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</div><hr /><div id="migration56.new-features" class="sect1">
<h2 class="title">New features</h2>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.const-scalar-exprs">
<h3 class="title">Constant expressions</h3>
<p class="para">
It is now possible to provide a scalar expression involving numeric and
string literals and/or constants in contexts where PHP previously expected
a static value, such as constant and property declarations and default
function arguments.
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">const </span><span style="color: #0000BB">ONE </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">1</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />const </span><span style="color: #0000BB">TWO </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">ONE </span><span style="color: #007700">* </span><span style="color: #0000BB">2</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /><br />class </span><span style="color: #0000BB">C </span><span style="color: #007700">{<br /> const </span><span style="color: #0000BB">THREE </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">TWO </span><span style="color: #007700">+ </span><span style="color: #0000BB">1</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> const </span><span style="color: #0000BB">ONE_THIRD </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">ONE </span><span style="color: #007700">/ </span><span style="color: #0000BB">self</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">THREE</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> const </span><span style="color: #0000BB">SENTENCE </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'The value of THREE is '</span><span style="color: #007700">.</span><span style="color: #0000BB">self</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">THREE</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /><br /> public function </span><span style="color: #0000BB">f</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">ONE </span><span style="color: #007700">+ </span><span style="color: #0000BB">self</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">THREE</span><span style="color: #007700">) {<br /> return </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> }<br />}<br /><br />echo (new </span><span style="color: #0000BB">C</span><span style="color: #007700">)-></span><span style="color: #0000BB">f</span><span style="color: #007700">().</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">C</span><span style="color: #007700">::</span><span style="color: #0000BB">SENTENCE</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
<p class="para">The above example will output:</p>
<div class="example-contents screen">
<div class="cdata"><pre>
4
The value of THREE is 3
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="para">
It is also now possible to define a constant <span class="type"><a href="language.types.array.html" class="type array">array</a></span> using the
<em>const</em> keyword:
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">const </span><span style="color: #0000BB">ARR </span><span style="color: #007700">= [</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'a'</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'b'</span><span style="color: #007700">];<br /><br />echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">ARR</span><span style="color: #007700">[</span><span style="color: #0000BB">0</span><span style="color: #007700">];<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
<p class="para">The above example will output:</p>
<div class="example-contents screen">
<div class="cdata"><pre>
a
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.variadics">
<h3 class="title">Variadic functions via <em>...</em></h3>
<p class="para">
<a href="functions.arguments.html#functions.variable-arg-list" class="link">Variadic functions</a> can
now be implemented using the <em>...</em> operator, instead of
relying on <span class="function"><a href="function.func-get-args.html" class="function">func_get_args()</a></span>.
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">function </span><span style="color: #0000BB">f</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$req</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$opt </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">null</span><span style="color: #007700">, ...</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$params</span><span style="color: #007700">) {<br /> </span><span style="color: #FF8000">// $params is an array containing the remaining arguments.<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000BB">printf</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'$req: %d; $opt: %d; number of params: %d'</span><span style="color: #007700">.</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">,<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$req</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$opt</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">count</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$params</span><span style="color: #007700">));<br />}<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">f</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">1</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">f</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">1</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">2</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">f</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">1</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">2</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">3</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">f</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">1</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">2</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">3</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">4</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">f</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">1</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">2</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">3</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">4</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">5</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
<p class="para">The above example will output:</p>
<div class="example-contents screen">
<div class="cdata"><pre>
$req: 1; $opt: 0; number of params: 0
$req: 1; $opt: 2; number of params: 0
$req: 1; $opt: 2; number of params: 1
$req: 1; $opt: 2; number of params: 2
$req: 1; $opt: 2; number of params: 3
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.splat">
<h3 class="title">Argument unpacking via <em>...</em></h3>
<p class="para">
<a href="language.types.array.html" class="link">Arrays</a> and
<span class="interfacename"><a href="class.traversable.html" class="interfacename">Traversable</a></span> objects can be unpacked into
argument lists when calling functions by using the <em>...</em>
operator. This is also known as the splat operator in other languages,
including Ruby.
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">function </span><span style="color: #0000BB">add</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$b</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$c</span><span style="color: #007700">) {<br /> return </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a </span><span style="color: #007700">+ </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$b </span><span style="color: #007700">+ </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$c</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />}<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$operators </span><span style="color: #007700">= [</span><span style="color: #0000BB">2</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">3</span><span style="color: #007700">];<br />echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">add</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">1</span><span style="color: #007700">, ...</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$operators</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
<p class="para">The above example will output:</p>
<div class="example-contents screen">
<div class="cdata"><pre>
6
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.exponentiation">
<h3 class="title">Exponentiation via <em>**</em></h3>
<p class="para">
A right associative <em>**</em> operator has been added to
support exponentiation, along with a <em>**=</em> shorthand
assignment operator.
