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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>8.5. Date/Time Types</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="datatype-binary.html" title="8.4. Binary Data Types" /><link rel="next" href="datatype-boolean.html" title="8.6. Boolean Type" /></head><body><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">8.5. Date/Time Types</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="datatype-binary.html" title="8.4. Binary Data Types">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="datatype.html" title="Chapter 8. Data Types">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 8. Data Types</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 11.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="datatype-boolean.html" title="8.6. Boolean Type">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></hr></div><div class="sect1" id="DATATYPE-DATETIME"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">8.5. Date/Time Types</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-INPUT">8.5.1. Date/Time Input</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT">8.5.2. Date/Time Output</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-TIMEZONES">8.5.3. Time Zones</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-INTERVAL-INPUT">8.5.4. Interval Input</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-INTERVAL-OUTPUT">8.5.5. Interval Output</a></span></dt></dl></div><a id="id-1.5.7.13.2" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.3" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.4" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.5" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.6" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.7" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.8" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.9" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.10" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.11" class="indexterm"></a><p>
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> supports the full set of
<acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> date and time types, shown in <a class="xref" href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-TABLE" title="Table 8.9. Date/Time Types">Table 8.9</a>. The operations available
on these data types are described in
<a class="xref" href="functions-datetime.html" title="9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators">Section 9.9</a>.
Dates are counted according to the Gregorian calendar, even in
years before that calendar was introduced (see <a class="xref" href="datetime-units-history.html" title="B.5. History of Units">Section B.5</a> for more information).
</p><div class="table" id="DATATYPE-DATETIME-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 8.9. Date/Time Types</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Date/Time Types" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Storage Size</th><th>Description</th><th>Low Value</th><th>High Value</th><th>Resolution</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code class="type">timestamp [ (<em class="replaceable"><code>p</code></em>) ] [ without time zone ]</code></td><td>8 bytes</td><td>both date and time (no time zone)</td><td>4713 BC</td><td>294276 AD</td><td>1 microsecond</td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">timestamp [ (<em class="replaceable"><code>p</code></em>) ] with time zone</code></td><td>8 bytes</td><td>both date and time, with time zone</td><td>4713 BC</td><td>294276 AD</td><td>1 microsecond</td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">date</code></td><td>4 bytes</td><td>date (no time of day)</td><td>4713 BC</td><td>5874897 AD</td><td>1 day</td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">time [ (<em class="replaceable"><code>p</code></em>) ] [ without time zone ]</code></td><td>8 bytes</td><td>time of day (no date)</td><td>00:00:00</td><td>24:00:00</td><td>1 microsecond</td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">time [ (<em class="replaceable"><code>p</code></em>) ] with time zone</code></td><td>12 bytes</td><td>time of day (no date), with time zone</td><td>00:00:00+1459</td><td>24:00:00-1459</td><td>1 microsecond</td></tr><tr><td><code class="type">interval [ <em class="replaceable"><code>fields</code></em> ] [ (<em class="replaceable"><code>p</code></em>) ]</code></td><td>16 bytes</td><td>time interval</td><td>-178000000 years</td><td>178000000 years</td><td>1 microsecond</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The SQL standard requires that writing just <code class="type">timestamp</code>
be equivalent to <code class="type">timestamp without time
zone</code>, and <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> honors that
behavior. <code class="type">timestamptz</code> is accepted as an
abbreviation for <code class="type">timestamp with time zone</code>; this is a
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> extension.
</p></div><p>
<code class="type">time</code>, <code class="type">timestamp</code>, and
<code class="type">interval</code> accept an optional precision value
<em class="replaceable"><code>p</code></em> which specifies the number of
fractional digits retained in the seconds field. By default, there
is no explicit bound on precision. The allowed range of
<em class="replaceable"><code>p</code></em> is from 0 to 6.
</p><p>
The <code class="type">interval</code> type has an additional option, which is
to restrict the set of stored fields by writing one of these phrases:
</p><pre class="literallayout">
YEAR
MONTH
DAY
HOUR
MINUTE
SECOND
YEAR TO MONTH
DAY TO HOUR
DAY TO MINUTE
DAY TO SECOND
HOUR TO MINUTE
HOUR TO SECOND
MINUTE TO SECOND
</pre><p>
Note that if both <em class="replaceable"><code>fields</code></em> and
<em class="replaceable"><code>p</code></em> are specified, the
<em class="replaceable"><code>fields</code></em> must include <code class="literal">SECOND</code>,
since the precision applies only to the seconds.
</p><p>
The type <code class="type">time with time zone</code> is defined by the SQL
standard, but the definition exhibits properties which lead to
questionable usefulness. In most cases, a combination of
<code class="type">date</code>, <code class="type">time</code>, <code class="type">timestamp without time
zone</code>, and <code class="type">timestamp with time zone</code> should
provide a complete range of date/time functionality required by
any application.
