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<span id="datatypes"></span><h1>Data Types<a class="headerlink" href="#data-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The modules described in this chapter provide a variety of specialized data
types such as dates and times, fixed-type arrays, heap queues, double-ended
queues, and enumerations.</p>
<p>Python also provides some built-in data types, in particular,
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a>, and
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#tuple" title="tuple"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tuple</span></code></a>. The <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> class is used to hold
Unicode strings, and the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code></a> classes are used
to hold binary data.</p>
<p>The following modules are documented in this chapter:</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code> — Basic date and time types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#available-types">Available Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#timedelta-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timedelta</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#date-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#datetime-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#time-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#tzinfo-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tzinfo</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#timezone-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timezone</span></code> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-behavior"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strftime()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strptime()</span></code> Behavior</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">calendar</span></code> — General calendar-related functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections</span></code> — Container datatypes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#chainmap-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ChainMap</span></code> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#chainmap-examples-and-recipes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ChainMap</span></code> Examples and Recipes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#counter-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Counter</span></code> objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#deque-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deque</span></code> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#deque-recipes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deque</span></code> Recipes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#defaultdict-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">defaultdict</span></code> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#defaultdict-examples"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">defaultdict</span></code> Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#namedtuple-factory-function-for-tuples-with-named-fields"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namedtuple()</span></code> Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#ordereddict-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OrderedDict</span></code> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#ordereddict-examples-and-recipes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OrderedDict</span></code> Examples and Recipes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#userdict-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code> objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#userlist-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code> objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#userstring-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code> objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.abc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code> — Abstract Base Classes for Containers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.abc.html#collections-abstract-base-classes">Collections Abstract Base Classes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="heapq.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">heapq</span></code> — Heap queue algorithm</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="heapq.html#basic-examples">Basic Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="heapq.html#priority-queue-implementation-notes">Priority Queue Implementation Notes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="heapq.html#theory">Theory</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="bisect.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bisect</span></code> — Array bisection algorithm</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bisect.html#searching-sorted-lists">Searching Sorted Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bisect.html#other-examples">Other Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="array.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array</span></code> — Efficient arrays of numeric values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="weakref.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">weakref</span></code> — Weak references</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="weakref.html#weak-reference-objects">Weak Reference Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="weakref.html#example">Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="weakref.html#finalizer-objects">Finalizer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="weakref.html#comparing-finalizers-with-del-methods">Comparing finalizers with <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__del__()</span></code> methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types</span></code> — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#dynamic-type-creation">Dynamic Type Creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#standard-interpreter-types">Standard Interpreter Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#additional-utility-classes-and-functions">Additional Utility Classes and Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#coroutine-utility-functions">Coroutine Utility Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="copy.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pprint.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pprint</span></code> — Data pretty printer</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pprint.html#prettyprinter-objects">PrettyPrinter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pprint.html#example">Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="reprlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reprlib</span></code> — Alternate <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code> implementation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reprlib.html#repr-objects">Repr Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reprlib.html#subclassing-repr-objects">Subclassing Repr Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enum</span></code> — Support for enumerations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#module-contents">Module Contents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#creating-an-enum">Creating an Enum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#programmatic-access-to-enumeration-members-and-their-attributes">Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#duplicating-enum-members-and-values">Duplicating enum members and values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#ensuring-unique-enumeration-values">Ensuring unique enumeration values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#using-automatic-values">Using automatic values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#iteration">Iteration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#comparisons">Comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#allowed-members-and-attributes-of-enumerations">Allowed members and attributes of enumerations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#restricted-enum-subclassing">Restricted Enum subclassing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#pickling">Pickling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#functional-api">Functional API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#derived-enumerations">Derived Enumerations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#intenum">IntEnum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#intflag">IntFlag</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#flag">Flag</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#others">Others</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#interesting-examples">Interesting examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#omitting-values">Omitting values</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#using-auto">Using <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">auto</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#using-object">Using <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#using-a-descriptive-string">Using a descriptive string</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#using-a-custom-new">Using a custom <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__new__()</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#orderedenum">OrderedEnum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#duplicatefreeenum">DuplicateFreeEnum</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#planet">Planet</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#timeperiod">TimePeriod</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#how-are-enums-different">How are Enums different?</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#enum-classes">Enum Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#enum-members-aka-instances">Enum Members (aka instances)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#finer-points">Finer Points</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#supported-dunder-names">Supported <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dunder__</span></code> names</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#supported-sunder-names">Supported <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_sunder_</span></code> names</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#enum-member-type"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Enum</span></code> member type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#boolean-value-of-enum-classes-and-members">Boolean value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Enum</span></code> classes and members</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#enum-classes-with-methods"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Enum</span></code> classes with methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html#combining-members-of-flag">Combining members of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Flag</span></code></a></li>
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