></code></a>
will be used.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="cmdoption">
<dt id="cmdoption-compileall-invalidation-mode">
<code class="sig-name descname">--invalidation-mode</code><code class="sig-prename descclassname"> [timestamp|checked-hash|unchecked-hash]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-compileall-invalidation-mode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Control how the generated byte-code files are invalidated at runtime.
The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> value, means that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> files with the source timestamp
and size embedded will be generated. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">checked-hash</span></code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unchecked-hash</span></code> values cause hash-based pycs to be generated. Hash-based
pycs embed a hash of the source file contents rather than a timestamp. See
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/import.html#pyc-invalidation"><span class="std std-ref">Cached bytecode invalidation</span></a> for more information on how Python validates
bytecode cache files at runtime.
The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> if the <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH</span></code> environment
variable is not set, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">checked-hash</span></code> if the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH</span></code>
environment variable is set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-i</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-b</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-h</span></code> options.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>Added the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-j</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-r</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-qq</span></code> options. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-q</span></code> option
was changed to a multilevel value. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-b</span></code> will always produce a
byte-code file ending in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code>, never <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyo</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>Added the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--invalidation-mode</span></code> option.</p>
</div>
<p>There is no command-line option to control the optimization level used by the
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a> function, because the Python interpreter itself already
provides the option: <strong class="program">python -O -m compileall</strong>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="public-functions">
<h2>Public functions<a class="headerlink" href="#public-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="compileall.compile_dir">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">compileall.</code><code class="sig-name descname">compile_dir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">dir</em>, <em class="sig-param">maxlevels=10</em>, <em class="sig-param">ddir=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">force=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">rx=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">quiet=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">legacy=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">optimize=-1</em>, <em class="sig-param">workers=1</em>, <em class="sig-param">invalidation_mode=py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.TIMESTAMP</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#compileall.compile_dir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Recursively descend the directory tree named by <em>dir</em>, compiling all <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.py</span></code>
files along the way. Return a true value if all the files compiled successfully,
and a false value otherwise.</p>
<p>The <em>maxlevels</em> parameter is used to limit the depth of the recursion; it
defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">10</span></code>.</p>
<p>If <em>ddir</em> is given, it is prepended to the path to each file being compiled
for use in compilation time tracebacks, and is also compiled in to the
byte-code file, where it will be used in tracebacks and other messages in
cases where the source file does not exist at the time the byte-code file is
executed.</p>
<p>If <em>force</em> is true, modules are re-compiled even if the timestamps are up to
date.</p>
<p>If <em>rx</em> is given, its search method is called on the complete path to each
file considered for compilation, and if it returns a true value, the file
is skipped.</p>
<p>If <em>quiet</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> (the default), the filenames and other
information are printed to standard out. Set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>, only errors are
printed. Set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span></code>, all output is suppressed.</p>
<p>If <em>legacy</em> is true, byte-code files are written to their legacy locations
and names, which may overwrite byte-code files created by another version of
Python. The default is to write files to their <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3147"><strong>PEP 3147</strong></a> locations and
names, which allows byte-code files from multiple versions of Python to
coexist.</p>
<p><em>optimize</em> specifies the optimization level for the compiler. It is passed to
the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a> function.</p>
<p>The argument <em>workers</em> specifies how many workers are used to
compile files in parallel. The default is to not use multiple workers.
