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<div class="section" id="module-email.message">
<span id="email-message-representing-an-email-message"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message</span></code></a>: Representing an email message<a class="headerlink" href="#module-email.message" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/email/message.py">Lib/email/message.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.6: </span><a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id2" id="id1">1</a></p>
</div>
<p>The central class in the <a class="reference internal" href="email.html#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> package is the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>
class, imported from the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message</span></code></a> module. It is the base class for
the <a class="reference internal" href="email.html#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> object model. <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> provides the core
functionality for setting and querying header fields, for accessing message
bodies, and for creating or modifying structured messages.</p>
<p>An email message consists of <em>headers</em> and a <em>payload</em> (which is also referred
to as the <em>content</em>). Headers are <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322.html"><strong>RFC 5322</strong></a> or <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6532.html"><strong>RFC 6532</strong></a> style field names
and values, where the field name and value are separated by a colon. The colon
is not part of either the field name or the field value. The payload may be a
simple text message, or a binary object, or a structured sequence of
sub-messages each with their own set of headers and their own payload. The
latter type of payload is indicated by the message having a MIME type such as
<em class="mimetype">multipart/*</em> or <em class="mimetype">message/rfc822</em>.</p>
<p>The conceptual model provided by an <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> object is that of an
ordered dictionary of headers coupled with a <em>payload</em> that represents the
<span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322.html"><strong>RFC 5322</strong></a> body of the message, which might be a list of sub-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code>
objects. In addition to the normal dictionary methods for accessing the header
names and values, there are methods for accessing specialized information from
the headers (for example the MIME content type), for operating on the payload,
for generating a serialized version of the message, and for recursively walking
over the object tree.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> dictionary-like interface is indexed by the header
names, which must be ASCII values. The values of the dictionary are strings
with some extra methods. Headers are stored and returned in case-preserving
form, but field names are matched case-insensitively. Unlike a real dict,
there is an ordering to the keys, and there can be duplicate keys. Additional
methods are provided for working with headers that have duplicate keys.</p>
<p>The <em>payload</em> is either a string or bytes object, in the case of simple message
objects, or a list of <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> objects, for MIME container
documents such as <em class="mimetype">multipart/*</em> and <em class="mimetype">message/rfc822</em>
message objects.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">email.message.</code><code class="sig-name descname">EmailMessage</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">policy=default</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If <em>policy</em> is specified use the rules it specifies to update and serialize
the representation of the message. If <em>policy</em> is not set, use the
<a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.default" title="email.policy.default"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">default</span></code></a> policy, which follows the rules of the email
RFCs except for line endings (instead of the RFC mandated <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\r\n</span></code>, it uses
the Python standard <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\n</span></code> line endings). For more information see the
<a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> documentation.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.as_string">
<code class="sig-name descname">as_string</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">unixfrom=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">maxheaderlen=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">policy=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.as_string" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the entire message flattened as a string. When optional
<em>unixfrom</em> is true, the envelope header is included in the returned
string. <em>unixfrom</em> defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>. For backward compatibility
with the base <a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message</span></code></a> class <em>maxheaderlen</em> is
accepted, but defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, which means that by default the line
length is controlled by the
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_line_length</span></code> of the policy. The
<em>policy</em> argument may be used to override the default policy obtained
from the message instance. This can be used to control some of the
formatting produced by the method, since the specified <em>policy</em> will be
passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>Flattening the message may trigger changes to the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>
if defaults need to be filled in to complete the transformation to a
string (for example, MIME boundaries may be generated or modified).</p>
<p>Note that this method is provided as a convenience and may not be the
most useful way to serialize messages in your application, especially if
you are dealing with multiple messages. See
<a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.generator.Generator</span></code></a> for a more flexible API for
serializing messages. Note also that this method is restricted to
producing messages serialized as “7 bit clean” when
<a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.EmailPolicy.utf8" title="email.policy.EmailPolicy.utf8"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">utf8</span></code></a> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, which is the default.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>the default behavior when <em>maxheaderlen</em>
is not specified was changed from defaulting to 0 to defaulting
to the value of <em>max_line_length</em> from the policy.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.__str__">
<code class="sig-name descname">__str__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.__str__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">as_string(policy=self.policy.clone(utf8=True))</span></code>. Allows
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str(msg)</span></code> to produce a string containing the serialized message in a
readable format.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>the method was changed to use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">utf8=True</span></code>,
thus producing an <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6531.html"><strong>RFC 6531</strong></a>-like message representation, instead of
being a direct alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.as_string" title="email.message.EmailMessage.as_string"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">as_string()</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.as_bytes">
<code class="sig-name descname">as_bytes</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">unixfrom=False</em>, <em class="sig-param">policy=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.as_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the entire message flattened as a bytes object. When optional
<em>unixfrom</em> is true, the envelope header is included in the returned
string. <em>unixfrom</em> defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>. The <em>policy</em> argument may be
used to override the default policy obtained from the message instance.
