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<h1><a href="../index.html">Django 1.11.20 documentation</a></h1>
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<div class="yui-g" id="releases-1.11">
<div class="section" id="s-django-1-11-release-notes">
<span id="django-1-11-release-notes"></span><h1>Django 1.11 release notes<a class="headerlink" href="#django-1-11-release-notes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><em>April 4, 2017</em></p>
<p>Welcome to Django 1.11!</p>
<p>These release notes cover the <a class="reference internal" href="#whats-new-1-11"><span class="std std-ref">new features</span></a>, as well as
some <a class="reference internal" href="#backwards-incompatible-1-11"><span class="std std-ref">backwards incompatible changes</span></a> you’ll
want to be aware of when upgrading from Django 1.10 or older versions. We’ve
<a class="reference internal" href="#deprecated-features-1-11"><span class="std std-ref">begun the deprecation process for some features</span></a>.</p>
<p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="../howto/upgrade-version.html"><span class="doc">Upgrading Django to a newer version</span></a> guide if you’re updating an existing
project.</p>
<p>Django 1.11 is designated as a <a class="reference internal" href="../internals/release-process.html#term-long-term-support-release"><span class="xref std std-term">long-term support release</span></a>. It will
receive security updates for at least three years after its release. Support
for the previous LTS, Django 1.8, will end in April 2018.</p>
<div class="section" id="s-python-compatibility">
<span id="python-compatibility"></span><h2>Python compatibility<a class="headerlink" href="#python-compatibility" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Django 1.11 requires Python 2.7, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, or 3.7 (as of 1.11.17). We
<strong>highly recommend</strong> and only officially support the latest release of each
series.</p>
<p>The Django 1.11.x series is the last to support Python 2. The next major
release, Django 2.0, will only support Python 3.4+.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-deprecating-warnings-are-no-longer-loud-by-default">
<span id="deprecating-warnings-are-no-longer-loud-by-default"></span><h2>Deprecating warnings are no longer loud by default<a class="headerlink" href="#deprecating-warnings-are-no-longer-loud-by-default" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Unlike older versions of Django, Django’s own deprecation warnings are no
longer displayed by default. This is consistent with Python’s default behavior.</p>
<p>This change allows third-party apps to support both Django 1.11 LTS and Django
1.8 LTS without having to add code to avoid deprecation warnings.</p>
<p>Following the release of Django 2.0, we suggest that third-party app authors
drop support for all versions of Django prior to 1.11. At that time, you should
be able run your package’s tests using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-Wd</span></code> so that deprecation
warnings do appear. After making the deprecation warning fixes, your app should
be compatible with Django 2.0.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-what-s-new-in-django-1-11">
<span id="s-whats-new-1-11"></span><span id="what-s-new-in-django-1-11"></span><span id="whats-new-1-11"></span><h2>What’s new in Django 1.11<a class="headerlink" href="#what-s-new-in-django-1-11" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="s-class-based-model-indexes">
<span id="class-based-model-indexes"></span><h3>Class-based model indexes<a class="headerlink" href="#class-based-model-indexes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/indexes.html#module-django.db.models.indexes" title="django.db.models.indexes"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.db.models.indexes</span></code></a> module contains classes which ease
creating database indexes. Indexes are added to models using the
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/options.html#django.db.models.Options.indexes" title="django.db.models.Options.indexes"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Meta.indexes</span></code></a> option.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/indexes.html#django.db.models.Index" title="django.db.models.Index"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Index</span></code></a> class creates a b-tree index, as if you
used <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/fields.html#django.db.models.Field.db_index" title="django.db.models.Field.db_index"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db_index</span></code></a> on the model field or
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/options.html#django.db.models.Options.index_together" title="django.db.models.Options.index_together"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">index_together</span></code></a> on the model <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Meta</span></code> class.
It can be subclassed to support different index types, such as
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/postgres/indexes.html#django.contrib.postgres.indexes.GinIndex" title="django.contrib.postgres.indexes.GinIndex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GinIndex</span></code></a>. It also allows defining the
order (ASC/DESC) for the columns of the index.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-template-based-widget-rendering">
<span id="template-based-widget-rendering"></span><h3>Template-based widget rendering<a class="headerlink" href="#template-based-widget-rendering" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>To ease customizing widgets, form widget rendering is now done using the
template system rather than in Python. See <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/forms/renderers.html"><span class="doc">The form rendering API</span></a>.</p>
<p>You may need to adjust any custom widgets that you’ve written for a few
<a class="reference internal" href="#template-widget-incompatibilities-1-11"><span class="std std-ref">backwards incompatible changes</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-subquery-expressions">
<span id="subquery-expressions"></span><h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Subquery</span></code> expressions<a class="headerlink" href="#subquery-expressions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/expressions.html#django.db.models.Subquery" title="django.db.models.Subquery"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Subquery</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/expressions.html#django.db.models.Exists" title="django.db.models.Exists"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Exists</span></code></a> database expressions allow creating
explicit subqueries. Subqueries may refer to fields from the outer queryset
using the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/expressions.html#django.db.models.OuterRef" title="django.db.models.OuterRef"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OuterRef</span></code></a> class.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-minor-features">
<span id="minor-features"></span><h3>Minor features<a class="headerlink" href="#minor-features" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<div class="section" id="s-django-contrib-admin">
<span id="django-contrib-admin"></span><h4><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/admin/index.html#module-django.contrib.admin" title="django.contrib.admin: Django's admin site."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.admin</span></code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django-contrib-admin" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/admin/index.html#django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.date_hierarchy" title="django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.date_hierarchy"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ModelAdmin.date_hierarchy</span></code></a> can now reference fields across relations.</li>
<li>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/admin/index.html#django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.get_exclude" title="django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.get_exclude"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ModelAdmin.get_exclude()</span></code></a> hook allows specifying the
exclude fields based on the request or model instance.</li>
<li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">popup_response.html</span></code> template can now be overridden per app, per
model, or by setting the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/admin/index.html#django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.popup_response_template" title="django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.popup_response_template"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ModelAdmin.popup_response_template</span></code></a>
attribute.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-django-contrib-auth">
<span id="django-contrib-auth"></span><h4><a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/index.html#module-django.contrib.auth" title="django.contrib.auth: Django's authentication framework."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.auth</span></code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django-contrib-auth" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The default iteration count for the PBKDF2 password hasher is increased by
20%.</li>
<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LoginView</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LogoutView</span></code></a> class-based views supersede the
deprecated <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">login()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logout()</span></code> function-based views.</li>
<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordChangeView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordChangeView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordChangeView</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordChangeDoneView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordChangeDoneView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordChangeDoneView</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordResetView</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetDoneView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetDoneView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordResetDoneView</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetConfirmView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetConfirmView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordResetConfirmView</span></code></a>, and
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetCompleteView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetCompleteView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordResetCompleteView</span></code></a> class-based
views supersede the deprecated <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password_change()</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password_change_done()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password_reset()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password_reset_done()</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password_reset_confirm()</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password_reset_complete()</span></code> function-based
views.</li>
<li>The new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">post_reset_login</span></code> attribute for
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetConfirmView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetConfirmView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordResetConfirmView</span></code></a> allows
automatically logging in a user after a successful password reset.