</p><p>
The types <code class="type">abstime</code>
and <code class="type">reltime</code> are lower precision types which are used internally.
You are discouraged from using these types in
applications; these internal types
might disappear in a future release.
</p><div class="sect2" id="DATATYPE-DATETIME-INPUT"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">8.5.1. Date/Time Input</h3></div></div></div><p>
Date and time input is accepted in almost any reasonable format, including
ISO 8601, <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym>-compatible,
traditional <span class="productname">POSTGRES</span>, and others.
For some formats, ordering of day, month, and year in date input is
ambiguous and there is support for specifying the expected
ordering of these fields. Set the <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-DATESTYLE">DateStyle</a> parameter
to <code class="literal">MDY</code> to select month-day-year interpretation,
<code class="literal">DMY</code> to select day-month-year interpretation, or
<code class="literal">YMD</code> to select year-month-day interpretation.
</p><p>
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> is more flexible in
handling date/time input than the
<acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> standard requires.
See <a class="xref" href="datetime-appendix.html" title="Appendix B. Date/Time Support">Appendix B</a>
for the exact parsing rules of date/time input and for the
recognized text fields including months, days of the week, and
time zones.
</p><p>
Remember that any date or time literal input needs to be enclosed
in single quotes, like text strings. Refer to
<a class="xref" href="sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-CONSTANTS-GENERIC" title="4.1.2.7. Constants of Other Types">Section 4.1.2.7</a> for more
information.
<acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> requires the following syntax
</p><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em> [ (<em class="replaceable"><code>p</code></em>) ] '<em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>'
</pre><p>
where <em class="replaceable"><code>p</code></em> is an optional precision
specification giving the number of
fractional digits in the seconds field. Precision can be
specified for <code class="type">time</code>, <code class="type">timestamp</code>, and
<code class="type">interval</code> types, and can range from 0 to 6.
If no precision is specified in a constant specification,
it defaults to the precision of the literal value (but not
more than 6 digits).
</p><div class="sect3" id="id-1.5.7.13.19.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">8.5.1.1. Dates</h4></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.7.13.19.5.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
<a class="xref" href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-DATE-TABLE" title="Table 8.10. Date Input">Table 8.10</a> shows some possible
inputs for the <code class="type">date</code> type.
</p><div class="table" id="DATATYPE-DATETIME-DATE-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 8.10. Date Input</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Date Input" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Example</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1999-01-08</td><td>ISO 8601; January 8 in any mode
(recommended format)</td></tr><tr><td>January 8, 1999</td><td>unambiguous in any <code class="varname">datestyle</code> input mode</td></tr><tr><td>1/8/1999</td><td>January 8 in <code class="literal">MDY</code> mode;
August 1 in <code class="literal">DMY</code> mode</td></tr><tr><td>1/18/1999</td><td>January 18 in <code class="literal">MDY</code> mode;
rejected in other modes</td></tr><tr><td>01/02/03</td><td>January 2, 2003 in <code class="literal">MDY</code> mode;
February 1, 2003 in <code class="literal">DMY</code> mode;
February 3, 2001 in <code class="literal">YMD</code> mode
</td></tr><tr><td>1999-Jan-08</td><td>January 8 in any mode</td></tr><tr><td>Jan-08-1999</td><td>January 8 in any mode</td></tr><tr><td>08-Jan-1999</td><td>January 8 in any mode</td></tr><tr><td>99-Jan-08</td><td>January 8 in <code class="literal">YMD</code> mode, else error</td></tr><tr><td>08-Jan-99</td><td>January 8, except error in <code class="literal">YMD</code> mode</td></tr><tr><td>Jan-08-99</td><td>January 8, except error in <code class="literal">YMD</code> mode</td></tr><tr><td>19990108</td><td>ISO 8601; January 8, 1999 in any mode</td></tr><tr><td>990108</td><td>ISO 8601; January 8, 1999 in any mode</td></tr><tr><td>1999.008</td><td>year and day of year</td></tr><tr><td>J2451187</td><td>Julian date</td></tr><tr><td>January 8, 99 BC</td><td>year 99 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.5.7.13.19.6"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">8.5.1.2. Times</h4></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.7.13.19.6.2" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.19.6.3" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.19.6.4" class="indexterm"></a><p>
The time-of-day types are <code class="type">time [
(<em class="replaceable"><code>p</code></em>) ] without time zone</code> and
<code class="type">time [ (<em class="replaceable"><code>p</code></em>) ] with time
zone</code>. <code class="type">time</code> alone is equivalent to
<code class="type">time without time zone</code>.
