<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <meta name="generator" content= "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css"> <title>Boost.Python - <boost/python/object.hpp></title> </head> <body> <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary= "header"> <tr> <td valign="top" width="300"> <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3> </td> <td valign="top"> <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1> <h2 align="center">Header <boost/python/object.hpp></h2> </td> </tr> </table> <hr> <h2>Contents</h2> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt> <dt><a href="#types">Types</a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#slice_nil-spec">slice_nil</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#const_attribute_policies-spec">Class <code>const_attribute_policies</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#const_attribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class <code>const_attribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#const_attribute_policies-spec-statics">Class <code>const_attribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#attribute_policies-spec">Class <code>attribute_policies</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#attribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class <code>attribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#attribute_policies-spec-statics">Class <code>attribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#const_item_policies-spec">Class <code>const_item_policies</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#const_item_policies-spec-synopsis">Class <code>const_item_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#const_item_policies-spec-statics">Class <code>const_item_policies</code> static functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#item_policies-spec">Class <code>item_policies</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#item_policies-spec-synopsis">Class <code>item_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#item_policies-spec-statics">Class <code>item_policies</code> static functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#const_slice_policies-spec">Class <code>const_slice_policies</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#const_slice_policies-spec-synopsis">Class <code>const_slice_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#const_slice_policies-spec-statics">Class <code>const_slice_policies</code> static functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#slice_policies-spec">Class <code>slice_policies</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#slice_policies-spec-synopsis">Class <code>slice_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#slice_policies-spec-statics">Class <code>slice_policies</code> static functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#object_operators-spec">Class <code>object_operators</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#object_operators-spec-synopsis">Class <code>object_operators</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#object_operators-spec-observers">Class <code>object_operators</code> observer functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#object-spec">Class <code>object</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#object-spec-synopsis">Class <code>object</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#object-spec-ctors">Class <code>object</code> constructors and destructor</a></dt> <dt><a href="#object-spec-modifiers">Class template <code>object</code> modifier functions</a></dt> <dt><a href="#object-spec-observers">Class template <code>object</code> observer functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#proxy-spec">Class template <code>proxy</code></a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#proxy-spec-synopsis">Class template <code>proxy</code> synopsis</a></dt> <dt><a href="#proxy-spec-modifiers">Class template <code>proxy</code> modifier functions</a></dt> <dt><a href="#proxy-spec-observers">Class template <code>proxy</code> observer functions</a></dt> </dl> </dd> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a></dt> <dd> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#del-spec">del</a></dt> <dt><a href="#comparisons-spec">comparisons</a></dt> <dt><a href="#binary-spec">binary operations</a></dt> <dt><a href="#assignment-spec">assignment operations</a></dt> </dl> <dl class="page-index"> <dt><a href="#operators-spec">operators</a></dt> </dl> </dd> <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a></dt> </dl> <hr> <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2> <p>Exposes the generic Python object wrapper class <code>object</code>, and related classes. In order to avoid some potenential problems with argument-dependent lookup and the generalized operators defined on <code>object</code>, all these facilities are defined in <code>namespace boost::python::api</code>, and <code>object</code> is imported into <code>namespace boost::python</code> with a <i>using-declaration</i>.</p> <h2><a name="types"></a>Types</h2> <p><a name="slice_nil-spec"></a></p> <pre> enum slice_nil { _ }; </pre> A type that can be used to get the effect of leaving out an index in a Python slice expression: <pre> >>> x[:-1] </pre> C++ equivalent: <pre> x.slice(_,-1) </pre> <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2> <!-- begin --> <h3><a name="const_attribute_policies-spec"></a>Class <code>const_attribute_policies</code></h3> <p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute access to a <code>const object</code>.</p> <h4><a name="class-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>const_attribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { struct const_attribute_policies { typedef char const* key_type; static object get(object const& target, char const* key); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="const_attribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>const_attribute_policies</code> static functions</h4> <pre> static object get(object const& target, char const* key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <a href= "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>.