<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <HTML ><HEAD ><TITLE >Date/Time Types</TITLE ><META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"><LINK REV="MADE" HREF="mailto:pgsql-docs@postgresql.org"><LINK REL="HOME" TITLE="PostgreSQL 7.4.1 Documentation" HREF="index.html"><LINK REL="UP" TITLE="Data Types" HREF="datatype.html"><LINK REL="PREVIOUS" TITLE="Binary Data Types" HREF="datatype-binary.html"><LINK REL="NEXT" TITLE="Boolean Type" HREF="datatype-boolean.html"><LINK REL="STYLESHEET" TYPE="text/css" HREF="stylesheet.css"><META NAME="creation" CONTENT="2003-12-22T03:48:47"></HEAD ><BODY CLASS="SECT1" ><DIV CLASS="NAVHEADER" ><TABLE SUMMARY="Header navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TH COLSPAN="5" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" >PostgreSQL 7.4.1 Documentation</TH ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="datatype-binary.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="datatype.html" >Fast Backward</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" >Chapter 8. Data Types</TD ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="datatype.html" >Fast Forward</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="datatype-boolean.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ></TABLE ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT1" ><H1 CLASS="SECT1" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME" >8.5. Date/Time Types</A ></H1 ><A NAME="AEN3970" ></A ><A NAME="AEN3972" ></A ><A NAME="AEN3974" ></A ><A NAME="AEN3976" ></A ><A NAME="AEN3978" ></A ><A NAME="AEN3980" ></A ><A NAME="AEN3982" ></A ><A NAME="AEN3984" ></A ><A NAME="AEN3986" ></A ><P > <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > supports the full set of <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > date and time types, shown in <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-TABLE" >Table 8-9</A >. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-9. Date/Time Types</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><COL><COL><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Name</TH ><TH >Storage Size</TH ><TH >Description</TH ><TH >Low Value</TH ><TH >High Value</TH ><TH >Resolution</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp [ (<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >p</VAR >) ] [ without time zone ]</TT ></TD ><TD >8 bytes</TD ><TD >both date and time</TD ><TD >4713 BC</TD ><TD >5874897 AD</TD ><TD >1 microsecond / 14 digits</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp [ (<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >p</VAR >) ] with time zone</TT ></TD ><TD >8 bytes</TD ><TD >both date and time, with time zone</TD ><TD >4713 BC</TD ><TD >5874897 AD</TD ><TD >1 microsecond / 14 digits</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval [ (<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >p</VAR >) ]</TT ></TD ><TD >12 bytes</TD ><TD >time intervals</TD ><TD >-178000000 years</TD ><TD >178000000 years</TD ><TD >1 microsecond</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT ></TD ><TD >4 bytes</TD ><TD >dates only</TD ><TD >4713 BC</TD ><TD >32767 AD</TD ><TD >1 day</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >time [ (<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >p</VAR >) ] [ without time zone ]</TT ></TD ><TD >8 bytes</TD ><TD >times of day only</TD ><TD >00:00:00.00</TD ><TD >23:59:59.99</TD ><TD >1 microsecond</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >time [ (<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >p</VAR >) ] with time zone</TT ></TD ><TD >12 bytes</TD ><TD >times of day only, with time zone</TD ><TD >00:00:00.00+12</TD ><TD >23:59:59.99-12</TD ><TD >1 microsecond</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="NOTE" ><BLOCKQUOTE CLASS="NOTE" ><P ><B >Note: </B > Prior to <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > 7.3, writing just <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT > was equivalent to <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp with time zone</TT >. This was changed for SQL compliance. </P ></BLOCKQUOTE ></DIV ><P > <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT >, and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval</TT > accept an optional precision value <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >p</VAR > which specifies the number of fractional digits retained in the seconds field. By default, there is no explicit bound on precision. The allowed range of <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >p</VAR > is from 0 to 6 for the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT > and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval</TT > types. </P ><DIV CLASS="NOTE" ><BLOCKQUOTE CLASS="NOTE" ><P ><B >Note: </B > When <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT > values are stored as double precision floating-point numbers (currently the default), the effective limit of precision may be less than 6. <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT > values are stored as seconds before or after midnight 2000-01-01. Microsecond precision is achieved for dates within a few years of 2000-01-01, but the precision degrades for dates further away. When <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT > values are stored as eight-byte integers (a compile-time option), microsecond precision is available over the full range of values. However eight-byte integer timestamps have a more limited range of dates than shown above: from 4713 BC up to 294276 AD. </P ></BLOCKQUOTE ></DIV ><P > For the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT > types, the allowed range of <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >p</VAR > is from 0 to 6 when eight-byte integer storage is used, or from 0 to 10 when floating-point storage is used. </P ><P > The type <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time with time zone</TT > is defined by the SQL standard, but the definition exhibits properties which lead to questionable usefulness. In most cases, a combination of <TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp without time zone</TT >, and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp with time zone</TT > should provide a complete range of date/time functionality required by any application. </P ><P > The types <TT CLASS="TYPE" >abstime</TT > and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >reltime</TT > are lower precision types which are used internally. You are discouraged from using these types in new applications and are encouraged to move any old ones over when appropriate. Any or all of these internal types might disappear in a future release. </P ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-INPUT" >8.5.1. Date/Time Input</A ></H2 ><P > Date and time input is accepted in almost any reasonable