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  <div class="section" id="grdrotater">
<span id="index-0"></span><h1>grdrotater<a class="headerlink" href="#grdrotater" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>grdrotater - Finite rotation reconstruction of geographic grid</p>
<div class="section" id="synopsis">
<h2>Synopsis<a class="headerlink" href="#synopsis" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><strong>grdrotater</strong> <em>ingrdfile</em> <a class="reference internal" href="#e"><span> <strong>-E</strong></span></a></strong><em>rot_file</em>|<em>lon</em>/<em>lat</em>/<em>angle</em>
<a class="reference internal" href="#g"><span> <strong>-G</strong></span></a></strong><em>outgrdfile</em>
[ <a class="reference internal" href="#d"><span> <strong>-D</strong></span></a></strong><em>rotoutline</em> ]
[ <a class="reference internal" href="#f"><span> <strong>-F</strong></span></a></strong><em>polygonfile</em> ]
[ <a class="reference internal" href="#n"><span> <strong>-N</strong></span></a></strong> ]
[ <a class="reference internal" href="#r"><span> <strong>-R</strong></span></a></strong><em>region</em> ]
[ <a class="reference internal" href="#s"><span> <strong>-S</strong></span></a></strong> ]
[ <a class="reference internal" href="#t"><span> <strong>-T</strong></span></a></strong><em>ages</em> ]
[ <a class="reference internal" href="#v"><span> <strong>-V</strong></span></a></strong>[<em>level</em>] ]
[ <strong>-b</strong><a class="reference internal" href="../../gmt.html#bi-full"><span class="std std-ref">binary</span></a> ]
[ <strong>-d</strong><a class="reference internal" href="../../gmt.html#d-full"><span class="std std-ref">nodata</span></a> ]
[ <strong>-h</strong><a class="reference internal" href="../../gmt.html#h-full"><span class="std std-ref">headers</span></a> ]
[ <strong>-n</strong><a class="reference internal" href="../../gmt.html#n-full"><span class="std std-ref">flags</span></a> ]
[ <strong>-:</strong>[<strong>i</strong>|<strong>o</strong>] ]</p>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> No space is allowed between the option flag and the associated arguments.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="description">
<h2>Description<a class="headerlink" href="#description" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><strong>grdrotater</strong> reads a geographical grid and reconstructs it given
total reconstruction rotations. Optionally, the user may supply a
clipping polygon in multiple-segment format; then, only the part of the
grid inside the polygon is used to determine the reconstructed region. The
outlines of the reconstructed region is also returned provided the
rotated region is not the entire globe.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="required-arguments">
<h2>Required Arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#required-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><em>ingrdfile</em></dt>
<dd>Name of a grid file in geographical (lon, lat) coordinates.</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils" id="e">
<dt><strong>-E</strong><em>rotfile</em></dt>
<dd><p class="first">Give file with rotation parameters. This file must contain one
record for each rotation; each record must be of the following
format:</p>
<p><em>lon lat tstart [tstop] angle</em> [ <em>khat a b c d e f g df</em> ]</p>
<p class="last">where <em>tstart</em> and <em>tstop</em> are in Myr and <em>lon lat angle</em> are in
degrees. <em>tstart</em> and <em>tstop</em> are the ages of the old and young ends
of a stage. If <em>tstop</em> is not present in the record then a total
reconstruction rotation is expected and <em>tstop</em> is implicitly set to
0 and should not be specified for any of the records in the file. If
a covariance matrix <strong>C</strong> for the rotation is available it must be
specified in a format using the nine optional terms listed in
brackets. Here, <strong>C</strong> = (<em>g</em>/<em>khat</em>)*[ <em>a b d; b c e; d e f</em> ]
which shows <strong>C</strong> made up of three row vectors. If the degrees of
freedom (<em>df</em>) in fitting the rotation is 0 or not given it is set
to 10000. Blank lines and records whose first column contains # will
be ignored. You may prepend a leading + to the filename to indicate
you wish to invert the rotations.
Alternative 1: Give the filename composed of two plate IDs
separated by a hyphen (e.g., PAC-MBL) and we will instead extract
that rotation from the GPlates rotation database. We return an error
if the rotation cannot be found.
