[![Travis][travis badge]][travis] [![CodeCov][codecov badge]][codecov] [![Erlang Versions][erlang versions badge]][erlang] [![License][license badge]][license] Contact information and license ------------------------------- PropEr (PROPerty-based testing tool for ERlang) is a QuickCheck-inspired open-source property-based testing tool for Erlang, developed by Manolis Papadakis, Eirini Arvaniti and Kostis Sagonas. The base PropEr system was written mainly by Manolis Papadakis, and the stateful code testing subsystem by Eirini Arvaniti. Kostis Sagonas has been actively maintaining its code base since 2012. You can reach PropEr's developers in the following ways: * on the web: at [the project's home page](http://proper-testing.github.io) or [the project's github page](https://github.com/proper-testing/proper) * by email: take the tool's name (all lowercase), add a @ followed by softlab dot ntua dot gr We welcome user contributions and feedback (comments, suggestions, feature requests, bug reports, patches, etc.). Copyright 2010-2018 by Manolis Papadakis, Eirini Arvaniti and Kostis Sagonas. This program is distributed under the [GPL](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html), version 3 or later. Please see the [COPYING][license] file for details. Introduction ------------ Traditional testing methodologies essentially involve software testers writing a series of test inputs for their programs, along with their corresponding expected outputs, then running the program with these inputs and observing whether it behaves as expected. This method of testing, while simple and easy to automate, suffers from a few problems, such as: * Writing test cases by hand is tedious and time consuming. * It is hard to know whether the test suite covers all aspects of the software under test. Property-based testing is a novel approach to software testing, where the tester needs only specify the generic structure of valid inputs for the program under test, plus certain properties (regarding the program's behaviour and the input-output relation) which are expected to hold for every valid input. A property-based testing tool, when supplied with this information, should randomly produce progressively more complex valid inputs, then apply those inputs to the program while monitoring its execution, to ensure that it behaves according to its specification, as outlined in the supplied properties. Here are a few examples of simple properties a user may wish to test, expressed in natural language: * The program should accept any character string and convert all lowercase letters inside the string to uppercase. * The program should accept any list of integers. If the input list is at least 4 elements long, the program should return the 4th largest integer in the list, else it should throw an exception. PropEr is such a property-based testing tool, designed to test programs written in the Erlang programming language. Its focus is on testing the behaviour of pure functions. On top of that, it is equipped with two library modules that can be used for testing stateful code. The input domain of functions is specified through the use of a type system, modeled closely after the type system of the language itself. Properties are written using Erlang expressions, with the help of a few predefined macros. PropEr is also tightly integrated with Erlang's type language: * Types expressed in the Erlang type language can be used instead of generators written in PropEr's own type system as input data specifications. * Generators for ADTs can be constructed automatically using the ADTs' API functions. * PropEr can test functions automatically, based solely on information provided in their specs. Quickstart guide ---------------- * Obtain a copy of PropEr's sources. You can either get a tagged version of the tool (look under `Tags` on github) or you can clone the current code base: ```shell git clone git://github.com/proper-testing/proper.git ``` * Compile PropEr: Run `make` if you just want to build PropEr, optionally followed by a `make tests` to run its unit tests and a `make dialyzer` call to also run dialyzer on PropEr's code base; the latter requires having a dialyzer PLT. To do the above but also build PropEr's documentation issue a `make all` call; in that case, you are going to need the `syntax_tools` application and a recent version of `EDoc`). Optionally, sfmt-erlang can be selected as an alternative random number generator using `./configure --use-sfmt` before running `make`. * Add PropEr's base directory to your Erlang library path, using one of the following methods: 1. `ERL_LIBS` environment variable: Add the following line to your shell startup file (`~/.bashrc` in the case of the Bash shell): ```shell export ERL_LIBS=/full/path/to/proper ``` 2. Erlang resource file: Add the following line to your `~/.erlang` file: ```erlang code:load_abs("/full/path/to/proper"). ``` If using the sfmt RNG be sure to add /full/path/to/proper/deps/sfmt too. * Add the following include line to all source files that contain properties: ```erlang -include_lib("proper/include/proper.hrl"). ``` * Compile those source files, preferably with `debug_info` enabled. * For each property, run: ```erlang proper:quickcheck(your_module:some_property()). ``` See also the section common problems below if you want to run PropEr from EUnit. Where to go from here --------------------- To get started on using PropEr, see the tutorials and testing tips provided on [PropEr's home page](http://proper-testing.github.io). On the same site you can find a copy of PropEr's API documentation (you can also build this from source if you prefer, by running `make doc`), as well as links to more resources on property-based testing. Common problems --------------- ### Using PropEr in conjunction with EUnit The main issue is that both systems define a **`?LET`** macro. To avoid a potential clash, simply include PropEr's header file before EUnit's. That way, any instance of **`?LET`** will count as a PropEr **`?LET`**. Another issue is that [EUnit captures standard output][eunit stdout], so normally PropEr output is not visible when `proper:quickcheck()` is invoked from EUnit. You can work around this by passing the option `{to_file, user}` to `proper:quickcheck/2`. For example: ```erlang ?assertEqual(true, proper:quickcheck(your_mod:some_prop(), [{to_file, user}])). ``` This will make PropEr properties visible also when invoked from EUnit. Incompatibilities with QuviQ's QuickCheck ----------------------------------------- PropEr's notation and output format has been kept quite similar to that of QuviQ's QuickCheck in order to ease the reuse of existing testing code written for that tool. However, incompatibilities are to be expected, since we never run or owned a copy of QuviQ's QuickCheck and the two programs probably bear little resemblance under the hood. Here we provide a nonexhaustive list of known incompatibilities: * **`?SUCHTHATMAYBE`** behaves differently in PropEr. * `proper_gen:pick/1` differs from `eqc_gen:pick/1` in return value format. * PropEr handles `size` differently from QuickCheck. * `proper:module/2` accepts options in the second argument instead of the first; this is for consistency with other `module/2` functions in Erlang/OTP. All the above are from circa 2010. Most likely, there exist many more incompatibilities between the two tools by now. <!-- Links (alphabetically) --> [codecov]: https://codecov.io/gh/proper-testing/proper [erlang]: http://www.erlang.org [eunit stdout]: http://erlang.org/doc/apps/eunit/chapter.html#Running_EUnit [license]: ./COPYING [travis]: https://travis-ci.org/proper-testing/proper <!-- Badges (alphabetically) --> [codecov badge]: https://codecov.io/gh/proper-testing/proper/branch/master/graph/badge.svg [erlang versions badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/erlang-17.0%20to%2020.3-blue.svg?style=flat-square [license badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/license/proper-testing/proper.svg?style=flat-square [travis badge]: https://img.shields.io/travis/proper-testing/proper/master.svg?style=flat-square