NAME
xen-vtpm - Xen virtual Trusted Platform Module (vTPM) subsystem
RUBRIC
Copyright (c) 2010-2012 United States Government, as represented by the
Secretary of Defense. All rights reserved. November 12 2012 Authors:
Matthew Fioravante (JHUAPL), Daniel De Graaf (NSA)
This document describes the virtual Trusted Platform Module (vTPM)
subsystem for Xen. The reader is assumed to have familiarity with
building and installing Xen, Linux, and a basic understanding of the TPM
and vTPM concepts.
INTRODUCTION
The goal of this work is to provide a TPM functionality to a virtual
guest operating system (a DomU). This allows programs to interact with a
TPM in a virtual system the same way they interact with a TPM on the
physical system. Each guest gets its own unique, emulated, software TPM.
However, each of the vTPM's secrets (Keys, NVRAM, etc) are managed by a
vTPM Manager domain, which seals the secrets to the Physical TPM. If the
process of creating each of these domains (manager, vTPM, and guest) is
trusted, the vTPM subsystem extends the chain of trust rooted in the
hardware TPM to virtual machines in Xen. Each major component of vTPM is
implemented as a separate domain, providing secure separation guaranteed
by the hypervisor. The vTPM domains are implemented in mini-os to reduce
memory and processor overhead.
This mini-os vTPM subsystem was built on top of the previous vTPM work
done by IBM and Intel corporation.
DESIGN OVERVIEW
The architecture of vTPM is described below:
+------------------+
| Linux DomU | ...
| | ^ |
| v | |
| xen-tpmfront |
+------------------+
| ^
v |
+------------------+
| mini-os/tpmback |
| | ^ |
| v | |
| vtpm-stubdom | ...
| | ^ |
| v | |
| mini-os/tpmfront |
+------------------+
| ^
v |
+------------------+
| mini-os/tpmback |
| | ^ |
| v | |
| vtpmmgr-stubdom |
| | ^ |
| v | |
| mini-os/tpm_tis |
+------------------+
| ^
v |
+------------------+
| Hardware TPM |
+------------------+
Linux DomU
The Linux based guest that wants to use a vTPM. There many be more
than one of these.
xen-tpmfront.ko
Linux kernel virtual TPM frontend driver. This driver provides vTPM
access to a para-virtualized Linux based DomU.
mini-os/tpmback
Mini-os TPM backend driver. The Linux frontend driver connects to
this backend driver to facilitate communications between the Linux
DomU and its vTPM. This driver is also used by vtpmmgr-stubdom to
communicate with vtpm-stubdom.
vtpm-stubdom
A mini-os stub domain that implements a vTPM. There is a one to one
mapping between running vtpm-stubdom instances and logical vtpms on
the system. The vTPM Platform Configuration Registers (PCRs) are all
initialized to zero.
mini-os/tpmfront
Mini-os TPM frontend driver. The vTPM mini-os domain vtpm-stubdom
uses this driver to communicate with vtpmmgr-stubdom. This driver
could also be used separately to implement a mini-os domain that
wishes to use a vTPM of its own.
vtpmmgr-stubdom
A mini-os domain that implements the vTPM manager. There is only one
vTPM manager and it should be running during the entire lifetime of
the machine. This domain regulates access to the physical TPM on the
system and secures the persistent state of each vTPM.
mini-os/tpm_tis
Mini-os TPM version 1.2 TPM Interface Specification (TIS) driver.
This driver used by vtpmmgr-stubdom to talk directly to the hardware
TPM. Communication is facilitated by mapping hardware memory pages
into vtpmmgr-stubdom.
Hardware TPM
The physical TPM that is soldered onto the motherboard.
INSTALLATION
Prerequisites:
You must have an x86 machine with a TPM on the motherboard. The only
extra software requirement for compiling vTPM is cmake. You must use
libxl to manage domains with vTPMs; 'xm' is deprecated and does not
support vTPMs.
Compiling the Xen tree:
Compile and install the Xen tree as usual; be sure that the vTPM domains
are enabled when you run configure.