This can be used to control some of the formatting produced by the
method, since the specified <em>policy</em> will be passed to the
<a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>Flattening the message may trigger changes to the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>
if defaults need to be filled in to complete the transformation to a
string (for example, MIME boundaries may be generated or modified).</p>
<p>Note that this method is provided as a convenience and may not be the
most useful way to serialize messages in your application, especially if
you are dealing with multiple messages. See
<a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.generator.BytesGenerator</span></code></a> for a more flexible API for
serializing messages.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.__bytes__">
<code class="sig-name descname">__bytes__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.__bytes__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent to <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.as_bytes" title="email.message.EmailMessage.as_bytes"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">as_bytes()</span></code></a>. Allows <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes(msg)</span></code> to produce a
bytes object containing the serialized message.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.is_multipart">
<code class="sig-name descname">is_multipart</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.is_multipart" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the message’s payload is a list of
sub-<a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> objects, otherwise return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>. When
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.is_multipart" title="email.message.EmailMessage.is_multipart"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></code></a> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, the payload should be a string
object (which might be a CTE encoded binary payload). Note that
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.is_multipart" title="email.message.EmailMessage.is_multipart"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></code></a> returning <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> does not necessarily mean that
“msg.get_content_maintype() == ‘multipart’” will return the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>.
For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_multipart</span></code> will return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> when the
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> is of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">message/rfc822</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.set_unixfrom">
<code class="sig-name descname">set_unixfrom</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">unixfrom</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.set_unixfrom" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the message’s envelope header to <em>unixfrom</em>, which should be a
string. (See <a class="reference internal" href="mailbox.html#mailbox.mboxMessage" title="mailbox.mboxMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mboxMessage</span></code></a> for a brief description of
this header.)</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.get_unixfrom">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_unixfrom</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_unixfrom" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the message’s envelope header. Defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> if the
envelope header was never set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The following methods implement the mapping-like interface for accessing the
message’s headers. Note that there are some semantic differences
between these methods and a normal mapping (i.e. dictionary) interface. For
example, in a dictionary there are no duplicate keys, but here there may be
duplicate message headers. Also, in dictionaries there is no guaranteed
order to the keys returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.keys" title="email.message.EmailMessage.keys"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keys()</span></code></a>, but in an <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>
object, headers are always returned in the order they appeared in the
original message, or in which they were added to the message later. Any
header deleted and then re-added is always appended to the end of the
header list.</p>
<p>These semantic differences are intentional and are biased toward
convenience in the most common use cases.</p>
<p>Note that in all cases, any envelope header present in the message is not
included in the mapping interface.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.__len__">
<code class="sig-name descname">__len__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.__len__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the total number of headers, including duplicates.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.__contains__">
<code class="sig-name descname">__contains__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.__contains__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the message object has a field named <em>name</em>. Matching is
done without regard to case and <em>name</em> does not include the trailing
colon. Used for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">in</span></code> operator. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="s1">'message-id'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">myMessage</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Message-ID:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">myMessage</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'message-id'</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.__getitem__">
<code class="sig-name descname">__getitem__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.__getitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the value of the named header field. <em>name</em> does not include the
colon field separator. If the header is missing, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> is returned; a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code></a> is never raised.</p>
<p>Note that if the named field appears more than once in the message’s
headers, exactly which of those field values will be returned is
undefined. Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_all" title="email.message.EmailMessage.get_all"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_all()</span></code></a> method to get the values of all the
extant headers named <em>name</em>.</p>
<p>Using the standard (non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code>) policies, the returned value is an
instance of a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="email.headerregistry.html#email.headerregistry.BaseHeader" title="email.headerregistry.BaseHeader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.headerregistry.BaseHeader</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.__setitem__">
<code class="sig-name descname">__setitem__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">name</em>, <em class="sig-param">val</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.__setitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Add a header to the message with field name <em>name</em> and value <em>val</em>. The
field is appended to the end of the message’s existing headers.</p>
<p>Note that this does <em>not</em> overwrite or delete any existing header with the same
name. If you want to ensure that the new header is the only one present in the