format, including ISO 8601, <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM >-compatible, traditional <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >POSTGRES</SPAN >, and others. For some formats, ordering of month, day, and year in date input is ambiguous and there is support for specifying the expected ordering of these fields. Set the <VAR CLASS="VARNAME" >datestyle</VAR > parameter to <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >MDY</TT > to select month-day-year interpretation, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >DMY</TT > to select day-month-year interpretation, or <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >YMD</TT > to select year-month-day interpretation. </P ><P > <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > is more flexible in handling date/time input than the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > standard requires. See <A HREF="datetime-appendix.html" >Appendix B</A > for the exact parsing rules of date/time input and for the recognized text fields including months, days of the week, and time zones. </P ><P > Remember that any date or time literal input needs to be enclosed in single quotes, like text strings. Refer to <A HREF="sql-syntax.html#SQL-SYNTAX-CONSTANTS-GENERIC" >Section 4.1.2.4</A > for more information. <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > requires the following syntax </P><PRE CLASS="SYNOPSIS" ><VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >type</VAR > [ (<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >p</VAR >) ] '<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >value</VAR >'</PRE ><P> where <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >p</VAR > in the optional precision specification is an integer corresponding to the number of fractional digits in the seconds field. Precision can be specified for <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT >, and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval</TT > types. The allowed values are mentioned above. If no precision is specified in a constant specification, it defaults to the precision of the literal value. </P ><DIV CLASS="SECT3" ><H3 CLASS="SECT3" ><A NAME="AEN4111" >8.5.1.1. Dates</A ></H3 ><A NAME="AEN4113" ></A ><P > <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-DATE-TABLE" >Table 8-10</A > shows some possible inputs for the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT > type. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-DATE-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-10. Date Input</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Example</TH ><TH >Description</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD >January 8, 1999</TD ><TD >unambiguous in any <VAR CLASS="VARNAME" >datestyle</VAR > input mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >1999-01-08</TD ><TD >ISO 8601; January 8 in any mode (recommended format)</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >1/8/1999</TD ><TD >January 8 in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >MDY</TT > mode; August 1 in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >DMY</TT > mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >1/18/1999</TD ><TD >January 18 in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >MDY</TT > mode; rejected in other modes</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >01/02/03</TD ><TD >January 2, 2003 in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >MDY</TT > mode; February 1, 2003 in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >DMY</TT > mode; February 3, 2001 in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >YMD</TT > mode </TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >1999-Jan-08</TD ><TD >January 8 in any mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >Jan-08-1999</TD ><TD >January 8 in any mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >08-Jan-1999</TD ><TD >January 8 in any mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >99-Jan-08</TD ><TD >January 8 in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >YMD</TT > mode, else error</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >08-Jan-99</TD ><TD >January 8, except error in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >YMD</TT > mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >Jan-08-99</TD ><TD >January 8, except error in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >YMD</TT > mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >19990108</TD ><TD >ISO 8601; January 8, 1999 in any mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >990108</TD ><TD >ISO 8601; January 8, 1999 in any mode</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >1999.008</TD ><TD >year and day of year</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >J2451187</TD ><TD >Julian day</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >January 8, 99 BC</TD ><TD >year 99 before the Common Era</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT3" ><H3 CLASS="SECT3" ><A NAME="AEN4184" >8.5.1.2. Times</A ></H3 ><A NAME="AEN4186" ></A ><A NAME="AEN4188" ></A ><A NAME="AEN4190" ></A ><P > The time-of-day types are <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time [ (<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >p</VAR >) ] without time zone</TT > and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time [ (<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >p</VAR >) ] with time zone</TT >. Writing just <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT > is equivalent to <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time without time zone</TT >. </P ><P > Valid input for these types consists of a time of day followed by an optional time zone. (See <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-TIME-TABLE" >Table 8-11</A > and <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-TIMEZONE-TABLE" >Table 8-12</A >.) If a time zone is specified in the input for <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time without time zone</TT >, it is silently ignored. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-TIME-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-11. Time Input</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Example</TH ><TH >Description</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05:06.789</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05:06</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >040506</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05 AM</TT ></TD ><TD >same as 04:05; AM does not affect value</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05 PM</TT ></TD ><TD >same as 16:05; input hour must be <= 12</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05:06.789-8</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05:06-08:00</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05-08:00</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >040506-08</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO 8601</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >04:05:06 PST</TT ></TD ><TD >time zone specified by name</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-TIMEZONE-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-12. Time Zone Input</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Example</TH ><TH >Description</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >PST</TT ></TD ><TD >Pacific Standard Time</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >-8:00</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO-8601 offset for PST</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >-800</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO-8601 offset for PST</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >-8</TT ></TD ><TD >ISO-8601 offset for PST</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >zulu</TT ></TD ><TD >Military abbreviation for UTC</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >z</TT ></TD ><TD >Short form of <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >zulu</TT ></TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT3" ><H3 CLASS="SECT3" ><A NAME="AEN4288" >8.5.1.3. Time Stamps</A ></H3 ><A NAME="AEN4290" ></A ><A NAME="AEN4292" ></A ><A NAME="AEN4294" ></A ><P > Valid input for the time stamp types consists of a concatenation of a date and a time, followed by an optional <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >AD</TT > or <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >BC</TT >, followed by an optional time zone. Thus </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >1999-01-08 04:05:06</PRE ><P> and </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >1999-01-08 04:05:06 -8:00</PRE ><P> are valid values, which follow the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >ISO</ACRONYM > 8601 standard. In addition, the wide-spread format </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >January 8 04:05:06 1999 PST</PRE ><P> is supported. </P ><P > For <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp [without time zone]</TT >, any explicit time zone specified in the input is silently ignored. That is, the resulting date/time value is derived from the explicit date/time fields in the input value, and is not adjusted for time zone. </P ><P > For <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp with time zone</TT >, the internally stored value is always in UTC (Universal Coordinated Time, traditionally known as Greenwich Mean Time, <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >GMT</ACRONYM >). An input value that has an explicit time zone specified is converted to UTC using the appropriate offset for that time zone. If no time zone is stated in the input string, then it is assumed to be in the time zone indicated by the system's <VAR CLASS="VARNAME" >timezone</VAR > parameter, and is converted to UTC using the offset for the <VAR CLASS="VARNAME" >timezone</VAR > zone. </P ><P > When a <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp with time zone</TT > value is output, it is always converted from UTC to the current <VAR CLASS="VARNAME" >timezone</VAR > zone, and displayed as local time in that zone. To see the time in another time zone, either change <VAR CLASS="VARNAME" >timezone</VAR > or use the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >AT TIME ZONE</TT > construct (see <A HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-ZONECONVERT" >Section 9.8.3</A >). </P ><P > Conversions between <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp without time zone</TT > and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp with time zone</TT > normally assume that the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp without time zone</TT > value should be taken or given as <VAR CLASS="VARNAME" >timezone</VAR > local time. A different zone reference can be specified for the conversion using <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >AT TIME ZONE</TT >. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT3" ><H3 CLASS="SECT3" ><A NAME="AEN4322" >8.5.1.4. Intervals</A ></H3 ><A NAME="AEN4324" ></A ><P > <TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval</TT > values can be written with the following syntax: </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >[<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" >@</SPAN >] <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >quantity</VAR > <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >unit</VAR > [<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" ><VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >quantity</VAR > <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >unit</VAR >...</SPAN >] [<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" ><VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >direction</VAR ></SPAN >]</PRE ><P> Where: <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >quantity</VAR > is a number (possibly signed); <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >unit</VAR > is <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >second</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >minute</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >hour</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >day</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >week</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >month</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >year</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >decade</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >century</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >millennium</TT >, or abbreviations or plurals of these units; <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >direction</VAR > can be <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >ago</TT > or empty. The at sign (<TT CLASS="LITERAL" >@</TT >) is optional noise. The amounts of different units are implicitly added up with appropriate sign accounting. </P ><P > Quantities of days, hours, minutes, and seconds can be specified without explicit unit markings. For example, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >'1 12:59:10'</TT > is read the same as <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >'1 day 12 hours 59 min 10 sec'</TT >. </P ><P > The optional precision <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >p</VAR > should be between 0 and 6, and defaults to the precision of the input literal. