<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <link rel="STYLESHEET" href="lib.css" type='text/css' /> <link rel="SHORTCUT ICON" href="../icons/pyfav.gif" /> <link rel='start' href='../index.html' title='Python Documentation Index' /> <link rel="first" href="lib.html" title='Python Library Reference' /> <link rel='contents' href='contents.html' title="Contents" /> <link rel='index' href='genindex.html' title='Index' /> <link rel='last' href='about.html' title='About this document...' /> <link rel='help' href='about.html' title='About this document...' /> <LINK rel="next" href="module-linecache.html"> <LINK rel="prev" href="module-inspect.html"> <LINK rel="parent" href="python.html"> <LINK rel="next" href="traceback-example.html"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <meta name='aesop' content='information' /> <META name="description" content="traceback -- Print or retrieve a stack traceback"> <META name="keywords" content="lib"> <META name="resource-type" content="document"> <META name="distribution" content="global"> <title>3.12 traceback -- Print or retrieve a stack traceback</title> </head> <body> <DIV CLASS="navigation"> <div id='top-navigation-panel'> <table align="center" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2"> <tr> <td class='online-navigation'><a rel="prev" title="3.11.4 The interpreter stack" href="inspect-stack.html"><img src='../icons/previous.png' border='0' height='32' alt='Previous Page' width='32' /></A></td> <td class='online-navigation'><a rel="parent" title="3. 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Python Runtime Services</A> <b class="navlabel">Next:</b> <a class="sectref" rel="next" href="traceback-example.html">3.12.1 Traceback Example</A> </div> <hr /></div> </DIV> <!--End of Navigation Panel--> <H1><A NAME="SECTION0051200000000000000000"> 3.12 <tt class="module">traceback</tt> -- Print or retrieve a stack traceback</A> </H1> <P> <A NAME="module-traceback"><!--z--></A> <P> This module provides a standard interface to extract, format and print stack traces of Python programs. It exactly mimics the behavior of the Python interpreter when it prints a stack trace. This is useful when you want to print stack traces under program control, such as in a ``wrapper'' around the interpreter. <P> The module uses traceback objects -- this is the object type that is stored in the variables <code>sys.exc_traceback</code> (deprecated) and <code>sys.last_traceback</code> and returned as the third item from <tt class="function">sys.exc_info()</tt>. <a id='l2h-596'><!--x--></a> <P> The module defines the following functions: <P> <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-597' class="function">print_tb</tt></b>(</nobr></td> <td><var>traceback</var><big>[</big><var>, limit</var><big>[</big><var>, file</var><big>]</big><big>]</big>)</td></tr></table></dt> <dd> Print up to <var>limit</var> stack trace entries from <var>traceback</var>. If <var>limit</var> is omitted or <code>None</code>, all entries are printed. If <var>file</var> is omitted or <code>None</code>, the output goes to <code>sys.stderr</code>; otherwise it should be an open file or file-like object to receive the output. </dl> <P> <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-598' class="function">print_exception</tt></b>(</nobr></td> <td><var>type, value, traceback</var><big>[</big><var>, limit</var><big>[</big><var>, file</var><big>]</big><big>]</big>)</td></tr></table></dt> <dd> Print exception information and up to <var>limit</var> stack trace entries from <var>traceback</var> to <var>file</var>. This differs from <tt class="function">print_tb()</tt> in the following ways: (1) if <var>traceback</var> is not <code>None</code>, it prints a header "<tt class="samp">Traceback (most recent call last):</tt>"; (2) it prints the exception <var>type</var> and <var>value</var> after the stack trace; (3) if <var>type</var> is <tt class="exception">SyntaxError</tt> and <var>value</var> has the appropriate format, it prints the line where the syntax error occurred with a caret indicating the approximate position of the error. </dl> <P> <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-599' class="function">print_exc</tt></b>(</nobr></td> <td><big>[</big><var>limit</var><big>[</big><var>, file</var><big>]</big><big>]</big>)</td></tr></table></dt> <dd> This is a shorthand for <code>print_exception(sys.exc_type, sys.exc_value, sys.exc_traceback, <var>limit</var>, <var>file</var>)</code>. (In fact, it uses <tt class="function">sys.exc_info()</tt> to retrieve the same information in a thread-safe way instead of using the deprecated variables.) </dl> <P> <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-600' class="function">print_last</tt></b>(</nobr></td> <td><big>[</big><var>limit</var><big>[</big><var>, file</var><big>]</big><big>]</big>)</td></tr></table></dt> <dd> This is a shorthand for <code>print_exception(sys.last_type, sys.last_value, sys.last_traceback, <var>limit</var>, <var>file</var>)</code>. </dl> <P> <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-601' class="function">print_stack</tt></b>(</nobr></td> <td><big>[</big><var>f</var><big>[</big><var>, limit</var><big>[</big><var>, file</var><big>]</big><big>]</big><big>]</big>)</td></tr></table></dt> <dd> This function prints a stack trace from its invocation point. The optional <var>f</var> argument can be used to specify an alternate stack frame to start. The optional <var>limit</var> and <var>file</var> arguments have the same meaning as for <tt class="function">print_exception()</tt>. </dl> <P> <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-602' class="function">extract_tb</tt></b>(</nobr></td> <td><var>traceback</var><big>[</big><var>, limit</var><big>]</big>)</td></tr></table></dt> <dd> Return a list of up to <var>limit</var> ``pre-processed'' stack trace entries extracted from the traceback object <var>traceback</var>. It is useful for alternate formatting of stack traces. If <var>limit</var> is omitted or <code>None</code>, all entries are extracted. A ``pre-processed'' stack trace entry is a quadruple (<var>filename</var>, <var>line number</var>, <var>function name</var>, <var>text</var>) representing the information that is usually printed for a stack trace. The <var>text</var> is a string with leading and trailing whitespace stripped; if the source is not available it is <code>None</code>. </dl> <P> <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-603' class="function">extract_stack</tt></b>(</nobr></td> <td><big>[</big><var>f</var><big>[</big><var>, limit</var><big>]</big><big>]</big>)</td></tr></table></dt> <dd> Extract the raw traceback from the current stack frame. The return value has the same format as for <tt class="function">extract_tb()</tt>. The optional <var>f</var> and <var>limit</var> arguments have the same meaning as for <tt class="function">print_stack()</tt>. </dl> <P> <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-604' class="function">format_list</tt></b>(</nobr></td> <td><var>list</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> <dd> Given a list of tuples as returned by <tt class="function">extract_tb()</tt> or <tt class="function">extract_stack()</tt>, return a list of strings ready for printing. Each string in the resulting list corresponds to the item with the same index in the argument list. Each string ends in a newline; the strings may contain internal newlines as well, for those items whose source text line is not <code>None</code>. </dl> <P> <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-605' class="function">format_exception_only</tt></b>(</nobr></td> <td><var>type, value</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> <dd> Format the exception part of a traceback. The arguments are the exception type and value such as given by <code>sys.last_type</code> and <code>sys.last_value</code>. The return value is a list of strings, each ending in a newline. Normally, the list contains a single string; however, for <tt class="exception">SyntaxError</tt> exceptions, it contains several lines that (when printed) display detailed information about where the syntax error occurred. The message indicating which exception occurred is the always last string in the list. </dl> <P> <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-606' class="function">format_exception</tt></b>(</nobr></td> <td><var>type, value, tb</var><big>[</big><var>, limit</var><big>]</big>)</td></tr></table></dt> <dd> Format a stack trace and the exception information. The arguments have the same meaning as the corresponding arguments to <tt class="function">print_exception()</tt>. The return value is a list of strings, each ending in a newline and some containing internal newlines. When these lines are concatenated and printed, exactly the same text is printed as does <tt class="function">print_exception()</tt>. </dl> <P> <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-607' class="function">format_tb</tt></b>(</nobr></td> <td><var>tb</var><big>[</big><var>, limit</var><big>]</big>)</td></tr></table></dt> <dd> A shorthand for <code>format_list(extract_tb(<var>tb</var>, <var>limit</var>))</code>. </dl> <P> <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-608' class="function">format_stack</tt></b>(</nobr></td> <td><big>[</big><var>f</var><big>[</big><var>, limit</var><big>]</big><big>]</big>)</td></tr></table></dt> <dd> A shorthand for <code>format_list(extract_stack(<var>f</var>, <var>limit</var>))</code>. </dl> <P> <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-609' class="function">tb_lineno</tt></b>(</nobr></td> <td><var>tb</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> <dd> This function returns the current line number set in the traceback object. This function was necessary because in versions of Python prior to 2.3 when the <b class="programopt">-O</b> flag was passed to Python the <code><var>tb</var>.tb_lineno</code> was not updated correctly. 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