</p><p>
Valid input for these types consists of a time of day followed
by an optional time zone. (See <a class="xref" href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-TIME-TABLE" title="Table 8.11. Time Input">Table 8.11</a>
and <a class="xref" href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-TIMEZONE-TABLE" title="Table 8.12. Time Zone Input">Table 8.12</a>.) If a time zone is
specified in the input for <code class="type">time without time zone</code>,
it is silently ignored. You can also specify a date but it will
be ignored, except when you use a time zone name that involves a
daylight-savings rule, such as
<code class="literal">America/New_York</code>. In this case specifying the date
is required in order to determine whether standard or daylight-savings
time applies. The appropriate time zone offset is recorded in the
<code class="type">time with time zone</code> value.
</p><div class="table" id="DATATYPE-DATETIME-TIME-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 8.11. Time Input</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Time Input" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Example</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code class="literal">04:05:06.789</code></td><td>ISO 8601</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">04:05:06</code></td><td>ISO 8601</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">04:05</code></td><td>ISO 8601</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">040506</code></td><td>ISO 8601</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">04:05 AM</code></td><td>same as 04:05; AM does not affect value</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">04:05 PM</code></td><td>same as 16:05; input hour must be <= 12</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">04:05:06.789-8</code></td><td>ISO 8601</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">04:05:06-08:00</code></td><td>ISO 8601</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">04:05-08:00</code></td><td>ISO 8601</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">040506-08</code></td><td>ISO 8601</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">04:05:06 PST</code></td><td>time zone specified by abbreviation</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">2003-04-12 04:05:06 America/New_York</code></td><td>time zone specified by full name</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><div class="table" id="DATATYPE-TIMEZONE-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 8.12. Time Zone Input</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Time Zone Input" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Example</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code class="literal">PST</code></td><td>Abbreviation (for Pacific Standard Time)</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">America/New_York</code></td><td>Full time zone name</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">PST8PDT</code></td><td>POSIX-style time zone specification</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">-8:00</code></td><td>ISO-8601 offset for PST</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">-800</code></td><td>ISO-8601 offset for PST</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">-8</code></td><td>ISO-8601 offset for PST</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">zulu</code></td><td>Military abbreviation for UTC</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">z</code></td><td>Short form of <code class="literal">zulu</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
Refer to <a class="xref" href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-TIMEZONES" title="8.5.3. Time Zones">Section 8.5.3</a> for more information on how
to specify time zones.
</p></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.5.7.13.19.7"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">8.5.1.3. Time Stamps</h4></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.7.13.19.7.2" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.19.7.3" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.19.7.4" class="indexterm"></a><p>
Valid input for the time stamp types consists of the concatenation
of a date and a time, followed by an optional time zone,
followed by an optional <code class="literal">AD</code> or <code class="literal">BC</code>.
(Alternatively, <code class="literal">AD</code>/<code class="literal">BC</code> can appear
before the time zone, but this is not the preferred ordering.)
Thus:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
1999-01-08 04:05:06
</pre><p>
and:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
1999-01-08 04:05:06 -8:00
</pre><p>
are valid values, which follow the <acronym class="acronym">ISO</acronym> 8601
standard. In addition, the common format:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
January 8 04:05:06 1999 PST
</pre><p>
is supported.
</p><p>
The <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> standard differentiates
<code class="type">timestamp without time zone</code>
and <code class="type">timestamp with time zone</code> literals by the presence of a
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">+</span>”</span> or <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">-</span>”</span> symbol and time zone offset after
the time. Hence, according to the standard,
</p><pre class="programlisting">TIMESTAMP '2004-10-19 10:23:54'</pre><p>
is a <code class="type">timestamp without time zone</code>, while
</p><pre class="programlisting">TIMESTAMP '2004-10-19 10:23:54+02'</pre><p>
is a <code class="type">timestamp with time zone</code>.
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> never examines the content of a
literal string before determining its type, and therefore will treat
both of the above as <code class="type">timestamp without time zone</code>. To
ensure that a literal is treated as <code class="type">timestamp with time
zone</code>, give it the correct explicit type:
</p><pre class="programlisting">TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2004-10-19 10:23:54+02'</pre><p>
In a literal that has been determined to be <code class="type">timestamp without time
zone</code>, <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> will silently ignore
any time zone indication.
That is, the resulting value is derived from the date/time
fields in the input value, and is not adjusted for time zone.
</p><p>
For <code class="type">timestamp with time zone</code>, the internally stored
value is always in UTC (Universal
Coordinated Time, traditionally known as Greenwich Mean Time,
<acronym class="acronym">GMT</acronym>). An input value that has an explicit
time zone specified is converted to UTC using the appropriate offset
for that time zone. If no time zone is stated in the input string,
then it is assumed to be in the time zone indicated by the system's
<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-TIMEZONE">TimeZone</a> parameter, and is converted to UTC using the
offset for the <code class="varname">timezone</code> zone.
</p><p>
When a <code class="type">timestamp with time
zone</code> value is output, it is always converted from UTC to the
current <code class="varname">timezone</code> zone, and displayed as local time in that
zone. To see the time in another time zone, either change
<code class="varname">timezone</code> or use the <code class="literal">AT TIME ZONE</code> construct
(see <a class="xref" href="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-ZONECONVERT" title="9.9.3. AT TIME ZONE">Section 9.9.3</a>).