If you have multiple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS</span></code> configured, use the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">post_reset_login_backend</span></code> attribute to choose which one to use.</li>
<li>To avoid the possibility of leaking a password reset token via the HTTP
Referer header (for example, if the reset page includes a reference to CSS or
JavaScript hosted on another domain), the
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetConfirmView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetConfirmView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordResetConfirmView</span></code></a> (but not the
deprecated <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password_reset_confirm()</span></code> function-based view) stores the token
in a session and redirects to itself to present the password change form to
the user without the token in the URL.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.update_session_auth_hash" title="django.contrib.auth.update_session_auth_hash"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_session_auth_hash()</span></code></a> now rotates the session
key to allow a password change to invalidate stolen session cookies.</li>
<li>The new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">success_url_allowed_hosts</span></code> attribute for
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LoginView</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LogoutView</span></code></a> allows specifying a set of
hosts that are safe for redirecting after login and logout.</li>
<li>Added password validators <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help_text</span></code> to
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.forms.UserCreationForm" title="django.contrib.auth.forms.UserCreationForm"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserCreationForm</span></code></a>.</li>
<li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HttpRequest</span></code> is now passed to <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.authenticate" title="django.contrib.auth.authenticate"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">authenticate()</span></code></a>
which in turn passes it to the authentication backend if it accepts a
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request</span></code> argument.</li>
<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/auth.html#django.contrib.auth.signals.user_login_failed" title="django.contrib.auth.signals.user_login_failed"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">user_login_failed()</span></code></a> signal now
receives a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request</span></code> argument.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.forms.PasswordResetForm" title="django.contrib.auth.forms.PasswordResetForm"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordResetForm</span></code></a> supports custom user
models that use an email field named something other than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'email'</span></code>.
Set <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/customizing.html#django.contrib.auth.models.CustomUser.EMAIL_FIELD" title="django.contrib.auth.models.CustomUser.EMAIL_FIELD"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CustomUser.EMAIL_FIELD</span></code></a> to the name of the field.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/customizing.html#django.contrib.auth.get_user_model" title="django.contrib.auth.get_user_model"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_user_model()</span></code></a> can now be called at import time,
even in modules that define models.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-django-contrib-contenttypes">
<span id="django-contrib-contenttypes"></span><h4><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/contenttypes.html#module-django.contrib.contenttypes" title="django.contrib.contenttypes: Provides generic interface to installed models."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.contenttypes</span></code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django-contrib-contenttypes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>When stale content types are detected in the
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/django-admin.html#django-admin-remove_stale_contenttypes"><code class="xref std std-djadmin docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">remove_stale_contenttypes</span></code></a> command, there’s now a list of related
objects such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">auth.Permission</span></code>s that will also be deleted. Previously,
only the content types were listed (and this prompt was after <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">migrate</span></code>
rather than in a separate command).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-django-contrib-gis">
<span id="django-contrib-gis"></span><h4><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/index.html#module-django.contrib.gis" title="django.contrib.gis: Geographic Information System (GIS) extensions for Django"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.gis</span></code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django-contrib-gis" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/geos.html#django.contrib.gis.geos.GEOSGeometry.from_gml" title="django.contrib.gis.geos.GEOSGeometry.from_gml"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GEOSGeometry.from_gml()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/gdal.html#django.contrib.gis.gdal.OGRGeometry.from_gml" title="django.contrib.gis.gdal.OGRGeometry.from_gml"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OGRGeometry.from_gml()</span></code></a>
methods allow creating geometries from GML.</li>
<li>Added support for the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/geoquerysets.html#std:fieldlookup-dwithin"><code class="xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dwithin</span></code></a> lookup on SpatiaLite.</li>
<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/functions.html#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Area" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Area"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Area</span></code></a> function,
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/functions.html#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Distance" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Distance"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Distance</span></code></a> function, and
distance lookups now work with geodetic coordinates on SpatiaLite.</li>
<li>The OpenLayers-based form widgets now use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OpenLayers.js</span></code> from
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com</span></code> which is more suitable for production use
than the the old <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http://openlayers.org</span></code> source. They are also updated to
use OpenLayers 3.</li>
<li>PostGIS migrations can now change field dimensions.</li>
<li>Added the ability to pass the <cite>size</cite>, <cite>shape</cite>, and <cite>offset</cite> parameter when
creating <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/gdal.html#django.contrib.gis.gdal.GDALRaster" title="django.contrib.gis.gdal.GDALRaster"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GDALRaster</span></code></a> objects.</li>
<li>Added SpatiaLite support for the
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/functions.html#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.IsValid" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.IsValid"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IsValid</span></code></a> function,
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/functions.html#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.MakeValid" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.MakeValid"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MakeValid</span></code></a> function, and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/geoquerysets.html#std:fieldlookup-isvalid"><code class="xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isvalid</span></code></a> lookup.</li>
<li>Added Oracle support for the
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/functions.html#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsGML" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsGML"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsGML</span></code></a> function,
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/functions.html#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.BoundingCircle" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.BoundingCircle"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BoundingCircle</span></code></a> function,
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/functions.html#django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.IsValid" title="django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.IsValid"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IsValid</span></code></a> function, and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/geoquerysets.html#std:fieldlookup-isvalid"><code class="xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isvalid</span></code></a> lookup.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-django-contrib-postgres">
<span id="django-contrib-postgres"></span><h4><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/postgres/index.html#module-django.contrib.postgres" title="django.contrib.postgres: PostgreSQL-specific fields and features"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.postgres</span></code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django-contrib-postgres" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distinct</span></code> argument for
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/postgres/aggregates.html#django.contrib.postgres.aggregates.StringAgg" title="django.contrib.postgres.aggregates.StringAgg"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StringAgg</span></code></a> determines if
concatenated values will be distinct.</li>
<li>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/postgres/indexes.html#django.contrib.postgres.indexes.GinIndex" title="django.contrib.postgres.indexes.GinIndex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GinIndex</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/postgres/indexes.html#django.contrib.postgres.indexes.BrinIndex" title="django.contrib.postgres.indexes.BrinIndex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BrinIndex</span></code></a> classes allow
creating <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GIN</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BRIN</span></code> indexes in the database.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/postgres/fields.html#django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField" title="django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JSONField</span></code></a> accepts a new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encoder</span></code>
parameter to specify a custom class to encode data types not supported by the