</dt> <dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the attribute of <code>target</code> named by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> An <code>object</code> managing the result of the attribute access.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <h3><a name="attribute_policies-spec"></a>Class <code>attribute_policies</code></h3> <p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute access to a mutable <code>object</code>.</p> <h4><a name="attribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>attribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { struct attribute_policies : const_attribute_policies { static object const& set(object const& target, char const* key, object const& value); static void del(object const&target, char const* key); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="attribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>attribute_policies</code> static functions</h4> <pre> static object const& set(object const& target, char const* key, object const& value); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <a href= "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>.</dt> <dt><b>Effects:</b> sets the attribute of <code>target</code> named by <code>key</code> to <code>value</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <pre> static void del(object const&target, char const* key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <a href= "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>.</dt> <dt><b>Effects:</b> deletes the attribute of <code>target</code> named by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <!-- end --> <!-- begin --> <h3><a name="const_item_policies-spec"></a>Class <code>const_item_policies</code></h3> <p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an item access (via the Python bracket operators <code>[]</code>) to a <code>const object</code>.</p> <h4><a name="const_item_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>const_item_policies</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { struct const_item_policies { typedef object key_type; static object get(object const& target, object const& key); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="const_item_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>const_item_policies</code> static functions</h4> <pre> static object get(object const& target, object const& key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the item of <code>target</code> specified by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> An <code>object</code> managing the result of the item access.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <h3><a name="item_policies-spec"></a>Class <code>item_policies</code></h3> <p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an item access (via the Python bracket operators <code>[]</code>) to a mutable <code>object</code>.</p> <h4><a name="item_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>item_policies</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { struct item_policies : const_item_policies { static object const& set(object const& target, object const& key, object const& value); static void del(object const& target, object const& key); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="item_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>item_policies</code> static functions</h4> <pre> static object const& set(object const& target, object const& key, object const& value); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> sets the item of <code>target</code> specified by <code>key</code> to <code>value</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <pre> static void del(object const& target, object const& key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> deletes the item of <code>target</code> specified by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <!-- end --> <!-- begin --> <h3><a name="const_slice_policies-spec"></a>Class <code>const_slice_policies</code></h3> <p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an slice access (via the Python slice notation <code>[</code><i>x</i><code>:</code><i>y</i><code>]</code>) to a <code>const object</code>.</p> <h4><a name="const_slice_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>const_slice_policies</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { struct const_slice_policies { typedef std::pair<handle<>, handle<> > key_type; static object get(object const& target, key_type const& key); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="const_slice_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>const_slice_policies</code> static functions</h4> <pre> static object get(object const& target, key_type const& key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the slice of <code>target</code> specified by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> An <code>object</code> managing the result of the slice access.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <h3><a name="slice_policies-spec"></a>Class <code>slice_policies</code></h3> <p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an slice access to a mutable <code>object</code>.</p> <h4><a name="slice_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>slice_policies</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { struct slice_policies : const_slice_policies { static object const& set(object const& target, key_type const& key, object const& value); static void del(object const& target, key_type const& key); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="slice_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>slice_policies</code> static functions</h4> <pre> static object const& set(object const& target, key_type const& key, object const& value); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> sets the slice of <code>target</code> specified by <code>key</code> to <code>value</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <pre> static void del(object const& target, key_type const& key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> deletes the slice of <code>target</code> specified by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href= "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a Python exception is raised.