Compiling the LINUX dom0 kernel:
Because the TPM manager uses direct access to the physical TPM, it may
interfere with access to the TPM by dom0. The simplest solution for this
is to prevent dom0 from accessing the physical TPM by compiling the
kernel without a driver or blacklisting the module. If dom0 needs a TPM
but does not need to use it during the boot process (i.e. it is not
using IMA), a virtual TPM can be attached to dom0 after the system is
booted.
Access to the physical TPM may be required in order to manage the NVRAM
or to perform other advanced operations where the vTPM is insufficient.
In order to prevent interference, the TPM Manager and dom0 should use
different values for the TPM's locality; since Linux always uses
locality 0, using locality 2 for the TPM Manager is recommended. If both
Linux and the TPM Manager attempt to access the TPM at the same time,
the TPM device will return a busy status; some applications will
consider this a fatal error instead of retrying the command at a later
time. If a vTPM gets an error when loading its key, it will currently
generate a fresh vTPM image (with a new EK, SRK, and blank NVRAM).
Compiling the LINUX domU kernel:
The domU kernel used by domains with vtpms must include the
xen-tpmfront.ko driver. It can be built directly into the kernel or as a
module; however, some features such as IMA require the TPM to be built
in to the kernel.
CONFIG_TCG_TPM=y
CONFIG_TCG_XEN=y
VTPM MANAGER SETUP
Manager disk image setup:
The vTPM Manager requires a disk image to store its encrypted data. The
image does not require a filesystem and can live anywhere on the host
disk. The image is not large; the Xen 4.5 vtpmmgr is limited to using
the first 2MB of the image but can support more than 20,000 vTPMs.
Manager config file:
The vTPM Manager domain (vtpmmgr-stubdom) must be started like any other
Xen virtual machine and requires a config file. The manager requires a
disk image for storage and permission to access the hardware memory
pages for the TPM. The disk must be presented as "hda", and the TPM
memory pages are passed using the iomem configuration parameter. The TPM
TIS uses 5 pages of IO memory (one per locality) that start at physical
address 0xfed40000. By default, the TPM manager uses locality 0 (so only
the page at 0xfed40 is needed); this can be changed on the domain's
command line. For full functionality in deep quotes, using locality 2 is
required to manipulate PCR 20-22.
Starting and stopping the manager:
The vTPM manager should be started at boot; you may wish to create an
init script to do this. If a domain builder is used, the TPM Manager
should be started by the domain builder to minimize the trusted
computing base for the vTPM manager's secrets.
Once initialization is complete you should see the following:
INFO[VTPM]: Waiting for commands from vTPM's:
The TPM Manager does not respond to shutdown requests; use the destroy
command to shut it down.
VTPM AND LINUX PVM SETUP
vTPM disk image setup:
The vTPM requires a disk image to store its persistent data (RSA keys,
NVRAM, etc). The image does not require a filesystem. The image does not
need to be large; 2 Mb should be sufficient.
vTPM config file:
The vTPM domain requires a configuration file like any other domain. The
vTPM requires a disk image for storage and a TPM frontend driver to
communicate with the manager. You are required to generate a uuid for
this vtpm, which is specified on the "vtpm=" line that describes its
connection to the vTPM Manager. The uuidgen application may be used to
generate a uuid, or one from the output of the "manage-vtpmmgr.pl
vtpm-add" command may be used to create a vTPM belonging to a specific
group.
If you wish to clear the vTPM data you can either recreate the disk
image or change the uuid.
Linux Guest config file:
The Linux guest config file needs to be modified to include the Linux
tpmfront driver. Add the following line:
vtpm=["backend=domu-vtpm"]
Currently only Linux guests are supported (PV or HVM with PV drivers).
While attaching a vTPM after a guest is booted (using xl vtpm-attach) is
supported, the attached vTPM will not have a record of the boot of the
attached guest. Furthermore, if the vTPM has been freshly created, a
malicious guest could then extend any values into PCRs, potentially
forging its boot configuration. Attaching a vTPM to a running domain
should only be used for trusted domains or when measurements have
already been sent to the vTPM from another source.
