<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>Numeric and Mathematical Modules — Python 3.7.10 documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
<script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/language_data.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
title="Search within Python 3.7.10 documentation"
href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
<link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
<link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" />
<link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" />
<link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
<link rel="next" title="numbers — Numeric abstract base classes" href="numbers.html" />
<link rel="prev" title="enum — Support for enumerations" href="enum.html" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/numeric.html" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script>
<style>
@media only screen {
table.full-width-table {
width: 100%;
}
}
</style>
</head><body>
<div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
<h3>Navigation</h3>
<ul>
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
accesskey="I">index</a></li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
>modules</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="numbers.html" title="numbers — Numeric abstract base classes"
accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="enum.html" title="enum — Support for enumerations"
accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
<li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
<li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
<li>
<a href="../index.html">3.7.10 Documentation</a> »
</li>
<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">The Python Standard Library</a> »</li>
<li class="right">
<div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search">
<form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
<input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" />
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
</form>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script>
|
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="document">
<div class="documentwrapper">
<div class="bodywrapper">
<div class="body" role="main">
<div class="section" id="numeric-and-mathematical-modules">
<span id="numeric"></span><h1>Numeric and Mathematical Modules<a class="headerlink" href="#numeric-and-mathematical-modules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The modules described in this chapter provide numeric and math-related functions
and data types. The <a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html#module-numbers" title="numbers: Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers</span></code></a> module defines an abstract hierarchy of
numeric types. The <a class="reference internal" href="math.html#module-math" title="math: Mathematical functions (sin() etc.)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html#module-cmath" title="cmath: Mathematical functions for complex numbers."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmath</span></code></a> modules contain various
mathematical functions for floating-point and complex numbers. The <a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#module-decimal" title="decimal: Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code></a>
module supports exact representations of decimal numbers, using arbitrary precision
arithmetic.</p>
<p>The following modules are documented in this chapter:</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers</span></code> — Numeric abstract base classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html#the-numeric-tower">The numeric tower</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html#notes-for-type-implementors">Notes for type implementors</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html#adding-more-numeric-abcs">Adding More Numeric ABCs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html#implementing-the-arithmetic-operations">Implementing the arithmetic operations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="math.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math</span></code> — Mathematical functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="math.html#number-theoretic-and-representation-functions">Number-theoretic and representation functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="math.html#power-and-logarithmic-functions">Power and logarithmic functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="math.html#trigonometric-functions">Trigonometric functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="math.html#angular-conversion">Angular conversion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="math.html#hyperbolic-functions">Hyperbolic functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="math.html#special-functions">Special functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="math.html#constants">Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmath</span></code> — Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html#conversions-to-and-from-polar-coordinates">Conversions to and from polar coordinates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html#power-and-logarithmic-functions">Power and logarithmic functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html#trigonometric-functions">Trigonometric functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html#hyperbolic-functions">Hyperbolic functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html#classification-functions">Classification functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html#constants">Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code> — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#quick-start-tutorial">Quick-start Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#decimal-objects">Decimal objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#logical-operands">Logical operands</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#context-objects">Context objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#constants">Constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#rounding-modes">Rounding modes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#signals">Signals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#floating-point-notes">Floating Point Notes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#mitigating-round-off-error-with-increased-precision">Mitigating round-off error with increased precision</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#special-values">Special values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#working-with-threads">Working with threads</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#recipes">Recipes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#decimal-faq">Decimal FAQ</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="fractions.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fractions</span></code> — Rational numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="random.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">random</span></code> — Generate pseudo-random numbers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="random.html#bookkeeping-functions">Bookkeeping functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="random.html#functions-for-integers">Functions for integers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="random.html#functions-for-sequences">Functions for sequences</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="random.html#real-valued-distributions">Real-valued distributions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="random.html#alternative-generator">Alternative Generator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="random.html#notes-on-reproducibility">Notes on Reproducibility</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="random.html#examples-and-recipes">Examples and Recipes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="statistics.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">statistics</span></code> — Mathematical statistics functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="statistics.html#averages-and-measures-of-central-location">Averages and measures of central location</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="statistics.html#measures-of-spread">Measures of spread</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="statistics.html#function-details">Function details</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="statistics.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
<h4>Previous topic</h4>
<p class="topless"><a href="enum.html"
title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enum</span></code> — Support for enumerations</a></p>
<h4>Next topic</h4>
<p class="topless"><a href="numbers.html"
title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers</span></code> — Numeric abstract base classes</a></p>
<div role="note" aria-label="source link">
<h3>This Page</h3>
<ul class="this-page-menu">
<li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.7/Doc/library/numeric.rst"
rel="nofollow">Show Source
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="clearer"></div>
</div>
<div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
<h3>Navigation</h3>
<ul>
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
>index</a></li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
>modules</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="numbers.html" title="numbers — Numeric abstract base classes"
>next</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="enum.html" title="enum — Support for enumerations"
>previous</a> |</li>
<li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
<li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
<li>
<a href="../index.html">3.7.10 Documentation</a> »
</li>
<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li>
<li class="right">
<div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search">
<form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
<input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" />
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
</form>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script>
|
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="footer">
© <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2001-2021, Python Software Foundation.
<br />
The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
<a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
<br />
Last updated on Feb 26, 2021.
<a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
<br />
Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 2.3.1.
</div>
</body>
</html>