If the platform can’t use multiple workers and <em>workers</em> argument is given,
then sequential compilation will be used as a fallback. If <em>workers</em> is
lower than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> will be raised.</p>
<p><em>invalidation_mode</em> should be a member of the
<a class="reference internal" href="py_compile.html#py_compile.PycInvalidationMode" title="py_compile.PycInvalidationMode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py_compile.PycInvalidationMode</span></code></a> enum and controls how the generated
pycs are invalidated at runtime.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added the <em>legacy</em> and <em>optimize</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>Added the <em>workers</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span><em>quiet</em> parameter was changed to a multilevel value.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>The <em>legacy</em> parameter only writes out <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> files, not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyo</span></code> files
no matter what the value of <em>optimize</em> is.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>The <em>invalidation_mode</em> parameter was added.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="compileall.compile_file">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">compileall.</code><code class="sig-name descname">compile_file</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">fullname</em>, <em class="sig-param">ddir=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">force=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">rx=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">quiet=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">legacy=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">optimize=-1</em>, <em class="sig-param">invalidation_mode=py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.TIMESTAMP</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#compileall.compile_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Compile the file with path <em>fullname</em>. Return a true value if the file
compiled successfully, and a false value otherwise.</p>
<p>If <em>ddir</em> is given, it is prepended to the path to the file being compiled
for use in compilation time tracebacks, and is also compiled in to the
byte-code file, where it will be used in tracebacks and other messages in
cases where the source file does not exist at the time the byte-code file is
executed.</p>
<p>If <em>rx</em> is given, its search method is passed the full path name to the
file being compiled, and if it returns a true value, the file is not
compiled and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> is returned.</p>
<p>If <em>quiet</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> (the default), the filenames and other
information are printed to standard out. Set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>, only errors are
printed. Set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span></code>, all output is suppressed.</p>
<p>If <em>legacy</em> is true, byte-code files are written to their legacy locations
and names, which may overwrite byte-code files created by another version of
Python. The default is to write files to their <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3147"><strong>PEP 3147</strong></a> locations and
names, which allows byte-code files from multiple versions of Python to
coexist.</p>
<p><em>optimize</em> specifies the optimization level for the compiler. It is passed to
the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a> function.</p>
<p><em>invalidation_mode</em> should be a member of the
<a class="reference internal" href="py_compile.html#py_compile.PycInvalidationMode" title="py_compile.PycInvalidationMode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py_compile.PycInvalidationMode</span></code></a> enum and controls how the generated
pycs are invalidated at runtime.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span><em>quiet</em> parameter was changed to a multilevel value.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>The <em>legacy</em> parameter only writes out <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> files, not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyo</span></code> files
no matter what the value of <em>optimize</em> is.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>The <em>invalidation_mode</em> parameter was added.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="compileall.compile_path">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">compileall.</code><code class="sig-name descname">compile_path</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">skip_curdir=True</em>, <em class="sig-param">maxlevels=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">force=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">quiet=0</em>, <em class="sig-param">legacy=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">optimize=-1</em>, <em class="sig-param">invalidation_mode=py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.TIMESTAMP</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#compileall.compile_path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Byte-compile all the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.py</span></code> files found along <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code>. Return a
true value if all the files compiled successfully, and a false value otherwise.</p>
<p>If <em>skip_curdir</em> is true (the default), the current directory is not included
in the search. All other parameters are passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#compileall.compile_dir" title="compileall.compile_dir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile_dir()</span></code></a>
function. Note that unlike the other compile functions, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">maxlevels</span></code>
defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added the <em>legacy</em> and <em>optimize</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span><em>quiet</em> parameter was changed to a multilevel value.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>The <em>legacy</em> parameter only writes out <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> files, not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyo</span></code> files
no matter what the value of <em>optimize</em> is.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>The <em>invalidation_mode</em> parameter was added.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>To force a recompile of all the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.py</span></code> files in the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Lib/</span></code>
subdirectory and all its subdirectories:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">compileall</span>
<span class="n">compileall</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile_dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Lib/'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">force</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Perform same compilation, excluding files in .svn directories.</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">re</span>
<span class="n">compileall</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile_dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Lib/'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">'[/</span><span class="se">\\</span><span class="s1">][.]svn'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">force</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># pathlib.Path objects can also be used.</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pathlib</span>
<span class="n">compileall</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile_dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pathlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Lib/'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">force</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
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<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="py_compile.html#module-py_compile" title="py_compile: Generate byte-code files from Python source files."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py_compile</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Byte-compile a single source file.</p>
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