</dt> </dl> <!-- end --> <h3><a name="object_operators-spec"></a>Class template <code>object_operators<U></code></h3> <p>This is the base class of <code>object</code> and its <code>proxy</code> template used to supply common interface: member functions, and operators which must be defined within the class body. Its template parameter <code>U</code> is expected to be a class derived from <code>object_operators<U></code>. In practice users should never use this class directly, but it is documented here because it supplies important interface to <code>object</code> and its proxies.</p> <h4><a name="object_operators-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>object_operators</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { template <class U> class object_operators { public: // function call // object operator()() const; template <class A0> object operator()(A0 const&) const; template <class A0, class A1> object operator()(A0 const&, A1 const&) const; ... template <class A0, class A1,...class An> object operator()(A0 const&, A1 const&,...An const&) const; // truth value testing // typedef unspecified bool_type; operator bool_type() const; // Attribute access // proxy<const_object_attribute> attr(char const*) const; proxy<object_attribute> attr(char const*); // item access // template <class T> proxy<const_object_item> operator[](T const& key) const; template <class T> proxy<object_item> operator[](T const& key); // slicing // template <class T, class V> proxy<const_object_slice> slice(T const& start, V const& end) const template <class T, class V> proxy<object_slice> slice(T const& start, V const& end); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="object_operators-spec-observers"></a>Class template <code>object_operators</code> observer functions</h4> <pre> object operator()() const; template <class A0> object operator()(A0 const&) const; template <class A0, class A1> object operator()(A0 const&, A1 const&) const; ... template <class A0, class A1,...class An> object operator()(A0 const& a1, A1 const& a2,...An const& aN) const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> call<object>(object(*static_cast<U*>(this)).ptr(), a1, a2,...aN)</dt> </dl> <pre> operator bool_type() const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> Tests truth value of <code>*this</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> call<object>(object(*static_cast<U*>(this)).ptr(), a1, a2,...aN)</dt> </dl> <pre> proxy<const_object_attribute> attr(char const* name) const; proxy<object_attribute> attr(char const* name); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Requires:</b> name is an <a href= "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>.</dt> <dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the named attribute of <code>*this</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> a proxy object which binds <code>object(*static_cast<U*>(this))</code> as its target, and <code>name</code> as its key.</dt> </dl> <pre> template <class T> proxy<const_object_item> operator[](T const& key) const; template <class T> proxy<object_item> operator[](T const& key); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the item of <code>*this</code> indicated by <code>key</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> a proxy object which binds <code>object(*static_cast<U*>(this))</code> as its target, and <code>object(key)</code> as its key.</dt> </dl> <pre> template <class T, class V> proxy<const_object_slice> slice(T const& start; start, V const& finish) const template <class T, class V> proxy<object_slice> slice(T const& start; start, V const& finish); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the slice of <code>*this</code> indicated by <code>std::make_pair(object(start), object(finish))</code>.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> a proxy object which binds <code>object(*static_cast<U*>(this))</code> as its target, and <code>std::make_pair(object(start), object(finish))</code> as its key.</dt> </dl> <!-- --> <h3><a name="object-spec"></a>Class <code>object</code></h3> <p>The intention is that <code>object</code> acts as much like a Python variable as possible. Thus expressions you'd expect to work in Python should generally work in the same way from C++. Most of <code>object</code>'s interface is provided by its base class <code><a href="#object_operators-spec">object_operators</a><object></code>, and the <a href="#functions">free functions</a> defined in this header. </p> <h4><a name="object-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>object</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { class object : public object_operators<object> { public: object(); object(object const&); template <class T> explicit object(T const& x); ~object(); object& operator=(object const&); PyObject* ptr() const; }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="object-spec-ctors"></a>Class <code>object</code> constructors and destructor</h4> <pre> object(); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> Constructs an object managing a reference to the Python <code>None</code> object.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing.</dt> </dl> <pre> template <class T> explicit object(T const& x); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> converts <code>x</code> to python and manages a reference to it.</dt> <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code>error_already_set</code> and sets a Python <code>TypeError</code> exception if no such conversion is possible.</dt> </dl> <pre> ~object(); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> decrements the reference count of the internally-held object.</dt> </dl> <h4><a name="object-spec-modifiers"></a>Class <code>object</code> modifiers</h4> <pre> object& operator=(object const& rhs); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> increments the reference count of the object held by <code>rhs</code> and decrements the reference count of the object held by <code>*this</code>.