</p><p>
Conversions between <code class="type">timestamp without time zone</code> and
<code class="type">timestamp with time zone</code> normally assume that the
<code class="type">timestamp without time zone</code> value should be taken or given
as <code class="varname">timezone</code> local time. A different time zone can
be specified for the conversion using <code class="literal">AT TIME ZONE</code>.
</p></div><div class="sect3" id="id-1.5.7.13.19.8"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">8.5.1.4. Special Values</h4></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.7.13.19.8.2" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.19.8.3" class="indexterm"></a><p>
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> supports several
special date/time input values for convenience, as shown in <a class="xref" href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-SPECIAL-TABLE" title="Table 8.13. Special Date/Time Inputs">Table 8.13</a>. The values
<code class="literal">infinity</code> and <code class="literal">-infinity</code>
are specially represented inside the system and will be displayed
unchanged; but the others are simply notational shorthands
that will be converted to ordinary date/time values when read.
(In particular, <code class="literal">now</code> and related strings are converted
to a specific time value as soon as they are read.)
All of these values need to be enclosed in single quotes when used
as constants in SQL commands.
</p><div class="table" id="DATATYPE-DATETIME-SPECIAL-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 8.13. Special Date/Time Inputs</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Special Date/Time Inputs" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Input String</th><th>Valid Types</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code class="literal">epoch</code></td><td><code class="type">date</code>, <code class="type">timestamp</code></td><td>1970-01-01 00:00:00+00 (Unix system time zero)</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">infinity</code></td><td><code class="type">date</code>, <code class="type">timestamp</code></td><td>later than all other time stamps</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">-infinity</code></td><td><code class="type">date</code>, <code class="type">timestamp</code></td><td>earlier than all other time stamps</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">now</code></td><td><code class="type">date</code>, <code class="type">time</code>, <code class="type">timestamp</code></td><td>current transaction's start time</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">today</code></td><td><code class="type">date</code>, <code class="type">timestamp</code></td><td>midnight today</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">tomorrow</code></td><td><code class="type">date</code>, <code class="type">timestamp</code></td><td>midnight tomorrow</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">yesterday</code></td><td><code class="type">date</code>, <code class="type">timestamp</code></td><td>midnight yesterday</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">allballs</code></td><td><code class="type">time</code></td><td>00:00:00.00 UTC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
The following <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym>-compatible functions can also
be used to obtain the current time value for the corresponding data
type:
<code class="literal">CURRENT_DATE</code>, <code class="literal">CURRENT_TIME</code>,
<code class="literal">CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</code>, <code class="literal">LOCALTIME</code>,
<code class="literal">LOCALTIMESTAMP</code>. The latter four accept an
optional subsecond precision specification. (See <a class="xref" href="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT" title="9.9.4. Current Date/Time">Section 9.9.4</a>.) Note that these are
SQL functions and are <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> recognized in data input strings.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" id="DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">8.5.2. Date/Time Output</h3></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.7.13.20.2" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.13.20.3" class="indexterm"></a><p>
The output format of the date/time types can be set to one of the four
styles ISO 8601,
<acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> (Ingres), traditional <span class="productname">POSTGRES</span>
(Unix <span class="application">date</span> format), or
German. The default
is the <acronym class="acronym">ISO</acronym> format. (The
<acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> standard requires the use of the ISO 8601
format. The name of the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">SQL</span>”</span> output format is a
historical accident.) <a class="xref" href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT-TABLE" title="Table 8.14. Date/Time Output Styles">Table 8.14</a> shows examples of each
output style. The output of the <code class="type">date</code> and
<code class="type">time</code> types is generally only the date or time part
in accordance with the given examples. However, the
<span class="productname">POSTGRES</span> style outputs date-only values in
<acronym class="acronym">ISO</acronym> format.
</p><div class="table" id="DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 8.14. Date/Time Output Styles</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Date/Time Output Styles" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Style Specification</th><th>Description</th><th>Example</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code class="literal">ISO</code></td><td>ISO 8601, SQL standard</td><td><code class="literal">1997-12-17 07:37:16-08</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">SQL</code></td><td>traditional style</td><td><code class="literal">12/17/1997 07:37:16.00 PST</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">Postgres</code></td><td>original style</td><td><code class="literal">Wed Dec 17 07:37:16 1997 PST</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">German</code></td><td>regional style</td><td><code class="literal">17.12.1997 07:37:16.00 PST</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
ISO 8601 specifies the use of uppercase letter <code class="literal">T</code> to separate
the date and time. <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> accepts that format on
input, but on output it uses a space rather than <code class="literal">T</code>, as shown
above. This is for readability and for consistency with RFC 3339 as
well as some other database systems.