Alternative 2: Specify <em>lon</em>/<em>lat</em>/<em>angle</em>, i.e., the longitude,
latitude, and opening angle (all in degrees and separated by /) for
a single total reconstruction rotation.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils" id="g">
<dt><strong>-G</strong><em>outgrdfile</em></dt>
<dd>Name of output grid. This is the grid with the data reconstructed
according to the specified rotation. If more than one reconstruction
time is implied then <em>outgrdfile</em> must contain a C-format specifier
to format a floating point number (reconstruction time) to text.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="optional-arguments">
<h2>Optional Arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#optional-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="docutils" id="d">
<dt><strong>-D</strong><em>rotoutline</em></dt>
<dd>Name of the grid polygon outline file. This represents the outline
of the grid reconstructed to the specified time. If more than one reconstruction
time is implied then <em>rotoutline</em> must contain a C-format specifier
to format a floating point number (reconstruction time) to text.
If only one time is implied and <strong>-D</strong> is not set then we write the
polygon to stdout (but see <strong>-N</strong>).</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils" id="f">
<dt><strong>-F</strong><em>polygonfile</em></dt>
<dd>Specify a multisegment closed polygon file that describes the inside
area of the grid that should be projected [Default projects entire grid].</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils" id="n">
<dt><strong>-N</strong></dt>
<dd>Do Not output the rotated polygon outline [Default will write it to
stdout, or to a file via <strong>-D</strong>].</dd>
</dl>
<span class="target" id="r"></span><dl class="docutils">
<dt><strong>-R</strong><em>west</em>/<em>east</em>/<em>south</em>/<em>north</em>[/<em>zmin</em>/<em>zmax</em>][<strong>+r</strong>][<strong>+u</strong><em>unit</em>]</dt>
<dd><em>west</em>, <em>east</em>, <em>south</em>, and <em>north</em> specify the region of interest,
and you may specify them in decimal degrees or in
[±]dd:mm[:ss.xxx][<strong>W</strong>|<strong>E</strong>|<strong>S</strong>|<strong>N</strong>] format
Append <strong>+r</strong> if lower left
and upper right map coordinates are given instead of w/e/s/n. The
two shorthands <strong>-Rg</strong> and <strong>-Rd</strong> stand for global domain (0/360
and -180/+180 in longitude respectively, with -90/+90 in latitude).
Alternatively for grid creation, give <strong>R</strong><em>code</em><em>lon</em>/<em>lat</em>/<em>nx</em>/<em>ny</em>, where
<em>code</em> is a 2-character combination of L, C, R (for left, center, or right)
and T, M, B for top, middle, or bottom. e.g., BL for lower left.  This
indicates which point on a rectangular region the <em>lon</em>/<em>lat</em> coordinate
refers to, and the grid dimensions <em>nx</em> and <em>ny</em> with grid spacings via
<strong>-I</strong> is used to create the corresponding region.
Alternatively, specify the name of an existing grid file and the
<strong>-R</strong> settings (and grid spacing, if applicable) are copied from
the grid. Appending <strong>+u</strong><em>unit</em> expects projected (Cartesian)
coordinates compatible with chosen <strong>-J</strong> and we inversely project
to determine actual rectangular geographic region.
For perspective view (<strong>-p</strong>), optionally append /<em>zmin</em>/<em>zmax</em>.
In case of perspective view (<strong>-p</strong>), a z-range (<em>zmin</em>, <em>zmax</em>)
can be appended to indicate the third dimension. This needs to be
done only when using the <strong>-Jz</strong> option, not when using only the
<strong>-p</strong> option. In the latter case a perspective view of the plane is
plotted, with no third dimension.  </dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils" id="s">
<dt><strong>-S</strong></dt>
<dd>Skip the rotation of the grid, just rotate the polygon outline
(requires <strong>-F</strong> if no grid is provided).</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils" id="t">
<dt><strong>-T</strong><em>ages</em></dt>
<dd>Sets the desired reconstruction times.  For a single time append
the desired time.  For an equidistant range of reconstruction times
give <strong>-T</strong><em>start</em>/<em>stop</em>/<em>inc</em> or <strong>-T</strong><em>start</em>/<em>stop</em>/<em>npoints</em><strong>+</strong>.