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT3" ><H3 CLASS="SECT3" ><A NAME="AEN4357" >8.5.1.5. Special Values</A ></H3 ><A NAME="AEN4359" ></A ><A NAME="AEN4362" ></A ><P > The following <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM >-compatible functions can be used as date or time values for the corresponding data type: <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >CURRENT_DATE</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >CURRENT_TIME</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >LOCALTIME</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >LOCALTIMESTAMP</TT >. The latter four accept an optional precision specification. (See also <A HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT" >Section 9.8.4</A >.) </P ><P > <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > also supports several special date/time input values for convenience, as shown in <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-SPECIAL-TABLE" >Table 8-13</A >. The values <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >infinity</TT > and <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >-infinity</TT > are specially represented inside the system and will be displayed the same way; but the others are simply notational shorthands that will be converted to ordinary date/time values when read. All of these values are treated as normal constants and need to be written in single quotes. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-SPECIAL-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-13. Special Date/Time Inputs</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Input String</TH ><TH >Valid Types</TH ><TH >Description</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >epoch</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT ></TD ><TD >1970-01-01 00:00:00+00 (Unix system time zero)</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >infinity</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT ></TD ><TD >later than all other time stamps</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >-infinity</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT ></TD ><TD >earlier than all other time stamps</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >now</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT ></TD ><TD >current transaction's start time</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >today</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT ></TD ><TD >midnight today</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >tomorrow</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT ></TD ><TD >midnight tomorrow</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >yesterday</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT >, <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp</TT ></TD ><TD >midnight yesterday</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >allballs</TT ></TD ><TD ><TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT ></TD ><TD >00:00:00.00 UTC</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ></DIV ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT" >8.5.2. Date/Time Output</A ></H2 ><A NAME="AEN4443" ></A ><A NAME="AEN4447" ></A ><P > The output format of the date/time types can be set to one of the four styles ISO 8601, <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > (Ingres), traditional POSTGRES, and German, using the command <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >SET datestyle</TT >. The default is the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >ISO</ACRONYM > format. (The <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > standard requires the use of the ISO 8601 format. The name of the <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"SQL"</SPAN > output format is a historical accident.) <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT-TABLE" >Table 8-14</A > shows examples of each output style. The output of the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT > and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT > types is of course only the date or time part in accordance with the given examples. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-14. Date/Time Output Styles</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Style Specification</TH ><TH >Description</TH ><TH >Example</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD >ISO</TD ><TD >ISO 8601/SQL standard</TD ><TD >1997-12-17 07:37:16-08</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >SQL</TD ><TD >traditional style</TD ><TD >12/17/1997 07:37:16.00 PST</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >POSTGRES</TD ><TD >original style</TD ><TD >Wed Dec 17 07:37:16 1997 PST</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD >German</TD ><TD >regional style</TD ><TD >17.12.1997 07:37:16.00 PST</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ><P > In the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > and POSTGRES styles, day appears before month if DMY field ordering has been specified, otherwise month appears before day. (See <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-INPUT" >Section 8.5.1</A > for how this setting also affects interpretation of input values.) <A HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT2-TABLE" >Table 8-15</A > shows an example. </P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT2-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 8-15. Date Order Conventions</B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH ><VAR CLASS="VARNAME" >datestyle</VAR > Setting</TH ><TH >Input Ordering</TH ><TH >Example Output</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >SQL, DMY</TT ></TD ><TD ><VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >day</VAR >/<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >month</VAR >/<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >year</VAR ></TD ><TD >17/12/1997 15:37:16.00 CET</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >SQL, MDY</TT ></TD ><TD ><VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >month</VAR >/<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >day</VAR >/<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >year</VAR ></TD ><TD >12/17/1997 07:37:16.00 PST</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >Postgres, DMY</TT ></TD ><TD ><VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >day</VAR >/<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >month</VAR >/<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >year</VAR ></TD ><TD >Wed 17 Dec 07:37:16 1997 PST</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ><P > <TT CLASS="TYPE" >interval</TT > output looks like the input format, except that units like <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >century</TT > or <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >wek</TT > are converted to years and days and that <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >ago</TT > is converted to an appropriate sign. In ISO mode the output looks like </P><PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >[<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" > <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >quantity</VAR > <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >unit</VAR > [<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" > ... </SPAN >] </SPAN >] [<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" > <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >days</VAR > </SPAN >] [<SPAN CLASS="OPTIONAL" > <VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >hours</VAR >:<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >minutes</VAR >:<VAR CLASS="REPLACEABLE" >sekunden</VAR > </SPAN >]</PRE ><P> </P ><P > The date/time styles can be selected by the user using the <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >SET datestyle</TT > command, the <VAR CLASS="VARNAME" >datestyle</VAR > parameter in the <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >postgresql.conf</TT > configuration file, or the <TT CLASS="ENVAR" >PGDATESTYLE</TT > environment variable on the server or client. The formatting function <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >to_char</CODE > (see <A HREF="functions-formatting.html" >Section 9.7</A >) is also available as a more flexible way to format the date/time output. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-TIMEZONES" >8.5.3. Time Zones</A ></H2 ><A NAME="AEN4548" ></A ><P > Time zones, and time-zone conventions, are influenced by political decisions, not just earth geometry. Time zones around the world became somewhat standardized during the 1900's, but continue to be prone to arbitrary changes. <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > uses your operating system's underlying features to provide output time-zone support, and these systems usually contain information for only the time period 1902 through 2038 (corresponding to the full range of conventional Unix system time). <TT CLASS="TYPE" >timestamp with time zone</TT > and <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time with time zone</TT > will use time zone information only within that year range, and assume that times outside that range are in <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >UTC</ACRONYM >. But since time zone support is derived from the underlying operating system time-zone capabilities, it can handle daylight-saving time and other special behavior. </P ><P > <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > endeavors to be compatible with the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > standard definitions for typical usage. However, the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > standard has an odd mix of date and time types and capabilities. Two obvious problems are: <P ></P ></P><UL ><LI ><P > Although the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >date</TT > type does not have an associated time zone, the <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time</TT > type can. Time zones in the real world can have no meaning unless associated with a date as well as a time since the offset may vary through the year with daylight-saving time boundaries. </P ></LI ><LI ><P > The default time zone is specified as a constant numeric offset from <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >UTC</ACRONYM >. It is not possible to adapt to daylight-saving time when doing date/time arithmetic across <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >DST</ACRONYM > boundaries. </P ></LI ></UL ><P> </P ><P > To address these difficulties, we recommend using date/time types that contain both date and time when using time zones. We recommend <SPAN CLASS="emphasis" ><I CLASS="EMPHASIS" >not</I ></SPAN > using the type <TT CLASS="TYPE" >time with time zone</TT > (though it is supported by <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > for legacy applications and for compatibility with other <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > implementations). <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > assumes your local time zone for any type containing only date or time. </P ><P > All dates and times are stored internally in <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >UTC</ACRONYM >. Times are converted to local time on the database server before being sent to the client, hence by default are in the server time zone. </P ><P > There are several ways to select the time zone used by the server: <P ></P ></P><UL ><LI ><P > The <TT CLASS="ENVAR" >TZ</TT > environment variable on the server host is used by the server as the default time zone, if no other is specified. </P ></LI ><LI ><P > The <VAR CLASS="VARNAME" >timezone</VAR > configuration parameter can be set in the file <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >postgresql.conf</TT >. </P ></LI ><LI ><P > The <TT CLASS="ENVAR" >PGTZ</TT > environment variable, if set at the client, is used by <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >libpq</SPAN > applications to send a <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >SET TIME ZONE</TT > command to the server upon connection. </P ></LI ><LI ><P > The <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SQL</ACRONYM > command <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >SET TIME ZONE</TT > sets the time zone for the session. </P ></LI ></UL ><P> </P ><DIV CLASS="NOTE" ><BLOCKQUOTE CLASS="NOTE" ><P ><B >Note: </B > If an invalid time zone is specified, the time zone becomes <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >UTC</ACRONYM > (on most systems anyway). </P ></BLOCKQUOTE ></DIV ><P > Refer to <A HREF="datetime-appendix.html" >Appendix B</A > for a list of available time zones. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-INTERNALS" >8.5.4. Internals</A ></H2 ><P > <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > uses Julian dates for all date/time calculations. They have the nice property of correctly predicting/calculating any date more recent than 4713 BC to far into the future, using the assumption that the length of the year is 365.2425 days. </P ><P > Date conventions before the 19th century make for interesting reading, but are not consistent enough to warrant coding into a date/time handler. </P ></DIV ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="NAVFOOTER" ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"><TABLE SUMMARY="Footer navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="datatype-binary.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="index.html" ACCESSKEY="H" >Home</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="datatype-boolean.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" >Binary Data Types</TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="datatype.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" >Boolean Type</TD ></TR ></TABLE ></DIV ></BODY ></HTML >