</p></div><p>
In the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> and POSTGRES styles, day appears before
month if DMY field ordering has been specified, otherwise month appears
before day.
(See <a class="xref" href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-INPUT" title="8.5.1. Date/Time Input">Section 8.5.1</a>
for how this setting also affects interpretation of input values.)
<a class="xref" href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT2-TABLE" title="Table 8.15. Date Order Conventions">Table 8.15</a> shows examples.
</p><div class="table" id="DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT2-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 8.15. Date Order Conventions</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Date Order Conventions" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th><code class="varname">datestyle</code> Setting</th><th>Input Ordering</th><th>Example Output</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code class="literal">SQL, DMY</code></td><td><em class="replaceable"><code>day</code></em>/<em class="replaceable"><code>month</code></em>/<em class="replaceable"><code>year</code></em></td><td><code class="literal">17/12/1997 15:37:16.00 CET</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">SQL, MDY</code></td><td><em class="replaceable"><code>month</code></em>/<em class="replaceable"><code>day</code></em>/<em class="replaceable"><code>year</code></em></td><td><code class="literal">12/17/1997 07:37:16.00 PST</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">Postgres, DMY</code></td><td><em class="replaceable"><code>day</code></em>/<em class="replaceable"><code>month</code></em>/<em class="replaceable"><code>year</code></em></td><td><code class="literal">Wed 17 Dec 07:37:16 1997 PST</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
The date/time style can be selected by the user using the
<code class="command">SET datestyle</code> command, the <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-DATESTYLE">DateStyle</a> parameter in the
<code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> configuration file, or the
<code class="envar">PGDATESTYLE</code> environment variable on the server or
client.
</p><p>
The formatting function <code class="function">to_char</code>
(see <a class="xref" href="functions-formatting.html" title="9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions">Section 9.8</a>) is also available as
a more flexible way to format date/time output.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="DATATYPE-TIMEZONES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">8.5.3. Time Zones</h3></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.7.13.21.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
Time zones, and time-zone conventions, are influenced by
political decisions, not just earth geometry. Time zones around the
world became somewhat standardized during the 1900s,
but continue to be prone to arbitrary changes, particularly with
respect to daylight-savings rules.
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> uses the widely-used
IANA (Olson) time zone database for information about
historical time zone rules. For times in the future, the assumption
is that the latest known rules for a given time zone will
continue to be observed indefinitely far into the future.
</p><p>
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> endeavors to be compatible with
the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> standard definitions for typical usage.
However, the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> standard has an odd mix of date and
time types and capabilities. Two obvious problems are:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
Although the <code class="type">date</code> type
cannot have an associated time zone, the
<code class="type">time</code> type can.
Time zones in the real world have little meaning unless
associated with a date as well as a time,
since the offset can vary through the year with daylight-saving
time boundaries.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
The default time zone is specified as a constant numeric offset
from <acronym class="acronym">UTC</acronym>. It is therefore impossible to adapt to
daylight-saving time when doing date/time arithmetic across
<acronym class="acronym">DST</acronym> boundaries.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>
To address these difficulties, we recommend using date/time types
that contain both date and time when using time zones. We
do <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> recommend using the type <code class="type">time with
time zone</code> (though it is supported by
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> for legacy applications and
for compliance with the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> standard).
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> assumes
your local time zone for any type containing only date or time.
</p><p>
All timezone-aware dates and times are stored internally in
<acronym class="acronym">UTC</acronym>. They are converted to local time
in the zone specified by the <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-TIMEZONE">TimeZone</a> configuration
parameter before being displayed to the client.
</p><p>
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> allows you to specify time zones in
three different forms:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
A full time zone name, for example <code class="literal">America/New_York</code>.
The recognized time zone names are listed in the
<code class="literal">pg_timezone_names</code> view (see <a class="xref" href="view-pg-timezone-names.html" title="52.90. pg_timezone_names">Section 52.90</a>).
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> uses the widely-used IANA
time zone data for this purpose, so the same time zone
names are also recognized by other software.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
A time zone abbreviation, for example <code class="literal">PST</code>. Such a
specification merely defines a particular offset from UTC, in
contrast to full time zone names which can imply a set of daylight
savings transition-date rules as well. The recognized abbreviations
are listed in the <code class="literal">pg_timezone_abbrevs</code> view (see <a class="xref" href="view-pg-timezone-abbrevs.html" title="52.89. pg_timezone_abbrevs">Section 52.89</a>). You cannot set the
configuration parameters <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-TIMEZONE">TimeZone</a> or
<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-TIMEZONE">log_timezone</a> to a time
zone abbreviation, but you can use abbreviations in
date/time input values and with the <code class="literal">AT TIME ZONE</code>
operator.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
In addition to the timezone names and abbreviations,
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> will accept POSIX-style time zone
specifications of the form <em class="replaceable"><code>STD</code></em><em class="replaceable"><code>offset</code></em> or
<em class="replaceable"><code>STD</code></em><em class="replaceable"><code>offset</code></em><em class="replaceable"><code>DST</code></em>, where
<em class="replaceable"><code>STD</code></em> is a zone abbreviation, <em class="replaceable"><code>offset</code></em> is a
numeric offset in hours west from UTC, and <em class="replaceable"><code>DST</code></em> is an
optional daylight-savings zone abbreviation, assumed to stand for one
hour ahead of the given offset. For example, if <code class="literal">EST5EDT</code>
were not already a recognized zone name, it would be accepted and would
be functionally equivalent to United States East Coast time. In this
syntax, a zone abbreviation can be a string of letters, or an
arbitrary string surrounded by angle brackets (<code class="literal"><></code>).
