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<h1><a href="../../../index.html">Django 1.11.20 documentation</a></h1>
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<div class="section" id="s-module-django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions">
<span id="s-geographic-database-functions"></span><span id="module-django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions"></span><span id="geographic-database-functions"></span><h1>Geographic Database Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The functions documented on this page allow users to access geographic database
functions to be used in annotations, aggregations, or filters in Django.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">Length</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Track</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'line'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">length__gt</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Not all backends support all functions, so refer to the documentation of each
function to see if your database backend supports the function you want to use.
If you call a geographic function on a backend that doesn’t support it, you’ll
get a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NotImplementedError</span></code> exception.</p>
<p>Function’s summary:</p>
<table class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="15%" />
<col width="19%" />
<col width="18%" />
<col width="16%" />
<col width="15%" />
<col width="18%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Measurement</th>
<th class="head">Relationships</th>
<th class="head">Operations</th>
<th class="head">Editors</th>
<th class="head">Output format</th>
<th class="head">Miscellaneous</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Area" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Area"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Area</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.BoundingCircle" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.BoundingCircle"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BoundingCircle</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Difference" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Difference"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Difference</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.ForceRHR" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.ForceRHR"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ForceRHR</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsGeoJSON" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsGeoJSON"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsGeoJSON</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.IsValid" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.IsValid"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IsValid</span></code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Distance" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Distance"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Distance</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Centroid" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Centroid"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Centroid</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Intersection" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Intersection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Intersection</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.MakeValid" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.MakeValid"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MakeValid</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsGML" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsGML"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsGML</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.MemSize" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.MemSize"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MemSize</span></code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Length" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Length"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Length</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Envelope" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Envelope"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Envelope</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.SymDifference" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.SymDifference"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SymDifference</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Reverse" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Reverse"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Reverse</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsKML" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsKML"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsKML</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.NumGeometries" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.NumGeometries"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NumGeometries</span></code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Perimeter" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Perimeter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Perimeter</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.PointOnSurface" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.PointOnSurface"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PointOnSurface</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Union" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Union"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Union</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Scale" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Scale"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Scale</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsSVG" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsSVG"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsSVG</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.NumPoints" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.NumPoints"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NumPoints</span></code></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.SnapToGrid" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.SnapToGrid"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SnapToGrid</span></code></a></td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.GeoHash" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.GeoHash"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GeoHash</span></code></a></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Transform" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Transform"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Transform</span></code></a></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Translate" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Translate"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Translate</span></code></a></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="section" id="s-area">
<span id="area"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Area</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#area" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Area">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Area</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Area" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: MySQL, Oracle,
<a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Area.html">PostGIS</a>, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the area of the
field as an <a class="reference internal" href="measure.html#django.contrib.gis.measure.Area" title="django.contrib.gis.measure.Area"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Area</span></code></a> measure.</p>
<p>MySQL and SpatiaLite without LWGEOM don’t support area calculations on
geographic SRSes.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<span class="title">Changed in Django 1.11:</span> <p>In older versions, a raw value was returned on MySQL when used on
projected SRS.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-asgeojson">
<span id="asgeojson"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsGeoJSON</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#asgeojson" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsGeoJSON">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">AsGeoJSON</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>bbox=False</em>, <em>crs=False</em>, <em>precision=8</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsGeoJSON" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_AsGeoJSON.html">PostGIS</a>,
SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a <a class="reference external" href="http://geojson.org/">GeoJSON</a> representation of the geometry. Note that the result is
not a complete GeoJSON structure but only the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">geometry</span></code> key content of a
GeoJSON structure. See also <a class="reference internal" href="serializers.html"><span class="doc">GeoJSON Serializer</span></a>.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">City</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">AsGeoJSON</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'point'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Chicago'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span>
<span class="go">{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-87.65018,41.85039]}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<table class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="28%" />
<col width="72%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Keyword Argument</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bbox</span></code></td>
<td>Set this to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if you want the bounding box
to be included in the returned GeoJSON.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crs</span></code></td>
<td>Set this to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if you want the coordinate
reference system to be included in the returned
GeoJSON.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">precision</span></code></td>
<td>It may be used to specify the number of significant
digits for the coordinates in the GeoJSON
representation – the default value is 8.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-asgml">