message with field name <em>name</em>, delete the field first, e.g.:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'subject'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'subject'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Python roolz!'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code> defines certain headers to be unique (as the standard
policies do), this method may raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> when an attempt
is made to assign a value to such a header when one already exists. This
behavior is intentional for consistency’s sake, but do not depend on it
as we may choose to make such assignments do an automatic deletion of the
existing header in the future.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.__delitem__">
<code class="sig-name descname">__delitem__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.__delitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Delete all occurrences of the field with name <em>name</em> from the message’s
headers. No exception is raised if the named field isn’t present in the
headers.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.keys">
<code class="sig-name descname">keys</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.keys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a list of all the message’s header field names.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.values">
<code class="sig-name descname">values</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.values" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a list of all the message’s field values.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.items">
<code class="sig-name descname">items</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.items" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a list of 2-tuples containing all the message’s field headers and
values.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.get">
<code class="sig-name descname">get</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">name</em>, <em class="sig-param">failobj=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the value of the named header field. This is identical to
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.__getitem__" title="email.message.EmailMessage.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></code></a> except that optional <em>failobj</em> is returned if the
named header is missing (<em>failobj</em> defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Here are some additional useful header related methods:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.get_all">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_all</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">name</em>, <em class="sig-param">failobj=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_all" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a list of all the values for the field named <em>name</em>. If there are
no such named headers in the message, <em>failobj</em> is returned (defaults to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.add_header">
<code class="sig-name descname">add_header</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">_name</em>, <em class="sig-param">_value</em>, <em class="sig-param">**_params</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.add_header" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Extended header setting. This method is similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.__setitem__" title="email.message.EmailMessage.__setitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__setitem__()</span></code></a>
except that additional header parameters can be provided as keyword
arguments. <em>_name</em> is the header field to add and <em>_value</em> is the
<em>primary</em> value for the header.</p>
<p>For each item in the keyword argument dictionary <em>_params</em>, the key is
taken as the parameter name, with underscores converted to dashes (since
dashes are illegal in Python identifiers). Normally, the parameter will
be added as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">key="value"</span></code> unless the value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, in which case
only the key will be added.</p>
<p>If the value contains non-ASCII characters, the charset and language may
be explicitly controlled by specifying the value as a three tuple in the
format <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(CHARSET,</span> <span class="pre">LANGUAGE,</span> <span class="pre">VALUE)</span></code>, where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CHARSET</span></code> is a string
naming the charset to be used to encode the value, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LANGUAGE</span></code> can
usually be set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> or the empty string (see <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231.html"><strong>RFC 2231</strong></a> for other
possibilities), and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VALUE</span></code> is the string value containing non-ASCII
code points. If a three tuple is not passed and the value contains
non-ASCII characters, it is automatically encoded in <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231.html"><strong>RFC 2231</strong></a> format
using a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CHARSET</span></code> of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">utf-8</span></code> and a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LANGUAGE</span></code> of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>
<p>Here is an example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Content-Disposition'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'attachment'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'bud.gif'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will add a header that looks like</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Content</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Disposition</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">attachment</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"bud.gif"</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>An example of the extended interface with non-ASCII characters:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Content-Disposition'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'attachment'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'iso-8859-1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">''</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Fußballer.ppt'</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.replace_header">
<code class="sig-name descname">replace_header</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">_name</em>, <em class="sig-param">_value</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.replace_header" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Replace a header. Replace the first header found in the message that
matches <em>_name</em>, retaining header order and field name case of the
original header. If no matching header is found, raise a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_type">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_content_type</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the message’s content type, coerced to lower case of the form
<em class="mimetype">maintype/subtype</em>. If there is no <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em>
header in the message return the value returned by
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_default_type" title="email.message.EmailMessage.get_default_type"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_default_type()</span></code></a>. If the <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header is