standard encoder.</li>
<li>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/postgres/fields.html#django.contrib.postgres.fields.CIText" title="django.contrib.postgres.fields.CIText"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CIText</span></code></a> mixin and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/postgres/operations.html#django.contrib.postgres.operations.CITextExtension" title="django.contrib.postgres.operations.CITextExtension"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CITextExtension</span></code></a> migration
operation allow using PostgreSQL’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">citext</span></code> extension for case-insensitive
lookups. Three fields are provided: <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/postgres/fields.html#django.contrib.postgres.fields.CICharField" title="django.contrib.postgres.fields.CICharField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CICharField</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/postgres/fields.html#django.contrib.postgres.fields.CIEmailField" title="django.contrib.postgres.fields.CIEmailField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CIEmailField</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/postgres/fields.html#django.contrib.postgres.fields.CITextField" title="django.contrib.postgres.fields.CITextField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CITextField</span></code></a>.</li>
<li>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/postgres/aggregates.html#django.contrib.postgres.aggregates.JSONBAgg" title="django.contrib.postgres.aggregates.JSONBAgg"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JSONBAgg</span></code></a> allows
aggregating values as a JSON array.</li>
<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/postgres/fields.html#django.contrib.postgres.fields.HStoreField" title="django.contrib.postgres.fields.HStoreField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HStoreField</span></code></a> (model field) and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/postgres/forms.html#django.contrib.postgres.forms.HStoreField" title="django.contrib.postgres.forms.HStoreField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HStoreField</span></code></a> (form field) allow
storing null values.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-cache">
<span id="cache"></span><h4>Cache<a class="headerlink" href="#cache" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Memcached backends now pass the contents of <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-CACHES-OPTIONS"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OPTIONS</span></code></a>
as keyword arguments to the client constructors, allowing for more advanced
control of client behavior. See the <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/cache.html#cache-arguments"><span class="std std-ref">cache arguments</span></a>
documentation for examples.</li>
<li>Memcached backends now allow defining multiple servers as a comma-delimited
string in <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-CACHES-LOCATION"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOCATION</span></code></a>, for convenience with
third-party services that use such strings in environment variables.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-csrf">
<span id="csrf"></span><h4>CSRF<a class="headerlink" href="#csrf" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Added the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-CSRF_USE_SESSIONS"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CSRF_USE_SESSIONS</span></code></a> setting to allow storing the CSRF
token in the user’s session rather than in a cookie.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-database-backends">
<span id="database-backends"></span><h4>Database backends<a class="headerlink" href="#database-backends" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Added the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">skip_locked</span></code> argument to <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.select_for_update" title="django.db.models.query.QuerySet.select_for_update"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QuerySet.select_for_update()</span></code></a>
on PostgreSQL 9.5+ and Oracle to execute queries with
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FOR</span> <span class="pre">UPDATE</span> <span class="pre">SKIP</span> <span class="pre">LOCKED</span></code>.</li>
<li>Added the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-TEST_TEMPLATE"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TEST['TEMPLATE']</span></code></a> setting to let
PostgreSQL users specify a template for creating the test database.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.iterator" title="django.db.models.query.QuerySet.iterator"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QuerySet.iterator()</span></code></a> now uses <span class="xref std std-ref">server-side cursors</span> on PostgreSQL. This feature transfers some of
the worker memory load (used to hold query results) to the database and might
increase database memory usage.</li>
<li>Added MySQL support for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'isolation_level'</span></code> option in
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-OPTIONS"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OPTIONS</span></code></a> to allow specifying the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/databases.html#mysql-isolation-level"><span class="std std-ref">transaction isolation level</span></a>. To avoid possible data loss, it’s recommended to
switch from MySQL’s default level, repeatable read, to read committed.</li>
<li>Added support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cx_Oracle</span></code> 5.3.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-email">
<span id="email"></span><h4>Email<a class="headerlink" href="#email" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Added the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-EMAIL_USE_LOCALTIME"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EMAIL_USE_LOCALTIME</span></code></a> setting to allow sending SMTP date
headers in the local time zone rather than in UTC.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage.attach()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">attach_file()</span></code> now fall back to MIME type
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">application/octet-stream</span></code> when binary content that can’t be decoded as
UTF-8 is specified for a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text/*</span></code> attachment.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-file-storage">
<span id="file-storage"></span><h4>File Storage<a class="headerlink" href="#file-storage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>To make it wrappable by <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io.TextIOWrapper</span></code>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/files/file.html#django.core.files.File" title="django.core.files.File"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">File</span></code></a> now has the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readable()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">writable()</span></code>,
and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seekable()</span></code> methods.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-forms">
<span id="forms"></span><h4>Forms<a class="headerlink" href="#forms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/forms/fields.html#django.forms.CharField.empty_value" title="django.forms.CharField.empty_value"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CharField.empty_value</span></code></a>
attribute allows specifying the Python value to use to represent “empty”.</li>
<li>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/forms/api.html#django.forms.Form.get_initial_for_field" title="django.forms.Form.get_initial_for_field"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Form.get_initial_for_field()</span></code></a> method returns initial data for a
form field.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-internationalization">
<span id="internationalization"></span><h4>Internationalization<a class="headerlink" href="#internationalization" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Number formatting and the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-NUMBER_GROUPING"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NUMBER_GROUPING</span></code></a> setting support
non-uniform digit grouping.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-management-commands">
<span id="management-commands"></span><h4>Management Commands<a class="headerlink" href="#management-commands" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/django-admin.html#cmdoption-loaddata-exclude"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loaddata</span> <span class="pre">--exclude</span></code></a> option allows excluding models and apps
while loading data from fixtures.</li>
<li>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/django-admin.html#cmdoption-diffsettings-default"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">diffsettings</span> <span class="pre">--default</span></code></a> option allows specifying a settings
module other than Django’s default settings to compare against.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">app_label</span></code>s arguments now limit the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/django-admin.html#cmdoption-showmigrations-plan"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">showmigrations</span> <span class="pre">--plan</span></code></a>
output.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-migrations">
<span id="migrations"></span><h4>Migrations<a class="headerlink" href="#migrations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Added support for serialization of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid.UUID</span></code> objects.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-models">
<span id="models"></span><h4>Models<a class="headerlink" href="#models" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Added support for callable values in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">defaults</span></code> argument of
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.update_or_create" title="django.db.models.query.QuerySet.update_or_create"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QuerySet.update_or_create()</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.get_or_create" title="django.db.models.query.QuerySet.get_or_create"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_or_create()</span></code></a>.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/fields.html#django.db.models.ImageField" title="django.db.models.ImageField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ImageField</span></code></a> now has a default
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/validators.html#django.core.validators.validate_image_file_extension" title="django.core.validators.validate_image_file_extension"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">validate_image_file_extension</span></code></a> validator.