<span id="asgml"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsGML</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#asgml" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsGML">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">AsGML</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>version=2</em>, <em>precision=8</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsGML" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: Oracle, <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_AsGML.html">PostGIS</a>,
SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language">Geographic Markup
Language (GML)</a> representation of the geometry.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">qs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Zipcode</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gml</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">AsGML</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'poly'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">qs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gml</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"><gml:Polygon srsName="EPSG:4326"><gml:OuterBoundaryIs>-147.78711,70.245363 ...</span>
<span class="go">-147.78711,70.245363</gml:OuterBoundaryIs></gml:Polygon></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<table class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="28%" />
<col width="72%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Keyword Argument</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">precision</span></code></td>
<td>Specifies the number of significant digits for the
coordinates in the GML representation – the default
value is 8. Ignored on Oracle.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">version</span></code></td>
<td>Specifies the GML version to use: 2 (default) or 3.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="versionchanged">
<span class="title">Changed in Django 1.11:</span> <p>Oracle support was added.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-askml">
<span id="askml"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsKML</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#askml" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsKML">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">AsKML</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>precision=8</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsKML" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_AsKML.html">PostGIS</a>, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a <a class="reference external" href="https://developers.google.com/kml/documentation/">Keyhole Markup
Language (KML)</a> representation of the geometry.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">qs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Zipcode</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kml</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">AsKML</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'poly'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">qs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">kml</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"><Polygon><outerBoundaryIs><LinearRing><coordinates>-103.04135,36.217596,0 ...</span>
<span class="go">-103.04135,36.217596,0</coordinates></LinearRing></outerBoundaryIs></Polygon></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<table class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="28%" />
<col width="72%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Keyword Argument</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">precision</span></code></td>
<td>This keyword may be used to specify the number of
significant digits for the coordinates in the KML
representation – the default value is 8.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-assvg">
<span id="assvg"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsSVG</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#assvg" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsSVG">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">AsSVG</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>relative=False</em>, <em>precision=8</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsSVG" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_AsSVG.html">PostGIS</a>, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a <a class="reference external" href="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/">Scalable Vector
Graphics (SVG)</a> representation of the geometry.</p>
<table class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="28%" />
<col width="72%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Keyword Argument</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">relative</span></code></td>
<td>If set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, the path data will be implemented
in terms of relative moves. Defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>,
meaning that absolute moves are used instead.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">precision</span></code></td>
<td>This keyword may be used to specify the number of
significant digits for the coordinates in the SVG
representation – the default value is 8.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-boundingcircle">
<span id="boundingcircle"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BoundingCircle</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#boundingcircle" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.BoundingCircle">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">BoundingCircle</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>num_seg=48</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.BoundingCircle" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_MinimumBoundingCircle.html">PostGIS</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/SPATL/sdo_geom-sdo_mbc.htm#SPATL1554">Oracle (≥ 12.1.0.2)</a></p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the smallest circle
polygon that can fully contain the geometry.</p>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">num_seg</span></code> parameter is used only on PostGIS.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<span class="title">Changed in Django 1.11:</span> <p>Oracle support was added.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-centroid">
<span id="centroid"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Centroid</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#centroid" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Centroid">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Centroid</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Centroid" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: MySQL, <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Centroid.html">PostGIS</a>,
Oracle, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">centroid</span></code>
value of the geometry.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-difference">
<span id="difference"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Difference</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#difference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Difference">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Difference</code>(<em>expr1</em>, <em>expr2</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Difference" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: MySQL (≥ 5.6.1), <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Difference.html">PostGIS</a>, Oracle, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts two geographic fields or expressions and returns the geometric
difference, that is the part of geometry A that does not intersect with
geometry B.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<span class="title">Changed in Django 1.10:</span> <p>MySQL support was added.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-distance">
<span id="distance"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Distance</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#distance" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Distance">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Distance</code>(<em>expr1</em>, <em>expr2</em>, <em>spheroid=None</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Distance" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: MySQL (≥ 5.6.1), <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Distance.html">PostGIS</a>, Oracle, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts two geographic fields or expressions and returns the distance between
them, as a <a class="reference internal" href="measure.html#django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance" title="django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Distance</span></code></a> object. On MySQL, a raw
float value is returned when the coordinates are geodetic.</p>
<p>On backends that support distance calculation on geodetic coordinates, the
proper backend function is automatically chosen depending on the SRID value of
the geometries (e.g. <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_DistanceSphere.html">ST_DistanceSphere</a> on PostGIS).</p>
<p>When distances are calculated with geodetic (angular) coordinates, as is the
case with the default WGS84 (4326) SRID, you can set the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spheroid</span></code> keyword
argument to decide if the calculation should be based on a simple sphere (less
accurate, less resource-intensive) or on a spheroid (more accurate, more
resource-intensive).</p>
<p>In the following example, the distance from the city of Hobart to every other
<a class="reference internal" href="model-api.html#django.contrib.gis.db.models.PointField" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.PointField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PointField</span></code></a> in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AustraliaCity</span></code>
queryset is calculated:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">Distance</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pnt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">AustraliaCity</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Hobart'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">point</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">city</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">AustraliaCity</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">distance</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Distance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'point'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pnt</span><span class="p">)):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">city</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">city</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">Wollongong 990071.220408 m</span>