invalid, return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text/plain</span></code>.</p>
<p>(According to <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045.html"><strong>RFC 2045</strong></a>, messages always have a default type,
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_type" title="email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_type"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_content_type()</span></code></a> will always return a value. <span class="target" id="index-7"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045.html"><strong>RFC 2045</strong></a> defines
a message’s default type to be <em class="mimetype">text/plain</em> unless it appears
inside a <em class="mimetype">multipart/digest</em> container, in which case it would
be <em class="mimetype">message/rfc822</em>. If the <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header
has an invalid type specification, <span class="target" id="index-8"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045.html"><strong>RFC 2045</strong></a> mandates that the default
type be <em class="mimetype">text/plain</em>.)</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_maintype">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_content_maintype</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_maintype" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the message’s main content type. This is the <em class="mimetype">maintype</em>
part of the string returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_type" title="email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_type"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_content_type()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_subtype">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_content_subtype</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_subtype" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the message’s sub-content type. This is the <em class="mimetype">subtype</em>
part of the string returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_type" title="email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_type"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_content_type()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.get_default_type">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_default_type</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_default_type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the default content type. Most messages have a default content
type of <em class="mimetype">text/plain</em>, except for messages that are subparts of
<em class="mimetype">multipart/digest</em> containers. Such subparts have a default
content type of <em class="mimetype">message/rfc822</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.set_default_type">
<code class="sig-name descname">set_default_type</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">ctype</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.set_default_type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the default content type. <em>ctype</em> should either be
<em class="mimetype">text/plain</em> or <em class="mimetype">message/rfc822</em>, although this is
not enforced. The default content type is not stored in the
<em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header, so it only affects the return value of
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_content_type</span></code> methods when no <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em>
header is present in the message.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.set_param">
<code class="sig-name descname">set_param</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">param</em>, <em class="sig-param">value</em>, <em class="sig-param">header='Content-Type'</em>, <em class="sig-param">requote=True</em>, <em class="sig-param">charset=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">language=''</em>, <em class="sig-param">replace=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.set_param" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set a parameter in the <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header. If the
parameter already exists in the header, replace its value with <em>value</em>.
When <em>header</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Content-Type</span></code> (the default) and the header does not
yet exist in the message, add it, set its value to
<em class="mimetype">text/plain</em>, and append the new parameter value. Optional
<em>header</em> specifies an alternative header to <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em>.</p>
<p>If the value contains non-ASCII characters, the charset and language may
be explicitly specified using the optional <em>charset</em> and <em>language</em>
parameters. Optional <em>language</em> specifies the <span class="target" id="index-9"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231.html"><strong>RFC 2231</strong></a> language,
defaulting to the empty string. Both <em>charset</em> and <em>language</em> should be
strings. The default is to use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">utf8</span></code> <em>charset</em> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> for
the <em>language</em>.</p>
<p>If <em>replace</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> (the default) the header is moved to the
end of the list of headers. If <em>replace</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, the header
will be updated in place.</p>
<p>Use of the <em>requote</em> parameter with <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> objects is
deprecated.</p>
<p>Note that existing parameter values of headers may be accessed through
the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">params</span></code> attribute of the
header value (for example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msg['Content-Type'].params['charset']</span></code>).</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">replace</span></code> keyword was added.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.del_param">
<code class="sig-name descname">del_param</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">param</em>, <em class="sig-param">header='content-type'</em>, <em class="sig-param">requote=True</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.del_param" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove the given parameter completely from the <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em>
header. The header will be re-written in place without the parameter or
its value. Optional <em>header</em> specifies an alternative to
<em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em>.</p>
<p>Use of the <em>requote</em> parameter with <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> objects is
deprecated.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.get_filename">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_filename</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">failobj=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_filename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the value of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename</span></code> parameter of the
<em class="mailheader">Content-Disposition</em> header of the message. If the header
does not have a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename</span></code> parameter, this method falls back to looking
for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code> parameter on the <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header. If
neither is found, or the header is missing, then <em>failobj</em> is returned.