(This validator moved to the form field in <a class="reference internal" href="1.11.2.html"><span class="doc">Django 1.11.2</span></a>.)</li>
<li>Added support for time truncation to
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/database-functions.html#django.db.models.functions.datetime.Trunc" title="django.db.models.functions.datetime.Trunc"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Trunc</span></code></a> functions.</li>
<li>Added the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/database-functions.html#django.db.models.functions.datetime.ExtractWeek" title="django.db.models.functions.datetime.ExtractWeek"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ExtractWeek</span></code></a> function
to extract the week from <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/fields.html#django.db.models.DateField" title="django.db.models.DateField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DateField</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/fields.html#django.db.models.DateTimeField" title="django.db.models.DateTimeField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DateTimeField</span></code></a> and exposed it through the
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#std:fieldlookup-week"><code class="xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">week</span></code></a> lookup.</li>
<li>Added the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/database-functions.html#django.db.models.functions.datetime.TruncTime" title="django.db.models.functions.datetime.TruncTime"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TruncTime</span></code></a> function
to truncate <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/fields.html#django.db.models.DateTimeField" title="django.db.models.DateTimeField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DateTimeField</span></code></a> to its time component
and exposed it through the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#std:fieldlookup-time"><code class="xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> lookup.</li>
<li>Added support for expressions in <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.values" title="django.db.models.query.QuerySet.values"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QuerySet.values()</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.values_list" title="django.db.models.query.QuerySet.values_list"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">values_list()</span></code></a>.</li>
<li>Added support for query expressions on lookups that take multiple arguments,
such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range</span></code>.</li>
<li>You can now use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unique=True</span></code> option with
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/fields.html#django.db.models.FileField" title="django.db.models.FileField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FileField</span></code></a>.</li>
<li>Added the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nulls_first</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nulls_last</span></code> parameters to
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/expressions.html#django.db.models.Expression.asc" title="django.db.models.Expression.asc"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Expression.asc()</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/expressions.html#django.db.models.Expression.desc" title="django.db.models.Expression.desc"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">desc()</span></code></a> to control
the ordering of null values.</li>
<li>The new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">F</span></code> expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bitleftshift()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bitrightshift()</span></code> methods
allow <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/db/queries.html#using-f-expressions-in-filters"><span class="std std-ref">bitwise shift operations</span></a>.</li>
<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.union" title="django.db.models.query.QuerySet.union"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QuerySet.union()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.intersection" title="django.db.models.query.QuerySet.intersection"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">intersection()</span></code></a>, and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.difference" title="django.db.models.query.QuerySet.difference"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">difference()</span></code></a>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-requests-and-responses">
<span id="requests-and-responses"></span><h4>Requests and Responses<a class="headerlink" href="#requests-and-responses" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/request-response.html#django.http.QueryDict.fromkeys" title="django.http.QueryDict.fromkeys"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QueryDict.fromkeys()</span></code></a>.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/middleware.html#django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware" title="django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CommonMiddleware</span></code></a> now sets the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Content-Length</span></code> response header for non-streaming responses.</li>
<li>Added the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD</span></code></a> setting to allow appending the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">preload</span></code> directive to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Strict-Transport-Security</span></code> header.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/middleware.html#django.middleware.http.ConditionalGetMiddleware" title="django.middleware.http.ConditionalGetMiddleware"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConditionalGetMiddleware</span></code></a> now adds the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ETag</span></code> header to responses.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-serialization">
<span id="serialization"></span><h4>Serialization<a class="headerlink" href="#serialization" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.core.serializers.base.Serializer.stream_class</span></code> attribute
allows subclasses to customize the default stream.</li>
<li>The encoder used by the <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/serialization.html#serialization-formats-json"><span class="std std-ref">JSON serializer</span></a>
can now be customized by passing a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cls</span></code> keyword argument to the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">serializers.serialize()</span></code> function.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../topics/serialization.html#django.core.serializers.json.DjangoJSONEncoder" title="django.core.serializers.json.DjangoJSONEncoder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DjangoJSONEncoder</span></code></a> now serializes
<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timedelta</span></code> objects (used by
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/fields.html#django.db.models.DurationField" title="django.db.models.DurationField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DurationField</span></code></a>).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-templates">
<span id="templates"></span><h4>Templates<a class="headerlink" href="#templates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/utils.html#django.utils.safestring.mark_safe" title="django.utils.safestring.mark_safe"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mark_safe()</span></code></a> can now be used as a decorator.</li>
<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/templates.html#django.template.backends.jinja2.Jinja2" title="django.template.backends.jinja2.Jinja2"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Jinja2</span></code></a> template backend now
supports context processors by setting the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'context_processors'</span></code> option in
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-TEMPLATES-OPTIONS"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OPTIONS</span></code></a>.</li>
<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/templates/builtins.html#std:templatetag-regroup"><code class="xref std std-ttag docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">regroup</span></code></a> tag now returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namedtuple</span></code>s instead of dictionaries
so you can unpack the group object directly in a loop, e.g.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">grouper,</span> <span class="pre">list</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">regrouped</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></code>.</li>
<li>Added a <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/templates/builtins.html#std:templatetag-resetcycle"><code class="xref std std-ttag docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resetcycle</span></code></a> template tag to allow resetting the sequence of
the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/templates/builtins.html#std:templatetag-cycle"><code class="xref std std-ttag docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cycle</span></code></a> template tag.</li>
<li>You can now specify specific directories for a particular
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/templates/api.html#django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader" title="django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filesystem.Loader</span></code></a>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-tests">
<span id="tests"></span><h4>Tests<a class="headerlink" href="#tests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/testing/advanced.html#django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.get_test_runner_kwargs" title="django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.get_test_runner_kwargs"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DiscoverRunner.get_test_runner_kwargs()</span></code></a> to allow customizing the
keyword arguments passed to the test runner.</li>
<li>Added the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/django-admin.html#cmdoption-test-debug-mode"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span> <span class="pre">--debug-mode</span></code></a> option to help troubleshoot test
failures by setting the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-DEBUG"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEBUG</span></code></a> setting to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>.</li>
<li>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/testing/advanced.html#django.test.utils.setup_databases" title="django.test.utils.setup_databases"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.test.utils.setup_databases()</span></code></a> (moved from
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.test.runner</span></code>) and <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/testing/advanced.html#django.test.utils.teardown_databases" title="django.test.utils.teardown_databases"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">teardown_databases()</span></code></a>
functions make it easier to build custom test runners.</li>
<li>Added support for <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python:unittest.TestCase.subTest()</span></code>’s when using the
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/django-admin.html#cmdoption-test-parallel"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span> <span class="pre">--parallel</span></code></a> option.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DiscoverRunner</span></code> now runs the system checks at the start of a test run.
Override the <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/testing/advanced.html#django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.run_checks" title="django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.run_checks"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DiscoverRunner.run_checks()</span></code></a> method if you want to disable
that.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-validators">
<span id="validators"></span><h4>Validators<a class="headerlink" href="#validators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/validators.html#django.core.validators.FileExtensionValidator" title="django.core.validators.FileExtensionValidator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FileExtensionValidator</span></code></a> to validate
file extensions and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/validators.html#django.core.validators.validate_image_file_extension" title="django.core.validators.validate_image_file_extension"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">validate_image_file_extension</span></code></a> to validate
image files.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-backwards-incompatible-changes-in-1-11">
<span id="s-backwards-incompatible-1-11"></span><span id="backwards-incompatible-changes-in-1-11"></span><span id="backwards-incompatible-1-11"></span><h2>Backwards incompatible changes in 1.11<a class="headerlink" href="#backwards-incompatible-changes-in-1-11" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="s-id1">
<span id="id1"></span><h3><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/index.html#module-django.contrib.gis" title="django.contrib.gis: Geographic Information System (GIS) extensions for Django"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.gis</span></code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li>To simplify the codebase and because it’s easier to install than when
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contrib.gis</span></code> was first released, <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/gis/install/geolibs.html#gdalbuild"><span class="std std-ref">GDAL</span></a> is now a required
dependency for GeoDjango. In older versions, it’s only required for SQLite.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contrib.gis.maps</span></code> is removed as it interfaces with a retired version of
the Google Maps API and seems to be unmaintained. If you’re using it, <a class="reference external" href="https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/14284">let
us know</a>.</li>
<li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GEOSGeometry</span></code> equality operator now also compares SRID.</li>
<li>The OpenLayers-based form widgets now use OpenLayers 3, and the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gis/openlayers.html</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gis/openlayers-osm.html</span></code> templates have been
updated. Check your project if you subclass these widgets or extend the
templates. Also, the new widgets work a bit differently than the old ones.