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br />printf</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"2 ** 3 == %d\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">2 </span><span style="color: #007700">** </span><span style="color: #0000BB">3</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">printf</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"2 ** 3 ** 2 == %d\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">2 </span><span style="color: #007700">** </span><span style="color: #0000BB">3 </span><span style="color: #007700">** </span><span style="color: #0000BB">2</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">2</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a </span><span style="color: #007700">**= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">3</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">printf</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"a == %d\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
<p class="para">The above example will output:</p>
<div class="example-contents screen">
<div class="cdata"><pre>
2 ** 3 == 8
2 ** 3 ** 2 == 512
a == 8
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.use">
<h3 class="title"><em>use function</em> and <em>use const</em></h3>
<p class="para">
The
<a href="language.namespaces.importing.html" class="link"><em>use</em></a>
operator has been extended to support importing functions and constants in
addition to classes. This is achieved via the
<em>use function</em> and <em>use const</em>
constructs, respectively.
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">namespace </span><span style="color: #0000BB">Name</span><span style="color: #007700">\</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Space </span><span style="color: #007700">{<br /> const </span><span style="color: #0000BB">FOO </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">42</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> function </span><span style="color: #0000BB">f</span><span style="color: #007700">() { echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">__FUNCTION__</span><span style="color: #007700">.</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">; }<br />}<br /><br />namespace {<br /> use const </span><span style="color: #0000BB">Name</span><span style="color: #007700">\</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Space</span><span style="color: #007700">\</span><span style="color: #0000BB">FOO</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> use function </span><span style="color: #0000BB">Name</span><span style="color: #007700">\</span><span style="color: #0000BB">Space</span><span style="color: #007700">\</span><span style="color: #0000BB">f</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /><br /> echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">FOO</span><span style="color: #007700">.</span><span style="color: #DD0000">"\n"</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000BB">f</span><span style="color: #007700">();<br />}<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
<p class="para">The above example will output:</p>
<div class="example-contents screen">
<div class="cdata"><pre>
42
Name\Space\f
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.phpdbg">
<h3 class="title">phpdbg</h3>
<p class="para">
PHP now includes an interactive debugger called phpdbg implemented as a
SAPI module. For more information, please visit the
<a href="https://phpdbg.room11.org/" class="link external">» phpdbg documentation</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.default-encoding">
<h3 class="title">Default character encoding</h3>
<p class="para">
<a href="ini.core.html#ini.default-charset" class="link">default_charset</a> is now used as
the default character set for the <span class="function"><a href="function.htmlentities.html" class="function">htmlentities()</a></span>,
<span class="function"><a href="function.html-entity-decode.html" class="function">html_entity_decode()</a></span> and
<span class="function"><a href="function.htmlspecialchars.html" class="function">htmlspecialchars()</a></span> functions. Note that if the (now
deprecated) iconv and mbstring encoding settings are set, they will take
precedence over default_charset for iconv and mbstring functions,
respectively.
</p>
<p class="para">
The default value for this setting is <em>UTF-8</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.reusable-input">
<h3 class="title"><a href="wrappers.php.html#wrappers.php.input" class="link"><em>php://input</em></a> is reusable</h3>
<p class="para">
<a href="wrappers.php.html#wrappers.php.input" class="link"><em>php://input</em></a>
may now be reopened and read as many times as required. This work has also
resulted in a major reduction in the amount of memory required to deal
with POST data.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.large-file">
<h3 class="title">Large file uploads</h3>
<p class="para">
Files larger than 2 gigabytes in size are now accepted.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.gmp">
<h3 class="title"><a href="book.gmp.html" class="link">GMP</a> supports operator overloading</h3>
<p class="para">
<a href="book.gmp.html" class="link">GMP</a> objects now support operator
overloading and casting to scalar types. This allows for more expressive
code using GMP:
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br />$a </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">gmp_init</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">42</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$b </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">gmp_init</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">17</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /><br />if (</span><span style="color: #0000BB">version_compare</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">PHP_VERSION</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'5.6'</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'<'</span><span style="color: #007700">)) {<br /> echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">gmp_intval</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">gmp_add</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$b</span><span style="color: #007700">)), </span><span style="color: #0000BB">PHP_EOL</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">gmp_intval</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">gmp_add</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">17</span><span style="color: #007700">)), </span><span style="color: #0000BB">PHP_EOL</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">gmp_intval</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">gmp_add</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">42</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$b</span><span style="color: #007700">)), </span><span style="color: #0000BB">PHP_EOL</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />} else {<br /> echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a </span><span style="color: #007700">+ </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$b</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">PHP_EOL</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$a </span><span style="color: #007700">+ </span><span style="color: #0000BB">17</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">PHP_EOL</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> echo </span><span style="color: #0000BB">42 </span><span style="color: #007700">+ </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$b</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">PHP_EOL</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br />}<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
<p class="para">The above example will output:</p>
<div class="example-contents screen">
<div class="cdata"><pre>
59
59
59
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.hash-equals">
<h3 class="title"><span class="function"><a href="function.hash-equals.html" class="function">hash_equals()</a></span> for timing attack safe string comparison</h3>
<p class="para">
The <span class="function"><a href="function.hash-equals.html" class="function">hash_equals()</a></span> function has been added to compare
two strings in constant time. This should be used to mitigate timing
attacks; for instance, when testing <span class="function"><a href="function.crypt.html" class="function">crypt()</a></span> password
hashes (assuming that you are unable to use
<span class="function"><a href="function.password-hash.html" class="function">password_hash()</a></span> and
<span class="function"><a href="function.password-verify.html" class="function">password_verify()</a></span>, which aren't susceptible to timing
attacks).