When a daylight-savings zone abbreviation is present,
it is assumed to be used
according to the same daylight-savings transition rules used in the
IANA time zone database's <code class="filename">posixrules</code> entry.
In a standard <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> installation,
<code class="filename">posixrules</code> is the same as <code class="literal">US/Eastern</code>, so
that POSIX-style time zone specifications follow USA daylight-savings
rules. If needed, you can adjust this behavior by replacing the
<code class="filename">posixrules</code> file.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
In short, this is the difference between abbreviations
and full names: abbreviations represent a specific offset from UTC,
whereas many of the full names imply a local daylight-savings time
rule, and so have two possible UTC offsets. As an example,
<code class="literal">2014-06-04 12:00 America/New_York</code> represents noon local
time in New York, which for this particular date was Eastern Daylight
Time (UTC-4). So <code class="literal">2014-06-04 12:00 EDT</code> specifies that
same time instant. But <code class="literal">2014-06-04 12:00 EST</code> specifies
noon Eastern Standard Time (UTC-5), regardless of whether daylight
savings was nominally in effect on that date.
</p><p>
To complicate matters, some jurisdictions have used the same timezone
abbreviation to mean different UTC offsets at different times; for
example, in Moscow <code class="literal">MSK</code> has meant UTC+3 in some years and
UTC+4 in others. <span class="application">PostgreSQL</span> interprets such
abbreviations according to whatever they meant (or had most recently
meant) on the specified date; but, as with the <code class="literal">EST</code> example
above, this is not necessarily the same as local civil time on that date.
</p><p>
One should be wary that the POSIX-style time zone feature can
lead to silently accepting bogus input, since there is no check on the
reasonableness of the zone abbreviations. For example, <code class="literal">SET
TIMEZONE TO FOOBAR0</code> will work, leaving the system effectively using
a rather peculiar abbreviation for UTC.
Another issue to keep in mind is that in POSIX time zone names,
positive offsets are used for locations <span class="emphasis"><em>west</em></span> of Greenwich.
Everywhere else, <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> follows the
ISO-8601 convention that positive timezone offsets are <span class="emphasis"><em>east</em></span>
of Greenwich.
</p><p>
In all cases, timezone names and abbreviations are recognized
case-insensitively. (This is a change from <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
versions prior to 8.2, which were case-sensitive in some contexts but
not others.)
</p><p>
Neither timezone names nor abbreviations are hard-wired into the server;
they are obtained from configuration files stored under
<code class="filename">.../share/timezone/</code> and <code class="filename">.../share/timezonesets/</code>
of the installation directory
(see <a class="xref" href="datetime-config-files.html" title="B.4. Date/Time Configuration Files">Section B.4</a>).
</p><p>
The <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-TIMEZONE">TimeZone</a> configuration parameter can
be set in the file <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code>, or in any of the
other standard ways described in <a class="xref" href="runtime-config.html" title="Chapter 19. Server Configuration">Chapter 19</a>.
There are also some special ways to set it:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
The <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> command <code class="command">SET TIME ZONE</code>
sets the time zone for the session. This is an alternative spelling
of <code class="command">SET TIMEZONE TO</code> with a more SQL-spec-compatible syntax.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
The <code class="envar">PGTZ</code> environment variable is used by
<span class="application">libpq</span> clients
to send a <code class="command">SET TIME ZONE</code>
command to the server upon connection.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="DATATYPE-INTERVAL-INPUT"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">8.5.4. Interval Input</h3></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.7.13.22.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
<code class="type">interval</code> values can be written using the following
verbose syntax:
</p><pre class="synopsis">
[<span class="optional">@</span>] <em class="replaceable"><code>quantity</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>unit</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>quantity</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>unit</code></em>...</span>] [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>direction</code></em></span>]
</pre><p>
where <em class="replaceable"><code>quantity</code></em> is a number (possibly signed);
<em class="replaceable"><code>unit</code></em> is <code class="literal">microsecond</code>,
<code class="literal">millisecond</code>, <code class="literal">second</code>,
<code class="literal">minute</code>, <code class="literal">hour</code>, <code class="literal">day</code>,
<code class="literal">week</code>, <code class="literal">month</code>, <code class="literal">year</code>,
<code class="literal">decade</code>, <code class="literal">century</code>, <code class="literal">millennium</code>,
or abbreviations or plurals of these units;
<em class="replaceable"><code>direction</code></em> can be <code class="literal">ago</code> or
empty. The at sign (<code class="literal">@</code>) is optional noise. The amounts
of the different units are implicitly added with appropriate
sign accounting. <code class="literal">ago</code> negates all the fields.
