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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 9. Functions and Operators</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="datatype-pseudo.html" title="8.21. Pseudo-Types" /><link rel="next" href="functions-logical.html" title="9.1. Logical Operators" /></head><body><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">Chapter 9. Functions and Operators</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="datatype-pseudo.html" title="8.21. Pseudo-Types">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="sql.html" title="Part II. The SQL Language">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II. The SQL Language</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 11.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="functions-logical.html" title="9.1. Logical Operators">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></hr></div><div class="chapter" id="FUNCTIONS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">Chapter 9. Functions and Operators</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-logical.html">9.1. Logical Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-comparison.html">9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-math.html">9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-string.html">9.4. String Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-string.html#FUNCTIONS-STRING-FORMAT">9.4.1. <code class="function">format</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-binarystring.html">9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-bitstring.html">9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-matching.html">9.7. Pattern Matching</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-matching.html#FUNCTIONS-LIKE">9.7.1. <code class="function">LIKE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-matching.html#FUNCTIONS-SIMILARTO-REGEXP">9.7.2. <code class="function">SIMILAR TO</code> Regular Expressions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-matching.html#FUNCTIONS-POSIX-REGEXP">9.7.3. <acronym class="acronym">POSIX</acronym> Regular Expressions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-formatting.html">9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-datetime.html">9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-EXTRACT">9.9.1. <code class="function">EXTRACT</code>, <code class="function">date_part</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-TRUNC">9.9.2. <code class="function">date_trunc</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-ZONECONVERT">9.9.3. <code class="literal">AT TIME ZONE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT">9.9.4. Current Date/Time</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-DELAY">9.9.5. Delaying Execution</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-enum.html">9.10. Enum Support Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-geometry.html">9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-net.html">9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-textsearch.html">9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-xml.html">9.14. XML Functions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-xml.html#FUNCTIONS-PRODUCING-XML">9.14.1. Producing XML Content</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-xml.html#FUNCTIONS-XML-PREDICATES">9.14.2. XML Predicates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-xml.html#FUNCTIONS-XML-PROCESSING">9.14.3. Processing XML</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-xml.html#FUNCTIONS-XML-MAPPING">9.14.4. Mapping Tables to XML</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-json.html">9.15. JSON Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-sequence.html">9.16. Sequence Manipulation Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-conditional.html">9.17. Conditional Expressions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-conditional.html#FUNCTIONS-CASE">9.17.1. <code class="literal">CASE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-conditional.html#FUNCTIONS-COALESCE-NVL-IFNULL">9.17.2. <code class="literal">COALESCE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-conditional.html#FUNCTIONS-NULLIF">9.17.3. <code class="literal">NULLIF</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-conditional.html#FUNCTIONS-GREATEST-LEAST">9.17.4. <code class="literal">GREATEST</code> and <code class="literal">LEAST</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-array.html">9.18. Array Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-range.html">9.19. Range Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-aggregate.html">9.20. Aggregate Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-window.html">9.21. Window Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-subquery.html">9.22. Subquery Expressions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-subquery.html#FUNCTIONS-SUBQUERY-EXISTS">9.22.1. <code class="literal">EXISTS</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-subquery.html#FUNCTIONS-SUBQUERY-IN">9.22.2. <code class="literal">IN</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-subquery.html#FUNCTIONS-SUBQUERY-NOTIN">9.22.3. <code class="literal">NOT IN</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-subquery.html#FUNCTIONS-SUBQUERY-ANY-SOME">9.22.4. <code class="literal">ANY</code>/<code class="literal">SOME</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-subquery.html#FUNCTIONS-SUBQUERY-ALL">9.22.5. <code class="literal">ALL</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-subquery.html#id-1.5.8.27.15">9.22.6. Single-row Comparison</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-comparisons.html">9.23. Row and Array Comparisons</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-comparisons.html#FUNCTIONS-COMPARISONS-IN-SCALAR">9.23.1. <code class="literal">IN</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-comparisons.html#id-1.5.8.28.15">9.23.2. <code class="literal">NOT IN</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-comparisons.html#id-1.5.8.28.16">9.23.3. <code class="literal">ANY</code>/<code class="literal">SOME</code> (array)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-comparisons.html#id-1.5.8.28.17">9.23.4. <code class="literal">ALL</code> (array)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-comparisons.html#ROW-WISE-COMPARISON">9.23.5. Row Constructor Comparison</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-comparisons.html#COMPOSITE-TYPE-COMPARISON">9.23.6. Composite Type Comparison</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-srf.html">9.24. Set Returning Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-info.html">9.25. System Information Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-admin.html">9.26. System Administration Functions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-SET">9.26.1. Configuration Settings Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-SIGNAL">9.26.2. Server Signaling Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-BACKUP">9.26.3. Backup Control Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-RECOVERY-CONTROL">9.26.4. Recovery Control Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-SNAPSHOT-SYNCHRONIZATION">9.26.5. Snapshot Synchronization Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-REPLICATION">9.26.6. Replication Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-DBOBJECT">9.26.7. Database Object Management Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-INDEX">9.26.8. Index Maintenance Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-GENFILE">9.26.9. Generic File Access Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADVISORY-LOCKS">9.26.10. Advisory Lock Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-trigger.html">9.27. Trigger Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-event-triggers.html">9.28. Event Trigger Functions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-event-triggers.html#PG-EVENT-TRIGGER-DDL-COMMAND-END-FUNCTIONS">9.28.1. Capturing Changes at Command End</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-event-triggers.html#PG-EVENT-TRIGGER-SQL-DROP-FUNCTIONS">9.28.2. Processing Objects Dropped by a DDL Command</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-event-triggers.html#PG-EVENT-TRIGGER-TABLE-REWRITE-FUNCTIONS">9.28.3. Handling a Table Rewrite Event</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><a id="id-1.5.8.2" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.8.3" class="indexterm"></a><p>
   <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> provides a large number of
   functions and operators for the built-in data types.  Users can also
   define their own functions and operators, as described in
   <a class="xref" href="server-programming.html" title="Part V. Server Programming">Part V</a>.  The
   <span class="application">psql</span> commands <code class="command">\df</code> and
   <code class="command">\do</code> can be used to list all
   available functions and operators, respectively.
  </p><p>
   If you are concerned about portability then note that most of
   the functions and operators described in this chapter, with the
   exception of the most trivial arithmetic and comparison operators
   and some explicitly marked functions, are not specified by the
   <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> standard. Some of this extended functionality
   is present in other <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> database management
   systems, and in many cases this functionality is compatible and
   consistent between the various implementations.  This chapter is also
   not exhaustive;  additional functions appear in relevant sections of
   the manual.
  </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="datatype-pseudo.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="sql.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="functions-logical.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">8.21. Pseudo-Types </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 9.1. Logical Operators</td></tr></table></div></body></html>