Instead of using a toolbar in the widget, you click to draw, click and drag
to move the map, and click and drag a point/vertex/corner to move it.</li>
<li>Support for SpatiaLite < 4.0 is dropped.</li>
<li>Support for GDAL 1.7 and 1.8 is dropped.</li>
<li>The widgets in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contrib.gis.forms.widgets</span></code> and the admin’s
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OpenLayersWidget</span></code> use the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/forms/renderers.html"><span class="doc">form rendering API</span></a>
rather than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loader.render_to_string()</span></code>. If you’re using a custom widget
template, you’ll need to be sure your form renderer can locate it. For
example, you could use the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/forms/renderers.html#django.forms.renderers.TemplatesSetting" title="django.forms.renderers.TemplatesSetting"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplatesSetting</span></code></a>
renderer.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-django-contrib-staticfiles">
<span id="django-contrib-staticfiles"></span><h3><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/staticfiles.html#module-django.contrib.staticfiles" title="django.contrib.staticfiles: An app for handling static files."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.staticfiles</span></code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django-contrib-staticfiles" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collectstatic</span></code> may now fail during post-processing when using a hashed
static files storage if a reference loop exists (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'foo.css'</span></code>
references <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'bar.css'</span></code> which itself references <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'foo.css'</span></code>) or if the
chain of files referencing other files is too deep to resolve in several
passes. In the latter case, increase the number of passes using
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/staticfiles.html#django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage.max_post_process_passes" title="django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage.max_post_process_passes"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ManifestStaticFilesStorage.max_post_process_passes</span></code></a>.</li>
<li>When using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ManifestStaticFilesStorage</span></code>, static files not found in the
manifest at runtime now raise a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code> instead of returning an
unchanged path. You can revert to the old behavior by setting
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/contrib/staticfiles.html#django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage.manifest_strict" title="django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage.manifest_strict"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ManifestStaticFilesStorage.manifest_strict</span></code></a> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-database-backend-api">
<span id="database-backend-api"></span><h3>Database backend API<a class="headerlink" href="#database-backend-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DatabaseOperations.time_trunc_sql()</span></code> method is added to support
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TimeField</span></code> truncation. It accepts a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lookup_type</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">field_name</span></code>
arguments and returns the appropriate SQL to truncate the given time field
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">field_name</span></code> to a time object with only the given specificity. The
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lookup_type</span></code> argument can be either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'hour'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'minute'</span></code>, or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'second'</span></code>.</li>
<li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DatabaseOperations.datetime_cast_time_sql()</span></code> method is added to
support the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#std:fieldlookup-time"><code class="xref std std-lookup docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> lookup. It accepts a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">field_name</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tzname</span></code>
arguments and returns the SQL necessary to cast a datetime value to time value.</li>
<li>To enable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FOR</span> <span class="pre">UPDATE</span> <span class="pre">SKIP</span> <span class="pre">LOCKED</span></code> support, set
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DatabaseFeatures.has_select_for_update_skip_locked</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">True</span></code>.</li>
<li>The new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DatabaseFeatures.supports_index_column_ordering</span></code> attribute
specifies if a database allows defining ordering for columns in indexes. The
default value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DatabaseIntrospection.get_constraints()</span></code>
method should include an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'orders'</span></code> key in each of the returned
dictionaries with a list of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'ASC'</span></code> and/or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'DESC'</span></code> values corresponding
to the the ordering of each column in the index.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/django-admin.html#django-admin-inspectdb"><code class="xref std std-djadmin docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inspectdb</span></code></a> no longer calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DatabaseIntrospection.get_indexes()</span></code>
which is deprecated. Custom database backends should ensure all types of
indexes are returned by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DatabaseIntrospection.get_constraints()</span></code>.</li>
<li>Renamed the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ignores_quoted_identifier_case</span></code> feature to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ignores_table_name_case</span></code> to more accurately reflect how it is used.</li>
<li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code> keyword argument is added to the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DatabaseWrapper.create_cursor(self,</span> <span class="pre">name=None)</span></code> method to allow usage of
server-side cursors on backends that support it.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-dropped-support-for-postgresql-9-2-and-postgis-2-0">
<span id="dropped-support-for-postgresql-9-2-and-postgis-2-0"></span><h3>Dropped support for PostgreSQL 9.2 and PostGIS 2.0<a class="headerlink" href="#dropped-support-for-postgresql-9-2-and-postgis-2-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Upstream support for PostgreSQL 9.2 ends in September 2017. As a consequence,
Django 1.11 sets PostgreSQL 9.3 as the minimum version it officially supports.</p>
<p>Support for PostGIS 2.0 is also removed as PostgreSQL 9.2 is the last version
to support it.</p>
<p>Also, the minimum supported version of psycopg2 is increased from 2.4.5 to
2.5.4.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-liveservertestcase-binds-to-port-zero">
<span id="s-liveservertestcase-port-zero-change"></span><span id="liveservertestcase-binds-to-port-zero"></span><span id="liveservertestcase-port-zero-change"></span><h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LiveServerTestCase</span></code> binds to port zero<a class="headerlink" href="#liveservertestcase-binds-to-port-zero" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Rather than taking a port range and iterating to find a free port,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LiveServerTestCase</span></code> binds to port zero and relies on the operating system
to assign a free port. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DJANGO_LIVE_TEST_SERVER_ADDRESS</span></code> environment
variable is no longer used, and as it’s also no longer used, the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">manage.py</span> <span class="pre">test</span> <span class="pre">--liveserver</span></code> option is removed.</p>
<p>If you need to bind <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LiveServerTestCase</span></code> to a specific port, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">port</span></code>
attribute added in Django 1.11.2.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-protection-against-insecure-redirects-in-django-contrib-auth-and-i18n-views">
<span id="protection-against-insecure-redirects-in-django-contrib-auth-and-i18n-views"></span><h3>Protection against insecure redirects in <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/index.html#module-django.contrib.auth" title="django.contrib.auth: Django's authentication framework."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.auth</span></code></a> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i18n</span></code> views<a class="headerlink" href="#protection-against-insecure-redirects-in-django-contrib-auth-and-i18n-views" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LoginView</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LogoutView</span></code> (and the deprecated function-based equivalents),
and <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/translation.html#django.views.i18n.set_language" title="django.views.i18n.set_language"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_language()</span></code></a> protect users from being redirected
to non-HTTPS <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next</span></code> URLs when the app is running over HTTPS.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-queryset-get-or-create-and-update-or-create-validate-arguments">
<span id="queryset-get-or-create-and-update-or-create-validate-arguments"></span><h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QuerySet.get_or_create()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_or_create()</span></code> validate arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#queryset-get-or-create-and-update-or-create-validate-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>To prevent typos from passing silently,
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.get_or_create" title="django.db.models.query.QuerySet.get_or_create"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_or_create()</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.update_or_create" title="django.db.models.query.QuerySet.update_or_create"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_or_create()</span></code></a> check that their
arguments are model fields. This should be backwards-incompatible only in the
fact that it might expose a bug in your project.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-pytz-is-a-required-dependency-and-support-for-settings-time-zone-none-is-removed">
<span id="pytz-is-a-required-dependency-and-support-for-settings-time-zone-none-is-removed"></span><h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pytz</span></code> is a required dependency and support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">settings.TIME_ZONE</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">None</span></code> is removed<a class="headerlink" href="#pytz-is-a-required-dependency-and-support-for-settings-time-zone-none-is-removed" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>To simplify Django’s timezone handling, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pytz</span></code> is now a required dependency.