This syntax is also used for interval output, if
<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-INTERVALSTYLE">IntervalStyle</a> is set to
<code class="literal">postgres_verbose</code>.
</p><p>
Quantities of days, hours, minutes, and seconds can be specified without
explicit unit markings. For example, <code class="literal">'1 12:59:10'</code> is read
the same as <code class="literal">'1 day 12 hours 59 min 10 sec'</code>. Also,
a combination of years and months can be specified with a dash;
for example <code class="literal">'200-10'</code> is read the same as <code class="literal">'200 years
10 months'</code>. (These shorter forms are in fact the only ones allowed
by the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> standard, and are used for output when
<code class="varname">IntervalStyle</code> is set to <code class="literal">sql_standard</code>.)
</p><p>
Interval values can also be written as ISO 8601 time intervals, using
either the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">format with designators</span>”</span> of the standard's section
4.4.3.2 or the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">alternative format</span>”</span> of section 4.4.3.3. The
format with designators looks like this:
</p><pre class="synopsis">
P <em class="replaceable"><code>quantity</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>unit</code></em> [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>quantity</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>unit</code></em> ...</span>] [<span class="optional"> T [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>quantity</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>unit</code></em> ...</span>]</span>]
</pre><p>
The string must start with a <code class="literal">P</code>, and may include a
<code class="literal">T</code> that introduces the time-of-day units. The
available unit abbreviations are given in <a class="xref" href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-INTERVAL-ISO8601-UNITS" title="Table 8.16. ISO 8601 Interval Unit Abbreviations">Table 8.16</a>. Units may be
omitted, and may be specified in any order, but units smaller than
a day must appear after <code class="literal">T</code>. In particular, the meaning of
<code class="literal">M</code> depends on whether it is before or after
<code class="literal">T</code>.
</p><div class="table" id="DATATYPE-INTERVAL-ISO8601-UNITS"><p class="title"><strong>Table 8.16. ISO 8601 Interval Unit Abbreviations</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="ISO 8601 Interval Unit Abbreviations" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Abbreviation</th><th>Meaning</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Y</td><td>Years</td></tr><tr><td>M</td><td>Months (in the date part)</td></tr><tr><td>W</td><td>Weeks</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>Days</td></tr><tr><td>H</td><td>Hours</td></tr><tr><td>M</td><td>Minutes (in the time part)</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>Seconds</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
In the alternative format:
</p><pre class="synopsis">
P [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>years</code></em>-<em class="replaceable"><code>months</code></em>-<em class="replaceable"><code>days</code></em> </span>] [<span class="optional"> T <em class="replaceable"><code>hours</code></em>:<em class="replaceable"><code>minutes</code></em>:<em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em> </span>]
</pre><p>
the string must begin with <code class="literal">P</code>, and a
<code class="literal">T</code> separates the date and time parts of the interval.
The values are given as numbers similar to ISO 8601 dates.
</p><p>
When writing an interval constant with a <em class="replaceable"><code>fields</code></em>
specification, or when assigning a string to an interval column that was
defined with a <em class="replaceable"><code>fields</code></em> specification, the interpretation of
unmarked quantities depends on the <em class="replaceable"><code>fields</code></em>. For
example <code class="literal">INTERVAL '1' YEAR</code> is read as 1 year, whereas
<code class="literal">INTERVAL '1'</code> means 1 second. Also, field values
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">to the right</span>”</span> of the least significant field allowed by the
<em class="replaceable"><code>fields</code></em> specification are silently discarded. For
example, writing <code class="literal">INTERVAL '1 day 2:03:04' HOUR TO MINUTE</code>
results in dropping the seconds field, but not the day field.
</p><p>
According to the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> standard all fields of an interval
value must have the same sign, so a leading negative sign applies to all
fields; for example the negative sign in the interval literal
<code class="literal">'-1 2:03:04'</code> applies to both the days and hour/minute/second
parts. <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> allows the fields to have different
signs, and traditionally treats each field in the textual representation
as independently signed, so that the hour/minute/second part is
considered positive in this example. If <code class="varname">IntervalStyle</code> is
set to <code class="literal">sql_standard</code> then a leading sign is considered
to apply to all fields (but only if no additional signs appear).
Otherwise the traditional <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> interpretation is
used. To avoid ambiguity, it's recommended to attach an explicit sign
to each field if any field is negative.