The returned string will always be unquoted as per
<a class="reference internal" href="email.utils.html#email.utils.unquote" title="email.utils.unquote"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.utils.unquote()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.get_boundary">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_boundary</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">failobj=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_boundary" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the value of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">boundary</span></code> parameter of the
<em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header of the message, or <em>failobj</em> if either
the header is missing, or has no <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">boundary</span></code> parameter. The returned
string will always be unquoted as per <a class="reference internal" href="email.utils.html#email.utils.unquote" title="email.utils.unquote"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.utils.unquote()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.set_boundary">
<code class="sig-name descname">set_boundary</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">boundary</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.set_boundary" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">boundary</span></code> parameter of the <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header to
<em>boundary</em>. <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.set_boundary" title="email.message.EmailMessage.set_boundary"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_boundary()</span></code></a> will always quote <em>boundary</em> if
necessary. A <a class="reference internal" href="email.errors.html#email.errors.HeaderParseError" title="email.errors.HeaderParseError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HeaderParseError</span></code></a> is raised if the
message object has no <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header.</p>
<p>Note that using this method is subtly different from deleting the old
<em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header and adding a new one with the new
boundary via <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.add_header" title="email.message.EmailMessage.add_header"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">add_header()</span></code></a>, because <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.set_boundary" title="email.message.EmailMessage.set_boundary"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_boundary()</span></code></a> preserves
the order of the <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header in the list of
headers.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_charset">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_content_charset</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">failobj=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_charset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">charset</span></code> parameter of the <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header,
coerced to lower case. If there is no <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header, or if
that header has no <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">charset</span></code> parameter, <em>failobj</em> is returned.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.get_charsets">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_charsets</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">failobj=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_charsets" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a list containing the character set names in the message. If the
message is a <em class="mimetype">multipart</em>, then the list will contain one element
for each subpart in the payload, otherwise, it will be a list of length 1.</p>
<p>Each item in the list will be a string which is the value of the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">charset</span></code> parameter in the <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header for the
represented subpart. If the subpart has no <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em>
header, no <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">charset</span></code> parameter, or is not of the <em class="mimetype">text</em> main
MIME type, then that item in the returned list will be <em>failobj</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.is_attachment">
<code class="sig-name descname">is_attachment</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.is_attachment" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if there is a <em class="mailheader">Content-Disposition</em> header
and its (case insensitive) value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">attachment</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4.2: </span>is_attachment is now a method instead of a property, for consistency
with <a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message.is_multipart" title="email.message.Message.is_multipart"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_disposition">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_content_disposition</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_content_disposition" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the lowercased value (without parameters) of the message’s
<em class="mailheader">Content-Disposition</em> header if it has one, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>. The
possible values for this method are <em>inline</em>, <em>attachment</em> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>
if the message follows <span class="target" id="index-10"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2183.html"><strong>RFC 2183</strong></a>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>The following methods relate to interrogating and manipulating the content
(payload) of the message.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.walk">
<code class="sig-name descname">walk</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.walk" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.walk" title="email.message.EmailMessage.walk"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">walk()</span></code></a> method is an all-purpose generator which can be used to
iterate over all the parts and subparts of a message object tree, in
depth-first traversal order. You will typically use <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.walk" title="email.message.EmailMessage.walk"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">walk()</span></code></a> as the
iterator in a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span></code> loop; each iteration returns the next subpart.</p>
<p>Here’s an example that prints the MIME type of every part of a multipart
message structure:</p>
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">part</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">walk</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">part</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_content_type</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="go">multipart/report</span>