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br />$expected </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">crypt</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'12345'</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'$2a$07$usesomesillystringforsalt$'</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$correct </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">crypt</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'12345'</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'$2a$07$usesomesillystringforsalt$'</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">$incorrect </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">crypt</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #DD0000">'1234'</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'$2a$07$usesomesillystringforsalt$'</span><span style="color: #007700">);<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">var_dump</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">hash_equals</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$expected</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$correct</span><span style="color: #007700">));<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">var_dump</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">hash_equals</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$expected</span><span style="color: #007700">, </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$incorrect</span><span style="color: #007700">));<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
<p class="para">The above example will output:</p>
<div class="example-contents screen">
<div class="cdata"><pre>
bool(true)
bool(false)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.debuginfo">
<h3 class="title"><em>__debugInfo()</em></h3>
<p class="para">
The <a href="language.oop5.magic.html#language.oop5.magic.debuginfo" class="link">__debugInfo()</a>
magic method has been added to allow objects to change the properties and
values that are shown when the object is output using
<span class="function"><a href="function.var-dump.html" class="function">var_dump()</a></span>.
</p>
<div class="informalexample">
<div class="example-contents">
<div class="phpcode"><code><span style="color: #000000">
<span style="color: #0000BB"><?php<br /></span><span style="color: #007700">class </span><span style="color: #0000BB">C </span><span style="color: #007700">{<br /> private </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$prop</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /><br /> public function </span><span style="color: #0000BB">__construct</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$val</span><span style="color: #007700">) {<br /> </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$this</span><span style="color: #007700">-></span><span style="color: #0000BB">prop </span><span style="color: #007700">= </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$val</span><span style="color: #007700">;<br /> }<br /><br /> public function </span><span style="color: #0000BB">__debugInfo</span><span style="color: #007700">() {<br /> return [<br /> </span><span style="color: #DD0000">'propSquared' </span><span style="color: #007700">=> </span><span style="color: #0000BB">$this</span><span style="color: #007700">-></span><span style="color: #0000BB">prop </span><span style="color: #007700">** </span><span style="color: #0000BB">2</span><span style="color: #007700">,<br /> ];<br /> }<br />}<br /><br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">var_dump</span><span style="color: #007700">(new </span><span style="color: #0000BB">C</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">42</span><span style="color: #007700">));<br /></span><span style="color: #0000BB">?></span>
</span>
</code></div>
</div>
<p class="para">The above example will output:</p>
<div class="example-contents screen">
<div class="cdata"><pre>
object(C)#1 (1) {
["propSquared"]=>
int(1764)
}
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.gost">
<h3 class="title">gost-crypto hash algorithm</h3>
<p class="para">
The <em>gost-crypto</em> hash algorithm has been added. This
implements the GOST hash function using the CryptoPro S-box tables as
specified by
<a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc4357" class="link external">» RFC 4357, section 11.2</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.openssl">
<h3 class="title">SSL/TLS improvements</h3>
<p class="para">
A wide range of improvements have been made to the SSL/TLS support in PHP
5.6. These include
<a href="migration56.incompatible.html#migration56.incompatible.peer-verification" class="link">enabling peer verification by default</a>,
supporting certificate fingerprint matching, mitigating against TLS
renegotiation attacks, and many new
<a href="context.ssl.html" class="link">SSL context options</a> to allow more fine
grained control over protocol and verification settings when using
encrypted streams.
</p>
<p class="para">
These changes are described in more detail in the
<a href="migration56.openssl.html" class="link">OpenSSL changes in PHP 5.6.x</a>
section of this migration guide.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" id="migration56.new-features.postgresql">
<h3 class="title"><a href="book.pgsql.html" class="link">pgsql</a> async support</h3>
<p class="para">
The <a href="book.pgsql.html" class="link">pgsql</a> extension now supports
asynchronous connections and queries, thereby enabling non-blocking
behaviour when interacting with PostgreSQL databases. Asynchronous
connections may be established via the
<strong><code>PGSQL_CONNECT_ASYNC</code></strong> constant, and the new
<span class="function"><a href="function.pg-connect-poll.html" class="function">pg_connect_poll()</a></span>, <span class="function"><a href="function.pg-socket.html" class="function">pg_socket()</a></span>,
<span class="function"><a href="function.pg-consume-input.html" class="function">pg_consume_input()</a></span> and <span class="function"><a href="function.pg-flush.html" class="function">pg_flush()</a></span>
functions may be used to handle asynchronous connections and queries.
</p>
</div>
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