</p><p>
In the verbose input format, and in some fields of the more compact
input formats, field values can have fractional parts; for example
<code class="literal">'1.5 week'</code> or <code class="literal">'01:02:03.45'</code>. Such input is
converted to the appropriate number of months, days, and seconds
for storage. When this would result in a fractional number of
months or days, the fraction is added to the lower-order fields
using the conversion factors 1 month = 30 days and 1 day = 24 hours.
For example, <code class="literal">'1.5 month'</code> becomes 1 month and 15 days.
Only seconds will ever be shown as fractional on output.
</p><p>
<a class="xref" href="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-INTERVAL-INPUT-EXAMPLES" title="Table 8.17. Interval Input">Table 8.17</a> shows some examples
of valid <code class="type">interval</code> input.
</p><div class="table" id="DATATYPE-INTERVAL-INPUT-EXAMPLES"><p class="title"><strong>Table 8.17. Interval Input</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Interval Input" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Example</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1-2</td><td>SQL standard format: 1 year 2 months</td></tr><tr><td>3 4:05:06</td><td>SQL standard format: 3 days 4 hours 5 minutes 6 seconds</td></tr><tr><td>1 year 2 months 3 days 4 hours 5 minutes 6 seconds</td><td>Traditional Postgres format: 1 year 2 months 3 days 4 hours 5 minutes 6 seconds</td></tr><tr><td>P1Y2M3DT4H5M6S</td><td>ISO 8601 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">format with designators</span>”</span>: same meaning as above</td></tr><tr><td>P0001-02-03T04:05:06</td><td>ISO 8601 <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">alternative format</span>”</span>: same meaning as above</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
Internally <code class="type">interval</code> values are stored as months, days,
and seconds. This is done because the number of days in a month
varies, and a day can have 23 or 25 hours if a daylight savings
time adjustment is involved. The months and days fields are integers
while the seconds field can store fractions. Because intervals are
usually created from constant strings or <code class="type">timestamp</code> subtraction,
this storage method works well in most cases, but can cause unexpected
results:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT EXTRACT(hours from '80 minutes'::interval);
date_part
-----------
1
SELECT EXTRACT(days from '80 hours'::interval);
date_part
-----------
0
</pre><p>
Functions <code class="function">justify_days</code> and
<code class="function">justify_hours</code> are available for adjusting days
and hours that overflow their normal ranges.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="DATATYPE-INTERVAL-OUTPUT"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">8.5.5. Interval Output</h3></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.7.13.23.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
The output format of the interval type can be set to one of the
four styles <code class="literal">sql_standard</code>, <code class="literal">postgres</code>,
<code class="literal">postgres_verbose</code>, or <code class="literal">iso_8601</code>,
using the command <code class="literal">SET intervalstyle</code>.
The default is the <code class="literal">postgres</code> format.
<a class="xref" href="datatype-datetime.html#INTERVAL-STYLE-OUTPUT-TABLE" title="Table 8.18. Interval Output Style Examples">Table 8.18</a> shows examples of each
output style.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">sql_standard</code> style produces output that conforms to
the SQL standard's specification for interval literal strings, if
the interval value meets the standard's restrictions (either year-month
only or day-time only, with no mixing of positive
and negative components). Otherwise the output looks like a standard
year-month literal string followed by a day-time literal string,
with explicit signs added to disambiguate mixed-sign intervals.
</p><p>
The output of the <code class="literal">postgres</code> style matches the output of
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> releases prior to 8.4 when the
<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-DATESTYLE">DateStyle</a> parameter was set to <code class="literal">ISO</code>.
</p><p>
The output of the <code class="literal">postgres_verbose</code> style matches the output of
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> releases prior to 8.4 when the
<code class="varname">DateStyle</code> parameter was set to non-<code class="literal">ISO</code> output.
</p><p>
The output of the <code class="literal">iso_8601</code> style matches the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">format
with designators</span>”</span> described in section 4.4.3.2 of the
ISO 8601 standard.
</p><div class="table" id="INTERVAL-STYLE-OUTPUT-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 8.18. Interval Output Style Examples</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Interval Output Style Examples" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Style Specification</th><th>Year-Month Interval</th><th>Day-Time Interval</th><th>Mixed Interval</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code class="literal">sql_standard</code></td><td>1-2</td><td>3 4:05:06</td><td>-1-2 +3 -4:05:06</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">postgres</code></td><td>1 year 2 mons</td><td>3 days 04:05:06</td><td>-1 year -2 mons +3 days -04:05:06</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">postgres_verbose</code></td><td>@ 1 year 2 mons</td><td>@ 3 days 4 hours 5 mins 6 secs</td><td>@ 1 year 2 mons -3 days 4 hours 5 mins 6 secs ago</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">iso_8601</code></td><td>P1Y2M</td><td>P3DT4H5M6S</td><td>P-1Y-2M3DT-4H-5M-6S</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="datatype-binary.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="datatype.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="datatype-boolean.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">8.4. Binary Data Types </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 8.6. Boolean Type</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