<span class="go">text/plain</span>
<span class="go">message/delivery-status</span>
<span class="go">text/plain</span>
<span class="go">text/plain</span>
<span class="go">message/rfc822</span>
<span class="go">text/plain</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">walk</span></code> iterates over the subparts of any part where
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.is_multipart" title="email.message.EmailMessage.is_multipart"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></code></a> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, even though
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msg.get_content_maintype()</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">'multipart'</span></code> may return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>. We
can see this in our example by making use of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_structure</span></code> debug
helper function:</p>
<div class="highlight-pycon3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">part</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">walk</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">part</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_content_maintype</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'multipart'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">part</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_multipart</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="go">True True</span>
<span class="go">False False</span>
<span class="go">False True</span>
<span class="go">False False</span>
<span class="go">False False</span>
<span class="go">False True</span>
<span class="go">False False</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">_structure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">multipart/report</span>
<span class="go"> text/plain</span>
<span class="go"> message/delivery-status</span>
<span class="go"> text/plain</span>
<span class="go"> text/plain</span>
<span class="go"> message/rfc822</span>
<span class="go"> text/plain</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">message</span></code> parts are not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiparts</span></code>, but they do contain
subparts. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">walk</span></code> descends
into the subparts.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.get_body">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_body</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">preferencelist=('related'</em>, <em class="sig-param">'html'</em>, <em class="sig-param">'plain')</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_body" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the MIME part that is the best candidate to be the “body” of the
message.</p>
<p><em>preferencelist</em> must be a sequence of strings from the set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">related</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">html</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plain</span></code>, and indicates the order of preference for the
content type of the part returned.</p>
<p>Start looking for candidate matches with the object on which the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_body</span></code> method is called.</p>
<p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">related</span></code> is not included in <em>preferencelist</em>, consider the root
part (or subpart of the root part) of any related encountered as a
candidate if the (sub-)part matches a preference.</p>
<p>When encountering a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/related</span></code>, check the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start</span></code> parameter
and if a part with a matching <em class="mailheader">Content-ID</em> is found, consider
only it when looking for candidate matches. Otherwise consider only the
first (default root) part of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/related</span></code>.</p>
<p>If a part has a <em class="mailheader">Content-Disposition</em> header, only consider
the part a candidate match if the value of the header is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inline</span></code>.</p>
<p>If none of the candidates matches any of the preferences in
<em>preferencelist</em>, return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>
<p>Notes: (1) For most applications the only <em>preferencelist</em> combinations
that really make sense are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">('plain',)</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">('html',</span> <span class="pre">'plain')</span></code>, and the
default <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">('related',</span> <span class="pre">'html',</span> <span class="pre">'plain')</span></code>. (2) Because matching starts
with the object on which <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_body</span></code> is called, calling <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_body</span></code> on
a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/related</span></code> will return the object itself unless
<em>preferencelist</em> has a non-default value. (3) Messages (or message parts)
that do not specify a <em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> or whose
<em class="mailheader">Content-Type</em> header is invalid will be treated as if they
are of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text/plain</span></code>, which may occasionally cause <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_body</span></code> to
return unexpected results.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.iter_attachments">
<code class="sig-name descname">iter_attachments</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.iter_attachments" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return an iterator over all of the immediate sub-parts of the message
that are not candidate “body” parts. That is, skip the first occurrence
of each of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text/plain</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text/html</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/related</span></code>, or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/alternative</span></code> (unless they are explicitly marked as
attachments via <em class="mailheader">Content-Disposition: attachment</em>), and
return all remaining parts. When applied directly to a
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/related</span></code>, return an iterator over the all the related parts
except the root part (ie: the part pointed to by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start</span></code> parameter,
or the first part if there is no <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start</span></code> parameter or the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start</span></code>
