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><H1
><A
NAME="SQL-CREATEINDEX"
></A
>CREATE INDEX</H1
><DIV
CLASS="REFNAMEDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN39456"
></A
><H2
>Name</H2
>CREATE INDEX -- define a new index</DIV
><A
NAME="AEN39459"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="REFSYNOPSISDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN39461"
></A
><H2
>Synopsis</H2
><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>name</I
></TT
> ON <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table</I
></TT
> [ USING <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>method</I
></TT
> ]
( { <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column</I
></TT
> | ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>expression</I
></TT
> ) } [ <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>opclass</I
></TT
> ] [, ...] )
[ TABLESPACE <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>tablespace</I
></TT
> ]
[ WHERE <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>predicate</I
></TT
> ]</PRE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN39471"
></A
><H2
>Description</H2
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE INDEX</TT
> constructs an index <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>index_name</I
></TT
> on the specified table.
Indexes are primarily used to enhance database performance (though
inappropriate use will result in slower performance).
</P
><P
> The key field(s) for the index are specified as column names,
or alternatively as expressions written in parentheses.
Multiple fields can be specified if the index method supports
multicolumn indexes.
</P
><P
> An index field can be an expression computed from the values of
one or more columns of the table row. This feature can be used
to obtain fast access to data based on some transformation of
the basic data. For example, an index computed on
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>upper(col)</TT
> would allow the clause
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE upper(col) = 'JIM'</TT
> to use an index.
</P
><P
> <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> provides the index methods
B-tree, R-tree, hash, and GiST. The B-tree index method is an
implementation of Lehman-Yao high-concurrency B-trees. The R-tree
index method implements standard R-trees using Guttman's quadratic
split algorithm. The hash index method is an implementation of
Litwin's linear hashing. Users can also define their own index
methods, but that is fairly complicated.
</P
><P
> When the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
> clause is present, a
<I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>partial index</I
> is created.
A partial index is an index that contains entries for only a portion of
a table, usually a portion that is more useful for indexing than the
rest of the table. For example, if you have a table that contains both
billed and unbilled orders where the unbilled orders take up a small
fraction of the total table and yet that is an often used section, you
can improve performance by creating an index on just that portion.
Another possible application is to use <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
> with
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UNIQUE</TT
> to enforce uniqueness over a subset of a
table. See <A
HREF="indexes-partial.html"
>Section 11.7</A
> for more discussion.
</P
><P
> The expression used in the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
> clause may refer
only to columns of the underlying table, but it can use all columns,
not just the ones being indexed. Presently, subqueries and
aggregate expressions are also forbidden in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
>.
The same restrictions apply to index fields that are expressions.
</P
><P
> All functions and operators used in an index definition must be
<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"immutable"</SPAN
>, that is, their results must depend only on
their arguments and never on any outside influence (such as
the contents of another table or the current time). This restriction
ensures that the behavior of the index is well-defined. To use a
user-defined function in an index expression or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
>
clause, remember to mark the function immutable when you create it.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN39494"
></A
><H2
>Parameters</H2
><P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UNIQUE</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Causes the system to check for
duplicate values in the table when the index is created (if data
already exist) and each time data is added. Attempts to
insert or update data which would result in duplicate entries
will generate an error.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>name</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The name of the index to be created. No schema name can be included
here; the index is always created in the same schema as its parent
table.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The name (possibly schema-qualified) of the table to be indexed.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>method</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The name of the method to be used for the index. Choices are
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>btree</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>hash</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>rtree</TT
>, and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>gist</TT
>. The
default method is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>btree</TT
>.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The name of a column of the table.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>expression</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> An expression based on one or more columns of the table. The
expression usually must be written with surrounding parentheses,
as shown in the syntax. However, the parentheses may be omitted
if the expression has the form of a function call.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>opclass</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The name of an operator class. See below for details.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>tablespace</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The tablespace in which to create the index. If not specified,
<A
HREF="runtime-config.html#GUC-DEFAULT-TABLESPACE"
>default_tablespace</A
> is used, or the database's
default tablespace if <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>default_tablespace</TT
> is an empty
string.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>predicate</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The constraint expression for a partial index.
</P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN39549"
></A
><H2
>Notes</H2
><P
> See <A
HREF="indexes.html"
>Chapter 11</A
> for information about when indexes can
be used, when they are not used, and in which particular situations
they can be useful.
</P
><P
> Currently, only the B-tree and GiST index methods support
multicolumn indexes. Up to 32 fields may be specified by default.
(This limit can be altered when building
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>.) Only B-tree currently
supports unique indexes.
</P
><P
> An <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>operator class</I
> can be specified for each
column of an index. The operator class identifies the operators to be
used by the index for that column. For example, a B-tree index on
four-byte integers would use the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>int4_ops</TT
> class;
this operator class includes comparison functions for four-byte
integers. In practice the default operator class for the column's data
type is usually sufficient. The main point of having operator classes
is that for some data types, there could be more than one meaningful
ordering. For example, we might want to sort a complex-number data
type either by absolute value or by real part. We could do this by
defining two operator classes for the data type and then selecting
the proper class when making an index. More information about
operator classes is in <A
HREF="indexes-opclass.html"
>Section 11.6</A
> and in <A
HREF="xindex.html"
>Section 31.14</A
>.
</P
><P
> Use <A
HREF="sql-dropindex.html"
><I
>DROP INDEX</I
></A
>
to remove an index.
</P
><P
> Indexes are not used for <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>IS NULL</TT
> clauses by default.
The best way to use indexes in such cases is to create a partial index
using an <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>IS NULL</TT
> predicate.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN39565"
></A
><H2
>Examples</H2
><P
> To create a B-tree index on the column <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>title</TT
> in
the table <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>films</TT
>:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE UNIQUE INDEX title_idx ON films (title);</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> To create an index on the column <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>code</TT
> in the table
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>films</TT
> and have the index reside in the tablespace
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>indexspace</TT
>:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE INDEX code_idx ON films(code) TABLESPACE indexspace;</PRE
><P>
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN39576"
></A
><H2
>Compatibility</H2
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE INDEX</TT
> is a
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> language extension. There
are no provisions for indexes in the SQL standard.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN39581"
></A
><H2
>See Also</H2
><A
HREF="sql-alterindex.html"
><I
>ALTER INDEX</I
></A
>, <A
HREF="sql-dropindex.html"
><I
>DROP INDEX</I
></A
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