It’s automatically installed along with Django.</p>
<p>Support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">settings.TIME_ZONE</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">None</span></code> is removed as the behavior isn’t
commonly used and is questionably useful. If you want to automatically detect
the timezone based on the system timezone, you can use <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tzlocal">tzlocal</a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">tzlocal</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">get_localzone</span>
<span class="n">TIME_ZONE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_localzone</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">zone</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This works similar to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">settings.TIME_ZONE</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">None</span></code> except that it also sets
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.environ['TZ']</span></code>. <a class="reference external" href="https://groups.google.com/d/topic/django-developers/OAV3FChfuPM/discussion">Let us know</a>
if there’s a use case where you find you can’t adapt your code to set a
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TIME_ZONE</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-html-changes-in-admin-templates">
<span id="html-changes-in-admin-templates"></span><h3>HTML changes in admin templates<a class="headerlink" href="#html-changes-in-admin-templates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><p</span> <span class="pre">class="help"></span></code> is replaced with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><div></span></code> tag to allow including lists
inside help text.</p>
<p>Read-only fields are wrapped in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><div</span> <span class="pre">class="readonly">...</div></span></code> instead of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><p>...</p></span></code> to allow any kind of HTML as the field’s content.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-changes-due-to-the-introduction-of-template-based-widget-rendering">
<span id="s-template-widget-incompatibilities-1-11"></span><span id="changes-due-to-the-introduction-of-template-based-widget-rendering"></span><span id="template-widget-incompatibilities-1-11"></span><h3>Changes due to the introduction of template-based widget rendering<a class="headerlink" href="#changes-due-to-the-introduction-of-template-based-widget-rendering" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Some undocumented classes in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.forms.widgets</span></code> are removed:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SubWidget</span></code></li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RendererMixin</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ChoiceFieldRenderer</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RadioFieldRenderer</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CheckboxFieldRenderer</span></code></li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ChoiceInput</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RadioChoiceInput</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CheckboxChoiceInput</span></code></li>
</ul>
<p>The undocumented <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Select.render_option()</span></code> method is removed.</p>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Widget.format_output()</span></code> method is removed. Use a custom widget template
instead.</p>
<p>Some widget values, such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><select></span></code> options, are now localized if
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">settings.USE_L10N=True</span></code>. You could revert to the old behavior with custom
widget templates that uses the <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/i18n/formatting.html#std:templatetag-localize"><code class="xref std std-ttag docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">localize</span></code></a> template tag to turn off
localization.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-django-template-backends-django-template-render-prohibits-non-dict-context">
<span id="django-template-backends-django-template-render-prohibits-non-dict-context"></span><h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.template.backends.django.Template.render()</span></code> prohibits non-dict context<a class="headerlink" href="#django-template-backends-django-template-render-prohibits-non-dict-context" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>For compatibility with multiple template engines,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.template.backends.django.Template.render()</span></code> (returned from high-level
template loader APIs such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loader.get_template()</span></code>) must receive a
dictionary of context rather than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Context</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RequestContext</span></code>. If you
were passing either of the two classes, pass a dictionary instead – doing so
is backwards-compatible with older versions of Django.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-model-state-changes-in-migration-operations">
<span id="model-state-changes-in-migration-operations"></span><h3>Model state changes in migration operations<a class="headerlink" href="#model-state-changes-in-migration-operations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>To improve the speed of applying migrations, rendering of related models is
delayed until an operation that needs them (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RunPython</span></code>). If you have a
custom operation that works with model classes or model instances from the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from_state</span></code> argument in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">database_forwards()</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">database_backwards()</span></code>,
you must render model states using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clear_delayed_apps_cache()</span></code> method as
described in <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/migration-operations.html#writing-your-own-migration-operation"><span class="std std-ref">writing your own migration operation</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-server-side-cursors-on-postgresql">
<span id="server-side-cursors-on-postgresql"></span><h3>Server-side cursors on PostgreSQL<a class="headerlink" href="#server-side-cursors-on-postgresql" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The change to make <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/querysets.html#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.iterator" title="django.db.models.query.QuerySet.iterator"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QuerySet.iterator()</span></code></a> use server-side cursors on
PostgreSQL prevents running Django with <cite>pgBouncer</cite> in transaction pooling
mode. To reallow that, use the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-DATABASE-DISABLE_SERVER_SIDE_CURSORS"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DISABLE_SERVER_SIDE_CURSORS</span></code></a> setting (added in Django 1.11.1) in
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-DATABASES"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DATABASES</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/databases.html#transaction-pooling-server-side-cursors"><span class="std std-ref">Transaction pooling and server-side cursors</span></a> for more discussion.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-miscellaneous">
<span id="miscellaneous"></span><h3>Miscellaneous<a class="headerlink" href="#miscellaneous" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">If no items in the feed have a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pubdate</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">updateddate</span></code> attribute,
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/utils.html#django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.latest_post_date" title="django.utils.feedgenerator.SyndicationFeed.latest_post_date"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SyndicationFeed.latest_post_date()</span></code></a> now returns
the current UTC date/time, instead of a datetime without any timezone
information.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">CSRF failures are logged to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.security.csrf</span></code> logger instead of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.request</span></code>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-ALLOWED_HOSTS"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALLOWED_HOSTS</span></code></a> validation is no longer disabled when running tests.