For an non-equidistant set of reconstruction times please pass them
via the first column in a file, e.g., <strong>-T</strong><em>agefile</em>.  If no <strong>-T</strong>
option is given and <strong>-E</strong> specified a rotation file then we equate
the rotation file times with the reconstruction times.</dd>
</dl>
<span class="target" id="v"></span><dl class="docutils">
<dt><strong>-V</strong>[<em>level</em>] <a class="reference internal" href="../../gmt.html#v-full"><span class="std std-ref">(more ...)</span></a></dt>
<dd>Select verbosity level [c].  </dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><strong>-bi</strong>[<em>ncols</em>][<strong>t</strong>] <a class="reference internal" href="../../gmt.html#bi-full"><span class="std std-ref">(more ...)</span></a></dt>
<dd>Select native binary input. [Default is 2 input columns].</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><strong>-bo</strong>[<em>ncols</em>][<em>type</em>] <a class="reference internal" href="../../gmt.html#bo-full"><span class="std std-ref">(more ...)</span></a></dt>
<dd>Select native binary output. [Default is same as input].</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><strong>-d</strong>[<strong>i</strong>|<strong>o</strong>]<em>nodata</em> <a class="reference internal" href="../../gmt.html#d-full"><span class="std std-ref">(more ...)</span></a></dt>
<dd>Replace input columns that equal <em>nodata</em> with NaN and do the reverse on output.  </dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><strong>-h</strong>[<strong>i</strong>|<strong>o</strong>][<em>n</em>][<strong>+c</strong>][<strong>+d</strong>][<strong>+r</strong><em>remark</em>][<strong>+r</strong><em>title</em>] <a class="reference internal" href="../../gmt.html#h-full"><span class="std std-ref">(more ...)</span></a></dt>
<dd>Skip or produce header record(s).  </dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><strong>-:</strong>[<strong>i</strong>|<strong>o</strong>] <a class="reference internal" href="../../gmt.html#colon-full"><span class="std std-ref">(more ...)</span></a></dt>
<dd>Swap 1st and 2nd column on input and/or output.</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><strong>-n</strong>[<strong>b</strong>|<strong>c</strong>|<strong>l</strong>|<strong>n</strong>][<strong>+a</strong>][<strong>+b</strong><em>BC</em>][<strong>+c</strong>][<strong>+t</strong><em>threshold</em>] <a class="reference internal" href="../../gmt.html#n-full"><span class="std std-ref">(more ...)</span></a></dt>
<dd>Select interpolation mode for grids.</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><strong>-^</strong> or just <strong>-</strong></dt>
<dd>Print a short message about the syntax of the command, then exits (NOTE: on Windows just use <strong>-</strong>).</dd>
<dt><strong>-+</strong> or just <strong>+</strong></dt>
<dd>Print an extensive usage (help) message, including the explanation of
any module-specific option (but not the GMT common options), then exits.</dd>
<dt><strong>-?</strong> or no arguments</dt>
<dd>Print a complete usage (help) message, including the explanation of all options, then exits.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="consequences-of-grid-resampling">
<h2>Consequences of grid resampling<a class="headerlink" href="#consequences-of-grid-resampling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Resample or sampling of grids will use various algorithms (see <strong>-n</strong>) that may lead
to possible distortions or unexpected results in the resampled values.
One expected effect of resampling with splines is the tendency for the new
resampled values to slightly exceed the global min/max limits of the original
grid.  If this is unacceptable, you can impose clipping of the resampled values
values so they do not exceed the input min/max values by adding <strong>+c</strong> to
your <strong>-n</strong> option.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="geodetic-versus-geocentric-coordiinates">
<h2>Geodetic versus Geocentric Coordiinates<a class="headerlink" href="#geodetic-versus-geocentric-coordiinates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>All spherical rotations are applied to geocentric coordinates.