Using the vTPM in the guest:
If xen-tpmfront was compiled as a module, it must be loaded it in the
guest.
# modprobe xen-tpmfront
After the Linux domain boots and the xen-tpmfront driver is loaded, you
should see the following on the vtpm console:
Info: VTPM attached to Frontend X/Y
You can quickly test the vTPM by using the sysfs interface:
# cat /sys/devices/vtpm-0/pubek
# cat /sys/devices/vtpm-0/pcrs
If you have trousers and tpm_tools installed on the guest, the
tpm_version command should return the following:
The version command should return the following:
TPM 1.2 Version Info:
Chip Version: 1.2.0.7
Spec Level: 2
Errata Revision: 1
TPM Vendor ID: ETHZ
TPM Version: 01010000
Manufacturer Info: 4554485a
You should also see the command being sent to the vtpm console as well
as the vtpm saving its state. You should see the vtpm key being
encrypted and stored on the vtpmmgr console.
You may wish to write a script to start your vtpm and guest together and
to destroy the vtpm when the guest shuts down.
INTEGRATION WITH PV-GRUB
The vTPM currently starts up with all PCRs set to their default values
(all zeros for the lower 16). This means that any decisions about the
trustworthiness of the created domain must be made based on the
environment that created the vTPM and the domU; for example, a system
that only constructs images using a trusted configuration and guest
kernel be able to provide guarantees about the guests and any
measurements done that kernel (such as the IMA TCB log). Guests wishing
to use a custom kernel in such a secure environment are often started
using the pv-grub bootloader as the kernel, which then can load the
untrusted kernel without needing to parse an untrusted filesystem and
kernel in dom0. If the pv-grub stub domain succeeds in connecting to a
vTPM, it will extend the hash of the kernel that it boots into PCR #4,
and will extend the command line and initrd into PCR #5 before booting
so that a domU booted in this way can attest to its early boot state.
MORE INFORMATION
See <xen-vtpmmgr(7)> for more details about how the manager domain
works, how to use it, and its command line parameters.
VTPM DOMAIN OPERATION
The vtpm-stubdom is a mini-OS domain that emulates a TPM for the guest
OS to use. It is a small wrapper around the Berlios TPM emulator version
0.7.4. Commands are passed from the linux guest via the mini-os TPM
backend driver. vTPM data is encrypted and stored via a disk image
provided to the virtual machine. The key used to encrypt the data along
with a hash of the vTPM's data is sent to the vTPM manager for secure
storage and later retrieval. The vTPM domain communicates with the
manager using a mini-os tpm front/back device pair.
VTPM DOMAIN COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
Command line arguments are passed to the domain via the 'extra'
parameter in the VM config file. Each parameter is separated by white
space. For example:
extra="foo=bar baz"
List of Arguments:
loglevel=<LOG>
Controls the amount of logging printed to the console. The possible
values for <LOG> are:
* error
* info (default)
* debug
clear
Start the Berlios emulator in "clear" mode. (default)
save
Start the Berlios emulator in "save" mode.
deactivated
Start the Berlios emulator in "deactivated" mode. See the Berlios
TPM emulator documentation for details about the startup mode. For
all normal use, always use clear which is the default. You should
not need to specify any of these.
maintcmds=<1|0>
Enable to disable the TPM maintenance commands. These commands are
used by tpm manufacturers and thus open a security hole. They are
disabled by default.
hwinitpcr=<PCRSPEC>
Initialize the virtual Platform Configuration Registers (PCRs) with
PCR values from the hardware TPM. Each pcr specified by <PCRSPEC>
will be initialized with the value of that same PCR in TPM once at
startup. By default all PCRs are zero initialized. Possible values
of <PCRSPEC> are:
* all: copy all pcrs
* none: copy no pcrs (default)
* <N>: copy pcr n
* <X-Y>: copy pcrs x to y (inclusive)
These can also be combined by comma separation, for example:
"hwinitpcrs=5,12-16" will copy pcrs 5, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16.
REFERENCES
Berlios TPM Emulator: <http://tpm-emulator.berlios.de/>