If your application includes tests with custom host names, you must include
those host names in <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-ALLOWED_HOSTS"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALLOWED_HOSTS</span></code></a>. See
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/testing/advanced.html#topics-testing-advanced-multiple-hosts"><span class="std std-ref">Tests and multiple host names</span></a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Using a foreign key’s id (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'field_id'</span></code>) in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ModelAdmin.list_display</span></code>
displays the related object’s ID. Remove the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_id</span></code> suffix if you want the
old behavior of the string representation of the object.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">In model forms, <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/fields.html#django.db.models.CharField" title="django.db.models.CharField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CharField</span></code></a> with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null=True</span></code> now
saves <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> for blank values instead of empty strings.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">On Oracle, <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/instances.html#django.db.models.Model.validate_unique" title="django.db.models.Model.validate_unique"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Model.validate_unique()</span></code></a> no longer checks empty strings for
uniqueness as the database interprets the value as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">If you subclass <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/customizing.html#django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser" title="django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AbstractUser</span></code></a> and override <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clean()</span></code>, be sure it
calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">super()</span></code>. <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/customizing.html#django.contrib.auth.models.BaseUserManager.normalize_email" title="django.contrib.auth.models.BaseUserManager.normalize_email"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BaseUserManager.normalize_email()</span></code></a> is called in a
new <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/customizing.html#django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser.clean" title="django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser.clean"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AbstractUser.clean()</span></code></a> method so that normalization is applied in
cases like model form validation.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailField</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">URLField</span></code> no longer accept the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strip</span></code> keyword
argument. Remove it because it doesn’t have an effect in older versions of
Django as these fields always strip whitespace.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">checked</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">selected</span></code> attribute rendered by form widgets now uses
HTML5 boolean syntax rather than XHTML’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">checked='checked'</span></code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">selected='selected'</span></code>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/relations.html#django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.add" title="django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.add"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RelatedManager.add()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/relations.html#django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.remove" title="django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.remove"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">remove()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/relations.html#django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.clear" title="django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.clear"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clear()</span></code></a>, and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/relations.html#django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.set" title="django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.set"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set()</span></code></a> now
clear the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefetch_related()</span></code> cache.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">To prevent possible loss of saved settings,
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/testing/advanced.html#django.test.utils.setup_test_environment" title="django.test.utils.setup_test_environment"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup_test_environment()</span></code></a> now raises an exception if
called a second time before calling
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/testing/advanced.html#django.test.utils.teardown_test_environment" title="django.test.utils.teardown_test_environment"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">teardown_test_environment()</span></code></a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The undocumented <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DateTimeAwareJSONEncoder</span></code> alias for
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/serialization.html#django.core.serializers.json.DjangoJSONEncoder" title="django.core.serializers.json.DjangoJSONEncoder"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DjangoJSONEncoder</span></code></a> (renamed in Django
1.0) is removed.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/templates/api.html#django.template.loaders.cached.Loader" title="django.template.loaders.cached.Loader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cached</span> <span class="pre">template</span> <span class="pre">loader</span></code></a>
is now enabled if <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-TEMPLATES-OPTIONS"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OPTIONS['loaders']</span></code></a> isn’t
specified and <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-TEMPLATES-OPTIONS"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OPTIONS['debug']</span></code></a> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>
(the latter option defaults to the value of <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-DEBUG"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEBUG</span></code></a>). This could
be backwards-incompatible if you have some <a class="reference internal" href="../howto/custom-template-tags.html#template-tag-thread-safety"><span class="std std-ref">template tags that aren’t
thread safe</span></a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The prompt for stale content type deletion no longer occurs after running the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">migrate</span></code> command. Use the new <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/django-admin.html#django-admin-remove_stale_contenttypes"><code class="xref std std-djadmin docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">remove_stale_contenttypes</span></code></a> command
instead.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The admin’s widget for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IntegerField</span></code> uses <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type="number"</span></code> rather than
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type="text"</span></code>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Conditional HTTP headers are now parsed and compared according to the
<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232.html"><strong>RFC 7232</strong></a> Conditional Requests specification rather than the older
<span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616.html"><strong>RFC 2616</strong></a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/utils.html#django.utils.cache.patch_response_headers" title="django.utils.cache.patch_response_headers"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">patch_response_headers()</span></code></a> no longer adds a
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Last-Modified</span></code> header. According to the <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234.html#section-4.2.2"><strong>RFC 7234#section-4.2.2</strong></a>, this
header is useless alongside other caching headers that provide an explicit
expiration time, e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Expires</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cache-Control</span></code>.
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/middleware.html#django.middleware.cache.UpdateCacheMiddleware" title="django.middleware.cache.UpdateCacheMiddleware"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UpdateCacheMiddleware</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/utils.html#django.utils.cache.add_never_cache_headers" title="django.utils.cache.add_never_cache_headers"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">add_never_cache_headers()</span></code></a> call
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">patch_response_headers()</span></code> and therefore are also affected by this change.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">In the admin templates, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><p</span> <span class="pre">class="help"></span></code> is replaced with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><div></span></code> tag
to allow including lists inside help text.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/middleware.html#django.middleware.http.ConditionalGetMiddleware" title="django.middleware.http.ConditionalGetMiddleware"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConditionalGetMiddleware</span></code></a> no longer sets the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Date</span></code> header as Web servers set that header. It also no longer sets the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Content-Length</span></code> header as this is now done by
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/middleware.html#django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware" title="django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CommonMiddleware</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>If you have a middleware that modifies a response’s content and appears
before <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CommonMiddleware</span></code> in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MIDDLEWARE</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES</span></code>
settings, you must reorder your middleware so that responses aren’t modified
after <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Content-Length</span></code> is set, or have the response modifying middleware
reset the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Content-Length</span></code> header.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/applications.html#django.apps.AppConfig.get_model" title="django.apps.AppConfig.get_model"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_model()</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/applications.html#django.apps.AppConfig.get_models" title="django.apps.AppConfig.get_models"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_models()</span></code></a> now raise
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/exceptions.html#django.core.exceptions.AppRegistryNotReady" title="django.core.exceptions.AppRegistryNotReady"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AppRegistryNotReady</span></code></a> if they’re called before
models of all applications have been loaded. Previously they only required
the target application’s models to be loaded and thus could return models
without all their relations set up. If you need the old behavior of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_model()</span></code>, set the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">require_ready</span></code> argument to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The unused <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BaseCommand.can_import_settings</span></code> attribute is removed.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The undocumented <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.utils.functional.lazy_property</span></code> is removed.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">For consistency with non-multipart requests, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MultiPartParser.parse()</span></code> now
leaves <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request.POST</span></code> immutable. If you’re modifying that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QueryDict</span></code>,
you must now first copy it, e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request.POST.copy()</span></code>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cx_Oracle</span></code> < 5.2 is removed.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Support for IPython < 1.0 is removed from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shell</span></code> command.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The signature of private API <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Widget.build_attrs()</span></code> changed from
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">extra_attrs=None,</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base_attrs,</span> <span class="pre">extra_attrs=None</span></code>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">File-like objects (e.g., <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StringIO</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BytesIO</span></code>)
uploaded to an <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/fields.html#django.db.models.ImageField" title="django.db.models.ImageField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ImageField</span></code></a> using the test client
now require a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code> attribute with a value that passes the
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/validators.html#django.core.validators.validate_image_file_extension" title="django.core.validators.validate_image_file_extension"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">validate_image_file_extension</span></code></a> validator.