This means that incoming data points and grids are considered
to represent geodetic coordinates and must first
be converted to geocentric coordinates. Rotations are then applied, and the
final reconstructed points are converted back to geodetic
coordinates.  This default behavior can be bypassed if the
ellipsoid setting <a class="reference internal" href="../../gmt.conf.html#projection-parameters"><span class="std std-ref">PROJ_ELLIPSOID</span></a>
is changed to Sphere.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="examples">
<h2>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>To rotate the data defined by grid topo.nc and the polygon outline
clip_path.d, using a total reconstruction rotation with pole at (135.5,
-33.0) and a rotation angle of 37.3 degrees and bicubic interpolation, try</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">gmt</span> <span class="n">grdrotater</span> <span class="n">topo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nc</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">E135</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="o">/-</span><span class="mi">33</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">37.3</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Fclip_path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Grot_topo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nc</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">rot_clip_path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">d</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<p>To rotate the entire grid faa.nc back to 32 Ma using the rotation file
<em>rotations.txt</em> and a bilinear interpolation, try</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">gmt</span> <span class="n">grdrotater</span> <span class="n">faa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nc</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Erotations</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">T32</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Grot_faa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nc</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">nl</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">rot_faa_path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">d</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<p>To just see how the outline of the grid large.nc will plot after the
same rotation, try</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">gmt</span> <span class="n">grdrotater</span> <span class="n">large</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nc</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Erotations</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">T32</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">S</span> \<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">psxy</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Rg</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">JH180</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">B30</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">W0</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="n">p</span> \<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">gv</span> <span class="o">-</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<p>To rotate the grid topo.nc back to 100 Ma using the rotation file
<em>rotations.txt</em> and request a reconstruction every 10 Myr, saving
both grids and outlines to filenames that derive from templates, try</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">gmt</span> <span class="n">grdrotater</span> <span class="n">topo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nc</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Erotations</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">T10</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">10</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Grot_topo_</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nc</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Drot_topo_path_</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">d</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<p>Let say you have rotated gridA.nc and gridB.nc, restricting each
rotation to nodes inside polygons polyA.d and polyB.d, respectively,
using rotation A = (123W,22S,16,4) and rotation B = (108W, 16S, -14.5),
yielding rotated grids rot_gridA.nc and rot_gridB.nc. To determine the
region of overlap between the rotated grids, we use <a class="reference internal" href="../../grdmath.html"><span class="doc">grdmath</span></a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">gmt</span> <span class="n">grdmath</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="n">rot_gridA</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nc</span> <span class="n">ISNAN</span> <span class="n">SUB</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="n">rot_gridB</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nc</span> <span class="n">ISNAN</span> <span class="n">SUB</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="n">EQ</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">overlap</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nc</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<p>The grid overlap.nc now has 1s in the regions of overlap and 0
elsewhere. You can use it as a mask or use <a class="reference internal" href="../../grdcontour.html"><span class="doc">grdcontour</span></a> <strong>-D</strong> to extract
a polygon (i.e., a contour).</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="notes">
<h2>Notes<a class="headerlink" href="#notes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>GMT distributes the EarthByte rotation model Global_EarthByte_230-0Ma_GK07_AREPS.rot.
To use an alternate rotation file, create an environmental parameters named
<strong>GPLATES_ROTATIONS</strong> that points to an alternate rotation file.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="see-also">
<h2>See Also<a class="headerlink" href="#see-also" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="backtracker.html"><span class="doc">backtracker</span></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../../grdcontour.html"><span class="doc">grdcontour</span></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="gmtpmodeler.html"><span class="doc">gmtpmodeler</span></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../../grdmath.html"><span class="doc">grdmath</span></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="grdpmodeler.html"><span class="doc">grdpmodeler</span></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="grdspotter.html"><span class="doc">grdspotter</span></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="hotspotter.html"><span class="doc">hotspotter</span></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="originator.html"><span class="doc">originator</span></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="rotconverter.html"><span class="doc">rotconverter</span></a></p>
</div>
</div>


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  <h3><a href="../../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
  <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">grdrotater</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#synopsis">Synopsis</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#description">Description</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#required-arguments">Required Arguments</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#optional-arguments">Optional Arguments</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#consequences-of-grid-resampling">Consequences of grid resampling</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#geodetic-versus-geocentric-coordiinates">Geodetic versus Geocentric Coordiinates</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#notes">Notes</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#see-also">See Also</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
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