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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part IV. Client Interfaces</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="regress-coverage.html" title="33.5. Test Coverage Examination" /><link rel="next" href="libpq.html" title="Chapter 34. libpq - C Library" /></head><body><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">Part IV. Client Interfaces</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="regress-coverage.html" title="33.5. Test Coverage Examination">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 11.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="libpq.html" title="Chapter 34. libpq - C Library">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></hr></div><div class="part" id="CLIENT-INTERFACES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">Part IV. Client Interfaces</h1></div></div></div><div class="partintro" id="id-1.7.2"><div></div><p>
This part describes the client programming interfaces distributed
with <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>. Each of these chapters can be
read independently. Note that there are many other programming
interfaces for client programs that are distributed separately and
contain their own documentation (<a class="xref" href="external-projects.html" title="Appendix H. External Projects">Appendix H</a>
lists some of the more popular ones). Readers of this part should be
familiar with using <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> commands to manipulate
and query the database (see <a class="xref" href="sql.html" title="Part II. The SQL Language">Part II</a>) and of course
with the programming language that the interface uses.
</p><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="libpq.html">34. <span class="application">libpq</span> - C Library</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-connect.html">34.1. Database Connection Control Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-status.html">34.2. Connection Status Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-exec.html">34.3. Command Execution Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-async.html">34.4. Asynchronous Command Processing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-single-row-mode.html">34.5. Retrieving Query Results Row-By-Row</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-cancel.html">34.6. Canceling Queries in Progress</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-fastpath.html">34.7. The Fast-Path Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-notify.html">34.8. Asynchronous Notification</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-copy.html">34.9. Functions Associated with the <code class="command">COPY</code> Command</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-control.html">34.10. Control Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-misc.html">34.11. Miscellaneous Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-notice-processing.html">34.12. Notice Processing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-events.html">34.13. Event System</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-envars.html">34.14. Environment Variables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-pgpass.html">34.15. The Password File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-pgservice.html">34.16. The Connection Service File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-ldap.html">34.17. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-ssl.html">34.18. SSL Support</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-threading.html">34.19. Behavior in Threaded Programs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-build.html">34.20. Building <span class="application">libpq</span> Programs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="libpq-example.html">34.21. Example Programs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="largeobjects.html">35. Large Objects</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="lo-intro.html">35.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="lo-implementation.html">35.2. Implementation Features</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="lo-interfaces.html">35.3. Client Interfaces</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="lo-funcs.html">35.4. Server-side Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="lo-examplesect.html">35.5. Example Program</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ecpg.html">36. <span class="application">ECPG</span> - Embedded <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> in C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-concept.html">36.1. The Concept</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-connect.html">36.2. Managing Database Connections</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-commands.html">36.3. Running SQL Commands</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-variables.html">36.4. Using Host Variables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-dynamic.html">36.5. Dynamic SQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-pgtypes.html">36.6. pgtypes Library</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-descriptors.html">36.7. Using Descriptor Areas</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-errors.html">36.8. Error Handling</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-preproc.html">36.9. Preprocessor Directives</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-process.html">36.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-library.html">36.11. Library Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-lo.html">36.12. Large Objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-cpp.html">36.13. <acronym class="acronym">C++</acronym> Applications</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-sql-commands.html">36.14. Embedded SQL Commands</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-informix-compat.html">36.15. <span class="productname">Informix</span> Compatibility Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ecpg-develop.html">36.16. Internals</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="information-schema.html">37. The Information Schema</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-schema.html">37.1. The Schema</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-datatypes.html">37.2. Data Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-information-schema-catalog-name.html">37.3. <code class="literal">information_schema_catalog_name</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-administrable-role-authorizations.html">37.4. <code class="literal">administrable_role_authorizations</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-applicable-roles.html">37.5. <code class="literal">applicable_roles</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-attributes.html">37.6. <code class="literal">attributes</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-character-sets.html">37.7. <code class="literal">character_sets</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-check-constraint-routine-usage.html">37.8. <code