<span class="go">Shellharbour 972804.613941 m</span>
<span class="go">Thirroul 1002334.36351 m</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Because the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distance</span></code> attribute is a
<a class="reference internal" href="measure.html#django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance" title="django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Distance</span></code></a> object, you can easily express
the value in the units of your choice. For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">city.distance.mi</span></code> is
the distance value in miles and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">city.distance.km</span></code> is the distance value
in kilometers. See <a class="reference internal" href="measure.html"><span class="doc">Measurement Objects</span></a> for usage details and the list of
<a class="reference internal" href="measure.html#supported-units"><span class="std std-ref">Supported units</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<span class="title">Changed in Django 1.11:</span> <p>In older versions, a raw value was returned on MySQL when used on
projected SRS.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-envelope">
<span id="envelope"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Envelope</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#envelope" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Envelope">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Envelope</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Envelope" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: MySQL, <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Envelope.html">PostGIS</a>,
SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the geometry
representing the bounding box of the geometry.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-forcerhr">
<span id="forcerhr"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ForceRHR</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#forcerhr" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.ForceRHR">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">ForceRHR</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.ForceRHR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_ForceRHR.html">PostGIS</a></p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a modified version
of the polygon/multipolygon in which all of the vertices follow the
right-hand rule.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-geohash">
<span id="geohash"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GeoHash</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#geohash" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.GeoHash">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">GeoHash</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>precision=None</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.GeoHash" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_GeoHash.html">PostGIS</a>,
SpatiaLite (LWGEOM)</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geohash">GeoHash</a>
representation of the geometry.</p>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">precision</span></code> keyword argument controls the number of characters in the
result.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<span class="title">Changed in Django 1.10:</span> <p>SpatiaLite support was added.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-intersection">
<span id="intersection"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Intersection</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#intersection" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Intersection">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Intersection</code>(<em>expr1</em>, <em>expr2</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Intersection" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: MySQL (≥ 5.6.1), <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Intersection.html">PostGIS</a>, Oracle, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts two geographic fields or expressions and returns the geometric
intersection between them.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<span class="title">Changed in Django 1.10:</span> <p>MySQL support was added.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-isvalid">
<span id="isvalid"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IsValid</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#isvalid" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.IsValid">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">IsValid</code>(<em>expr</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.IsValid" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.10.</span> </div>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_IsValid.html">PostGIS</a>,
Oracle, SpatiaLite (LWGEOM)</p>
<p>Accepts a geographic field or expression and tests if the value is well formed.
Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if its value is a valid geometry and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<span class="title">Changed in Django 1.11:</span> <p>SpatiaLite and Oracle support was added.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-length">
<span id="length"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Length</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#length" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Length">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Length</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>spheroid=True</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Length" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: MySQL, Oracle, <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Length.html">PostGIS</a>, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic linestring or multilinestring field or expression
and returns its length as a <a class="reference internal" href="measure.html#django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance" title="django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Distance</span></code></a>
measure.</p>
<p>On PostGIS and SpatiaLite, when the coordinates are geodetic (angular), you can
specify if the calculation should be based on a simple sphere (less
accurate, less resource-intensive) or on a spheroid (more accurate, more
resource-intensive) with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spheroid</span></code> keyword argument.</p>
<p>MySQL doesn’t support length calculations on geographic SRSes.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<span class="title">Changed in Django 1.11:</span> <p>In older versions, a raw value was returned on MySQL.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-makevalid">
<span id="makevalid"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MakeValid</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#makevalid" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.MakeValid">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">MakeValid</code>(<em>expr</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.MakeValid" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.10.</span> </div>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_MakeValid.html">PostGIS</a>,
SpatiaLite (LWGEOM)</p>
<p>Accepts a geographic field or expression and attempts to convert the value into
a valid geometry without losing any of the input vertices. Geometries that are
already valid are returned without changes. Simple polygons might become a
multipolygon and the result might be of lower dimension than the input.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<span class="title">Changed in Django 1.11:</span> <p>SpatiaLite support was added.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-memsize">
<span id="memsize"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MemSize</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#memsize" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.MemSize">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">MemSize</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.MemSize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_MemSize.html">PostGIS</a></p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the memory size
(number of bytes) that the geometry field takes.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-numgeometries">
<span id="numgeometries"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NumGeometries</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#numgeometries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.NumGeometries">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">NumGeometries</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.NumGeometries" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: MySQL, <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_NumGeometries.html">PostGIS</a>, Oracle, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the number of
geometries if the geometry field is a collection (e.g., a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</span></code>
or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MULTI*</span></code> field). Returns 1 for single geometries.</p>
<p>On MySQL, returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> for single geometries.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-numpoints">
<span id="numpoints"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NumPoints</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#numpoints" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.NumPoints">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">NumPoints</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.NumPoints" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: MySQL, <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_NPoints.html">PostGIS</a>,
Oracle, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the number of points
in the first linestring in the geometry field; otherwise returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-perimeter">
<span id="perimeter"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Perimeter</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#perimeter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Perimeter">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Perimeter</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Perimeter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Perimeter.html">PostGIS</a>,
Oracle, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns the perimeter of the
geometry field as a <a class="reference internal" href="measure.html#django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance" title="django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Distance</span></code></a> object.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-pointonsurface">