See the note in <a class="reference internal" href="../topics/testing/tools.html#django.test.Client.post" title="django.test.Client.post"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Client.post()</span></code></a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><a class="reference internal" href="../ref/models/fields.html#django.db.models.FileField" title="django.db.models.FileField"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FileField</span></code></a> now moves rather than copies the file
it receives. With the default file upload settings, files larger than
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-FILE_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FILE_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE</span></code></a> now have the same permissions as
temporary files (often <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0o600</span></code>) rather than the system’s standard umask
(often <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0o6644</span></code>). Set the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/settings.html#std:setting-FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS"><code class="xref std std-setting docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS</span></code></a> if you need
the same permission regardless of file size.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-features-deprecated-in-1-11">
<span id="s-deprecated-features-1-11"></span><span id="features-deprecated-in-1-11"></span><span id="deprecated-features-1-11"></span><h2>Features deprecated in 1.11<a class="headerlink" href="#features-deprecated-in-1-11" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="s-models-permalink-decorator">
<span id="models-permalink-decorator"></span><h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">models.permalink()</span></code> decorator<a class="headerlink" href="#models-permalink-decorator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Use <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/urlresolvers.html#django.urls.reverse" title="django.urls.reverse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.urls.reverse()</span></code></a> instead. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">models</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyModel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
<span class="nd">@models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">permalink</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'guitarist_detail'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">slug</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>becomes:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">models</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.urls</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">reverse</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyModel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">reverse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'guitarist_detail'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">slug</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-id2">
<span id="id2"></span><h3>Miscellaneous<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contrib.auth</span></code>’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">login()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logout()</span></code> function-based views are
deprecated in favor of new class-based views
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.LoginView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LoginView</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.LogoutView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LogoutView</span></code></a>.</li>
<li>The unused <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">extra_context</span></code> parameter of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contrib.auth.views.logout_then_login()</span></code> is deprecated.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contrib.auth</span></code>’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password_change()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password_change_done()</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password_reset()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password_reset_done()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password_reset_confirm()</span></code>,
and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">password_reset_complete()</span></code> function-based views are deprecated in favor
of new class-based views
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordChangeView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordChangeView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordChangeView</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordChangeDoneView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordChangeDoneView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordChangeDoneView</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordResetView</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetDoneView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetDoneView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordResetDoneView</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetConfirmView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetConfirmView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordResetConfirmView</span></code></a>, and
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetCompleteView" title="django.contrib.auth.views.PasswordResetCompleteView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordResetCompleteView</span></code></a>.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.test.runner.setup_databases()</span></code> is moved to
<a class="reference internal" href="../topics/testing/advanced.html#django.test.utils.setup_databases" title="django.test.utils.setup_databases"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.test.utils.setup_databases()</span></code></a>. The old location is deprecated.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.utils.translation.string_concat()</span></code> is deprecated in
favor of <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/utils.html#django.utils.text.format_lazy" title="django.utils.text.format_lazy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.utils.text.format_lazy()</span></code></a>. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string_concat(*strings)</span></code>
can be replaced by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">format_lazy('{}'</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">len(strings),</span> <span class="pre">*strings)</span></code>.</li>
<li>For the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyLibMCCache</span></code> cache backend, passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pylibmc</span></code> behavior settings
as top-level attributes of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OPTIONS</span></code> is deprecated. Set them under a
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">behaviors</span></code> key within <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OPTIONS</span></code> instead.</li>
<li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">host</span></code> parameter of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.utils.http.is_safe_url()</span></code> is deprecated
in favor of the new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">allowed_hosts</span></code> parameter.</li>
<li>Silencing exceptions raised while rendering the
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/templates/builtins.html#std:templatetag-include"><code class="xref std std-ttag docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{%</span> <span class="pre">include</span> <span class="pre">%}</span></code></a> template tag is deprecated as the behavior is
often more confusing than helpful. In Django 2.1, the exception will be
raised.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DatabaseIntrospection.get_indexes()</span></code> is deprecated in favor of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DatabaseIntrospection.get_constraints()</span></code>.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="../topics/auth/default.html#django.contrib.auth.authenticate" title="django.contrib.auth.authenticate"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">authenticate()</span></code></a> now passes a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request</span></code> argument
to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">authenticate()</span></code> method of authentication backends. Support for
methods that don’t accept <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request</span></code> as the first positional argument will
be removed in Django 2.1.</li>
<li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USE_ETAGS</span></code> setting is deprecated in favor of
<a class="reference internal" href="../ref/middleware.html#django.middleware.http.ConditionalGetMiddleware" title="django.middleware.http.ConditionalGetMiddleware"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConditionalGetMiddleware</span></code></a> which now adds the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ETag</span></code> header to responses regardless of the setting. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CommonMiddleware</span></code>
and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.utils.cache.patch_response_headers()</span></code> will no longer set ETags
when the deprecation ends.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Model._meta.has_auto_field</span></code> is deprecated in favor of checking if
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Model._meta.auto_field</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">None</span></code>.</li>
<li>Using regular expression groups with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">iLmsu#</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">url()</span></code> is deprecated.
The only group that’s useful is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(?i)</span></code> for case-insensitive URLs, however,
case-insensitive URLs aren’t a good practice because they create multiple
entries for search engines, for example. An alternative solution could be to
create a <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/urls.html#django.conf.urls.handler404" title="django.conf.urls.handler404"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">handler404</span></code></a> that looks for uppercase
characters in the URL and redirects to a lowercase equivalent.</li>
<li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">renderer</span></code> argument is added to the <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/forms/widgets.html#django.forms.Widget.render" title="django.forms.Widget.render"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Widget.render()</span></code></a> method. Methods that don’t accept that argument
will work through a deprecation period.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Django 1.11 release notes</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-compatibility">Python compatibility</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#deprecating-warnings-are-no-longer-loud-by-default">Deprecating warnings are no longer loud by default</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-s-new-in-django-1-11">What’s new in Django 1.11</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-based-model-indexes">Class-based model indexes</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#template-based-widget-rendering">Template-based widget rendering</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#subquery-expressions"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Subquery</span></code> expressions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#minor-features">Minor features</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django-contrib-admin"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.admin</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django-contrib-auth"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.auth</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django-contrib-contenttypes"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.contenttypes</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django-contrib-gis"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.gis</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django-contrib-postgres"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.postgres</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cache">Cache</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#csrf">CSRF</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#database-backends">Database backends</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#email">Email</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-storage">File Storage</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#forms">Forms</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#internationalization">Internationalization</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#management-commands">Management Commands</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#migrations">Migrations</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#models">Models</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#requests-and-responses">Requests and Responses</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#serialization">Serialization</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#templates">Templates</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tests">Tests</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#validators">Validators</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#backwards-incompatible-changes-in-1-11">Backwards incompatible changes in 1.11</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.gis</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django-contrib-staticfiles"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.staticfiles</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#database-backend-api">Database backend API</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dropped-support-for-postgresql-9-2-and-postgis-2-0">Dropped support for PostgreSQL 9.2 and PostGIS 2.0</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#liveservertestcase-binds-to-port-zero"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LiveServerTestCase</span></code> binds to port zero</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#protection-against-insecure-redirects-in-django-contrib-auth-and-i18n-views">Protection against insecure redirects in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.contrib.auth</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i18n</span></code> views</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#queryset-get-or-create-and-update-or-create-validate-arguments"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QuerySet.get_or_create()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_or_create()</span></code> validate arguments</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pytz-is-a-required-dependency-and-support-for-settings-time-zone-none-is-removed"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pytz</span></code> is a required dependency and support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">settings.TIME_ZONE</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">None</span></code> is removed</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#html-changes-in-admin-templates">HTML changes in admin templates</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-due-to-the-introduction-of-template-based-widget-rendering">Changes due to the introduction of template-based widget rendering</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django-template-backends-django-template-render-prohibits-non-dict-context"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">django.template.backends.django.Template.render()</span></code> prohibits non-dict context</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#model-state-changes-in-migration-operations">Model state changes in migration operations</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#server-side-cursors-on-postgresql">Server-side cursors on PostgreSQL</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#features-deprecated-in-1-11">Features deprecated in 1.11</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#models-permalink-decorator"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">models.permalink()</span></code> decorator</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2">Miscellaneous</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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title="previous chapter">Django 1.11.1 release notes</a></p>
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title="next chapter">Django 1.10.8 release notes</a></p>
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