parameter doesn’t match the <em class="mailheader">Content-ID</em> of any of the
parts). When applied directly to a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/alternative</span></code> or a
non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code>, return an empty iterator.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.iter_parts">
<code class="sig-name descname">iter_parts</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.iter_parts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return an iterator over all of the immediate sub-parts of the message,
which will be empty for a non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code>. (See also
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.walk" title="email.message.EmailMessage.walk"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">walk()</span></code></a>.)</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.get_content">
<code class="sig-name descname">get_content</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*args</em>, <em class="sig-param">content_manager=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">**kw</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.get_content" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Call the <a class="reference internal" href="email.contentmanager.html#email.contentmanager.ContentManager.get_content" title="email.contentmanager.ContentManager.get_content"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_content()</span></code></a> method
of the <em>content_manager</em>, passing self as the message object, and passing
along any other arguments or keywords as additional arguments. If
<em>content_manager</em> is not specified, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">content_manager</span></code> specified
by the current <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.set_content">
<code class="sig-name descname">set_content</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*args</em>, <em class="sig-param">content_manager=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">**kw</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.set_content" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Call the <a class="reference internal" href="email.contentmanager.html#email.contentmanager.ContentManager.set_content" title="email.contentmanager.ContentManager.set_content"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_content()</span></code></a> method
of the <em>content_manager</em>, passing self as the message object, and passing
along any other arguments or keywords as additional arguments. If
<em>content_manager</em> is not specified, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">content_manager</span></code> specified
by the current <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.make_related">
<code class="sig-name descname">make_related</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">boundary=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.make_related" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert a non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code> message into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/related</span></code> message,
moving any existing <em class="mailheader">Content-</em> headers and payload into a
(new) first part of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code>. If <em>boundary</em> is specified, use
it as the boundary string in the multipart, otherwise leave the boundary
to be automatically created when it is needed (for example, when the
message is serialized).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.make_alternative">
<code class="sig-name descname">make_alternative</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">boundary=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.make_alternative" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert a non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code> or a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/related</span></code> into a
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/alternative</span></code>, moving any existing <em class="mailheader">Content-</em>
headers and payload into a (new) first part of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code>. If
<em>boundary</em> is specified, use it as the boundary string in the multipart,
otherwise leave the boundary to be automatically created when it is
needed (for example, when the message is serialized).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.make_mixed">
<code class="sig-name descname">make_mixed</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">boundary=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.make_mixed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert a non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code>, a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/related</span></code>, or a
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart-alternative</span></code> into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/mixed</span></code>, moving any existing
<em class="mailheader">Content-</em> headers and payload into a (new) first part of the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code>. If <em>boundary</em> is specified, use it as the boundary string
in the multipart, otherwise leave the boundary to be automatically
created when it is needed (for example, when the message is serialized).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.add_related">
<code class="sig-name descname">add_related</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*args</em>, <em class="sig-param">content_manager=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">**kw</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.add_related" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If the message is a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/related</span></code>, create a new message
object, pass all of the arguments to its <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.set_content" title="email.message.EmailMessage.set_content"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_content()</span></code></a> method,
and <a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message.attach" title="email.message.Message.attach"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">attach()</span></code></a> it to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code>. If
the message is a non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code>, call <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.make_related" title="email.message.EmailMessage.make_related"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make_related()</span></code></a> and then
proceed as above. If the message is any other type of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code>,
raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>. If <em>content_manager</em> is not specified, use
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">content_manager</span></code> specified by the current <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a>.
