======================
The form rendering API
======================

.. module:: django.forms.renderers
   :synopsis: Built-in form renderers.

.. versionadded:: 1.11

    In older versions, widgets are rendered using Python. All APIs described
    in this document are new.

Django's form widgets are rendered using Django's :doc:`template engines
system </topics/templates>`.

The form rendering process can be customized at several levels:

* Widgets can specify custom template names.
* Forms and widgets can specify custom renderer classes.
* A widget's template can be overridden by a project. (Reusable applications
  typically shouldn't override built-in templates because they might conflict
  with a project's custom templates.)

.. _low-level-widget-render-api:

The low-level render API
========================

The rendering of form templates is controlled by a customizable renderer class.
A custom renderer can be specified by updating the :setting:`FORM_RENDERER`
setting. It defaults to
``'``:class:`django.forms.renderers.DjangoTemplates`\ ``'``.

You can also provide a custom renderer by setting the
:attr:`.Form.default_renderer` attribute or by using the ``renderer`` argument
of :meth:`.Widget.render`.

Use one of the :ref:`built-in template form renderers
<built-in-template-form-renderers>` or implement your own. Custom renderers
must implement a ``render(template_name, context, request=None)`` method. It
should return a rendered templates (as a string) or raise
:exc:`~django.template.TemplateDoesNotExist`.

.. _built-in-template-form-renderers:

Built-in-template form renderers
================================

``DjangoTemplates``
-------------------

.. class:: DjangoTemplates

This renderer uses a standalone
:class:`~django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates`
engine (unconnected to what you might have configured in the
:setting:`TEMPLATES` setting). It loads templates first from the built-in form
templates directory in ``django/forms/templates`` and then from the installed
apps' templates directories using the :class:`app_directories
<django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader>` loader.

If you want to render templates with customizations from your
:setting:`TEMPLATES` setting, such as context processors for example, use the
:class:`TemplatesSetting` renderer.

``Jinja2``
----------

.. class:: Jinja2

This renderer is the same as the :class:`DjangoTemplates` renderer except that
it uses a :class:`~django.template.backends.jinja2.Jinja2` backend. Templates
for the built-in widgets are located in ``django/forms/jinja2`` and installed
apps can provide templates in a ``jinja2`` directory.

To use this backend, all the widgets in your project and its third-party apps
must have Jinja2 templates. Unless you provide your own Jinja2 templates for
widgets that don't have any, you can't use this renderer. For example,
:mod:`django.contrib.admin` doesn't include Jinja2 templates for its widgets
due to their usage of Django template tags.

``TemplatesSetting``
--------------------

.. class:: TemplatesSetting

This renderer gives you complete control of how widget templates are sourced.
It uses :func:`~django.template.loader.get_template` to find widget
templates based on what's configured in the :setting:`TEMPLATES` setting.

Using this renderer along with the built-in widget templates requires either:

* ``'django.forms'`` in :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` and at least one engine
  with :setting:`APP_DIRS=True <TEMPLATES-APP_DIRS>`.

* Adding the built-in widgets templates directory in :setting:`DIRS
  <TEMPLATES-DIRS>` of one of your template engines. To generate that path::

    import django
    django.__path__[0] + '/forms/templates'  # or '/forms/jinja2'

Using this renderer requires you to make sure the form templates your project
needs can be located.

Context available in widget templates
=====================================

Widget templates receive a context from :meth:`.Widget.get_context`. By
default, widgets receive a single value in the context, ``widget``. This is a
dictionary that contains values like:

* ``name``
* ``value``
* ``attrs``
* ``is_hidden``
* ``template_name``

Some widgets add further information to the context. For instance, all widgets
that subclass ``Input`` defines ``widget['type']`` and :class:`.MultiWidget`
defines ``widget['subwidgets']`` for looping purposes.

Overriding built-in widget templates
====================================

Each widget has a ``template_name`` attribute with a value such as
``input.html``. Built-in widget templates are stored in the
``django/forms/widgets`` path. You can provide a custom template for
``input.html`` by defining ``django/forms/widgets/input.html``, for example.
See :ref:`built-in widgets` for the name of each widget's template.

If you use the :class:`TemplatesSetting` renderer, overriding widget templates
works the same as overriding any other template in your project. You can't
override built-in widget templates using the other built-in renderers.