class="literal">check_constraint_routine_usage</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-check-constraints.html">37.9. <code class="literal">check_constraints</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-collations.html">37.10. <code class="literal">collations</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-collation-character-set-applicab.html">37.11. <code class="literal">collation_character_set_applicability</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-column-domain-usage.html">37.12. <code class="literal">column_domain_usage</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-column-options.html">37.13. <code class="literal">column_options</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-column-privileges.html">37.14. <code class="literal">column_privileges</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-column-udt-usage.html">37.15. <code class="literal">column_udt_usage</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-columns.html">37.16. <code class="literal">columns</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-constraint-column-usage.html">37.17. <code class="literal">constraint_column_usage</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-constraint-table-usage.html">37.18. <code class="literal">constraint_table_usage</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-data-type-privileges.html">37.19. <code class="literal">data_type_privileges</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-domain-constraints.html">37.20. <code class="literal">domain_constraints</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-domain-udt-usage.html">37.21. <code class="literal">domain_udt_usage</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-domains.html">37.22. <code class="literal">domains</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-element-types.html">37.23. <code class="literal">element_types</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-enabled-roles.html">37.24. <code class="literal">enabled_roles</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-foreign-data-wrapper-options.html">37.25. <code class="literal">foreign_data_wrapper_options</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-foreign-data-wrappers.html">37.26. <code class="literal">foreign_data_wrappers</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-foreign-server-options.html">37.27. <code class="literal">foreign_server_options</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-foreign-servers.html">37.28. <code class="literal">foreign_servers</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-foreign-table-options.html">37.29. <code class="literal">foreign_table_options</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-foreign-tables.html">37.30. <code class="literal">foreign_tables</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-key-column-usage.html">37.31. <code class="literal">key_column_usage</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-parameters.html">37.32. <code class="literal">parameters</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-referential-constraints.html">37.33. <code class="literal">referential_constraints</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-role-column-grants.html">37.34. <code class="literal">role_column_grants</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-role-routine-grants.html">37.35. <code class="literal">role_routine_grants</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-role-table-grants.html">37.36. <code class="literal">role_table_grants</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-role-udt-grants.html">37.37. <code class="literal">role_udt_grants</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-role-usage-grants.html">37.38. <code class="literal">role_usage_grants</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-routine-privileges.html">37.39. <code class="literal">routine_privileges</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-routines.html">37.40. <code class="literal">routines</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-schemata.html">37.41. <code class="literal">schemata</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-sequences.html">37.42. <code class="literal">sequences</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-sql-features.html">37.43. <code class="literal">sql_features</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-sql-implementation-info.html">37.44. <code class="literal">sql_implementation_info</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-sql-languages.html">37.45. <code class="literal">sql_languages</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-sql-packages.html">37.46. <code class="literal">sql_packages</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-sql-parts.html">37.47. <code class="literal">sql_parts</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-sql-sizing.html">37.48. <code class="literal">sql_sizing</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-sql-sizing-profiles.html">37.49. <code class="literal">sql_sizing_profiles</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-table-constraints.html">37.50. <code class="literal">table_constraints</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-table-privileges.html">37.51. <code class="literal">table_privileges</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-tables.html">37.52. <code class="literal">tables</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-transforms.html">37.53. <code class="literal">transforms</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-triggered-update-columns.html">37.54. <code class="literal">triggered_update_columns</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-triggers.html">37.55. <code class="literal">triggers</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-udt-privileges.html">37.56. <code class="literal">udt_privileges</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-usage-privileges.html">37.57. <code class="literal">usage_privileges</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-user-defined-types.html">37.58. <code class="literal">user_defined_types</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-user-mapping-options.html">37.59. <code class="literal">user_mapping_options</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-user-mappings.html">37.60. <code class="literal">user_mappings</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-view-column-usage.html">37.61. <code class="literal">view_column_usage</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-view-routine-usage.html">37.62. <code class="literal">view_routine_usage</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-view-table-usage.html">37.63. <code class="literal">view_table_usage</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="infoschema-views.html">37.64. <code class="literal">views</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="regress-coverage.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="libpq.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" 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