<span id="pointonsurface"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PointOnSurface</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#pointonsurface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.PointOnSurface">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">PointOnSurface</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.PointOnSurface" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_PointOnSurface.html">PostGIS</a>,
Oracle, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Point</span></code> geometry
guaranteed to lie on the surface of the field; otherwise returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-reverse">
<span id="reverse"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Reverse</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#reverse" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Reverse">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Reverse</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Reverse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Reverse.html">PostGIS</a>, Oracle,
SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a geometry with
reversed coordinates.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-scale">
<span id="scale"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Scale</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#scale" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Scale">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Scale</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>x</em>, <em>y</em>, <em>z=0.0</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Scale" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Scale.html">PostGIS</a>, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a geometry with
scaled coordinates by multiplying them with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">y</span></code>, and optionally
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">z</span></code> parameters.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-snaptogrid">
<span id="snaptogrid"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SnapToGrid</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#snaptogrid" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.SnapToGrid">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">SnapToGrid</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.SnapToGrid" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_SnapToGrid.html">PostGIS</a>,
SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a geometry with all
points snapped to the given grid. How the geometry is snapped to the grid
depends on how many numeric (either float, integer, or long) arguments are
given.</p>
<table class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="26%" />
<col width="74%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Number of Arguments</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>1</td>
<td>A single size to snap both the X and Y grids to.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>2</td>
<td>X and Y sizes to snap the grid to.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>4</td>
<td>X, Y sizes and the corresponding X, Y origins.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-symdifference">
<span id="symdifference"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SymDifference</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#symdifference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.SymDifference">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">SymDifference</code>(<em>expr1</em>, <em>expr2</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.SymDifference" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: MySQL (≥ 5.6.1), <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_SymDifference.html">PostGIS</a>, Oracle, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts two geographic fields or expressions and returns the geometric
symmetric difference (union without the intersection) between the given
parameters.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<span class="title">Changed in Django 1.10:</span> <p>MySQL support was added.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-transform">
<span id="transform"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Transform</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#transform" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Transform">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Transform</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>srid</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Transform" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Transform.html">PostGIS</a>,
Oracle, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a geographic field or expression and a SRID integer code, and returns
the transformed geometry to the spatial reference system specified by the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">srid</span></code> parameter.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">What spatial reference system an integer SRID corresponds to may depend on
the spatial database used. In other words, the SRID numbers used for Oracle
are not necessarily the same as those used by PostGIS.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-translate">
<span id="translate"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Translate</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#translate" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Translate">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Translate</code>(<em>expression</em>, <em>x</em>, <em>y</em>, <em>z=0.0</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Translate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Translate.html">PostGIS</a>,
SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts a single geographic field or expression and returns a geometry with
its coordinates offset by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">y</span></code>, and optionally <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">z</span></code> numeric
parameters.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-union">
<span id="union"></span><h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Union</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#union" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Union">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descname">Union</code>(<em>expr1</em>, <em>expr2</em>, <em>**extra</em>)<a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Union" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<p><em>Availability</em>: MySQL (≥ 5.6.1), <a class="reference external" href="https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Union.html">PostGIS</a>, Oracle, SpatiaLite</p>
<p>Accepts two geographic fields or expressions and returns the union of both
geometries.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h3><a href="../../../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Geographic Database Functions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#area"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Area</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#asgeojson"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsGeoJSON</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#asgml"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsGML</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#askml"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsKML</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#assvg"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsSVG</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#boundingcircle"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BoundingCircle</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#centroid"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Centroid</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#difference"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Difference</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#distance"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Distance</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#envelope"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Envelope</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#forcerhr"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ForceRHR</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#geohash"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GeoHash</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#intersection"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Intersection</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#isvalid"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IsValid</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#length"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Length</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#makevalid"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MakeValid</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#memsize"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MemSize</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#numgeometries"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NumGeometries</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#numpoints"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NumPoints</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#perimeter"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Perimeter</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pointonsurface"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PointOnSurface</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reverse"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Reverse</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scale"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Scale</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#snaptogrid"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SnapToGrid</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#symdifference"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SymDifference</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#transform"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Transform</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#translate"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Translate</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#union"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Union</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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