</dt> </dl> <h4><a name="object-spec-observers"></a>Class <code>object</code> observers</h4> <pre> PyObject* ptr() const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Returns:</b> a pointer to the internally-held Python object.</dt> </dl> <!-- --> <h3><a name="proxy-spec"></a>Class template <code>proxy</code></h3> <p>This template is instantiated with various Policies described in this document in order to implement attribute, item, and slice access for <code>object</code>. It stores an object of type <code>Policies::key_type</code>.</p> <h4><a name="proxy-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>proxy</code> synopsis</h4> <pre> namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api { template <class Policies> class proxy : public object_operators<proxy<Policies> > { public: operator object() const; proxy const& operator=(proxy const&) const; template <class T> inline proxy const& operator=(T const& rhs) const; void del() const; template <class R> proxy operator+=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator-=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator*=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator/=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator%=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator<<=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator>>=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator&=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator|=(R const& rhs); }; }}} </pre> <h4><a name="proxy-spec-observers"></a>Class template <code>proxy</code> observer functions</h4> <pre> operator object() const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> applies <code>Policies::get(</code><i>target</i><code>,</code> <i>key</i> <code>)</code> with the proxy's target and key objects.</dt> </dl> <h4><a name="proxy-spec-modifiers"></a>Class template <code>proxy</code> modifier functions</h4> <pre> proxy const& operator=(proxy const& rhs) const; template <class T> inline proxy const& operator=(T const& rhs) const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> <code>Policies::set(</code><i>target</i><code>,</code> <i>key</i> <code>, object(rhs))</code> with the proxy's target and key objects.</dt> </dl> <pre> template <class R> proxy operator+=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator-=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator*=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator/=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator%=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator<<=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator>>=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator&=(R const& rhs); template <class R> proxy operator|=(R const& rhs); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> for a given operator@=, <code>object(*this) @= rhs;</code></dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt> </dl> <pre> void del() const; </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> <code>Policies::del(</code><i>target</i><code>,</code> <i>key</i> <code>)</code> with the proxy's target and key objects.</dt> </dl> <!-- --> <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2> <pre> <a name="del-spec"></a>template <class T> void del(proxy<T> const& x); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> x.del()</dt> </dl> <pre> <a name="comparisons-spec"></a> template<class L,class R> bool operator>(L const&l,R const&r); template<class L,class R> bool operator>=(L const&l,R const&r); template<class L,class R> bool operator<(L const&l,R const&r); template<class L,class R> bool operator<=(L const&l,R const&r); template<class L,class R> bool operator==(L const&l,R const&r); template<class L,class R> bool operator!=(L const&l,R const&r); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> returns the result of applying the operator to <code>object(l)</code> and <code>object(r)</code>, respectively, in Python.</dt> </dl> <pre> <a name="binary-spec"></a> template<class L,class R> object operator+(L const&l,R const&r); template<class L,class R> object operator-(L const&l,R const&r); template<class L,class R> object operator*(L const&l,R const&r); template<class L,class R> object operator/(L const&l,R const&r); template<class L,class R> object operator%(L const&l,R const&r); template<class L,class R> object operator<<(L const&l,R const&r); template<class L,class R> object operator>>(L const&l,R const&r); template<class L,class R> object operator&(L const&l,R const&r); template<class L,class R> object operator^(L const&l,R const&r); template<class L,class R> object operator|(L const&l,R const&r); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> returns the result of applying the operator to <code>object(l)</code> and <code>object(r)</code>, respectively, in Python.</dt> </dl> <pre> <a name="assignment-spec"></a> template<class R> object& operator+=(object&l,R const&r); template<class R> object& operator-=(object&l,R const&r); template<class R> object& operator*=(object&l,R const&r); template<class R> object& operator/=(object&l,R const&r); template<class R> object& operator%=(object&l,R const&r); template<class R> object& operator<<=(object&l,R const&r) template<class R> object& operator>>=(object&l,R const&r); template<class R> object& operator&=(object&l,R const&r); template<class R> object& operator^=(object&l,R const&r); template<class R> object& operator|=(object&l,R const&r); </pre> <dl class="function-semantics"> <dt><b>Effects:</b> assigns to l the result of applying the corresponding Python inplace operator to <code>l</code> and <code>object(r)</code>, respectively.</dt> <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>l</code>.</dt> </dl> <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2> Python code: <pre> def sum_items(seq): result = 0 for x in seq: result += x return result </pre> C++ version: <pre> object sum_items(object seq) { object result = object(0); for (int i = 0; i < seq.attr("__len__")(); ++i) result += seq[i]; return result; } </pre> <p>Revised <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan --> 13 November, 2002 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --> </p> <p><i>© Copyright <a href= "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p> </body> </html>