If the added part has no <em class="mailheader">Content-Disposition</em> header,
add one with the value <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inline</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.add_alternative">
<code class="sig-name descname">add_alternative</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*args</em>, <em class="sig-param">content_manager=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">**kw</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.add_alternative" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If the message is a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/alternative</span></code>, create a new message
object, pass all of the arguments to its <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.set_content" title="email.message.EmailMessage.set_content"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_content()</span></code></a> method, and
<a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message.attach" title="email.message.Message.attach"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">attach()</span></code></a> it to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code>. If the
message is a non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/related</span></code>, call
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.make_alternative" title="email.message.EmailMessage.make_alternative"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make_alternative()</span></code></a> and then proceed as above. If the message is
any other type of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code>, raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>. If
<em>content_manager</em> is not specified, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">content_manager</span></code> specified
by the current <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.add_attachment">
<code class="sig-name descname">add_attachment</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">*args</em>, <em class="sig-param">content_manager=None</em>, <em class="sig-param">**kw</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.add_attachment" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If the message is a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/mixed</span></code>, create a new message object,
pass all of the arguments to its <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.set_content" title="email.message.EmailMessage.set_content"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_content()</span></code></a> method, and
<a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message.attach" title="email.message.Message.attach"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">attach()</span></code></a> it to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code>. If the
message is a non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/related</span></code>, or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/alternative</span></code>, call <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.make_mixed" title="email.message.EmailMessage.make_mixed"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make_mixed()</span></code></a> and then proceed as
above. If <em>content_manager</em> is not specified, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">content_manager</span></code>
specified by the current <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a>. If the added part
has no <em class="mailheader">Content-Disposition</em> header, add one with the value
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">attachment</span></code>. This method can be used both for explicit attachments
(<em class="mailheader">Content-Disposition: attachment</em>) and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inline</span></code> attachments
(<em class="mailheader">Content-Disposition: inline</em>), by passing appropriate
options to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">content_manager</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.clear">
<code class="sig-name descname">clear</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove the payload and all of the headers.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.clear_content">
<code class="sig-name descname">clear_content</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.clear_content" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove the payload and all of the <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Content-</span></code> headers, leaving
all other headers intact and in their original order.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> objects have the following instance attributes:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.preamble">
<code class="sig-name descname">preamble</code><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.preamble" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The format of a MIME document allows for some text between the blank line
following the headers, and the first multipart boundary string. Normally,
this text is never visible in a MIME-aware mail reader because it falls
outside the standard MIME armor. However, when viewing the raw text of
the message, or when viewing the message in a non-MIME aware reader, this
text can become visible.</p>
<p>The <em>preamble</em> attribute contains this leading extra-armor text for MIME
documents. When the <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#email.parser.Parser" title="email.parser.Parser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Parser</span></code></a> discovers some text
after the headers but before the first boundary string, it assigns this
text to the message’s <em>preamble</em> attribute. When the
<a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> is writing out the plain text
representation of a MIME message, and it finds the
message has a <em>preamble</em> attribute, it will write this text in the area
between the headers and the first boundary. See <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></code></a> for details.</p>
<p>Note that if the message object has no preamble, the <em>preamble</em> attribute
will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.epilogue">
<code class="sig-name descname">epilogue</code><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.epilogue" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The <em>epilogue</em> attribute acts the same way as the <em>preamble</em> attribute,
except that it contains text that appears between the last boundary and
the end of the message. As with the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.preamble" title="email.message.EmailMessage.preamble"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">preamble</span></code></a>,
if there is no epilog text this attribute will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="email.message.EmailMessage.defects">
<code class="sig-name descname">defects</code><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.defects" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The <em>defects</em> attribute contains a list of all the problems found when
parsing this message. See <a class="reference internal" href="email.errors.html#module-email.errors" title="email.errors: The exception classes used by the email package."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.errors</span></code></a> for a detailed description
of the possible parsing defects.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="email.message.MIMEPart">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="sig-prename descclassname">email.message.</code><code class="sig-name descname">MIMEPart</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">policy=default</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.message.MIMEPart" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This class represents a subpart of a MIME message. It is identical to
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>, except that no <em class="mailheader">MIME-Version</em> headers are
added when <a class="reference internal" href="#email.message.EmailMessage.set_content" title="email.message.EmailMessage.set_content"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_content()</span></code></a> is called, since sub-parts do
not need their own <em class="mailheader">MIME-Version</em> headers.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>
<dl class="footnote brackets">
<dt class="label" id="id2"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">1</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Originally added in 3.4 as a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-provisional-package"><span class="xref std std-term">provisional module</span></a>. Docs for legacy message class moved to
<a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#compat32-message"><span class="std std-ref">email.message.Message: Representing an email message using the compat32 API</span></a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
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