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><H1
><A
NAME="SQL-CREATELANGUAGE"
></A
>CREATE LANGUAGE</H1
><DIV
CLASS="REFNAMEDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN39592"
></A
><H2
>Name</H2
>CREATE LANGUAGE -- define a new procedural language</DIV
><A
NAME="AEN39595"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="REFSYNOPSISDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN39597"
></A
><H2
>Synopsis</H2
><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>name</I
></TT
>
HANDLER <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>call_handler</I
></TT
> [ VALIDATOR <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>valfunction</I
></TT
> ]</PRE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="SQL-CREATELANGUAGE-DESCRIPTION"
></A
><H2
>Description</H2
><P
> Using <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE LANGUAGE</TT
>, a
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> user can register a new
procedural language with a <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>
database. Subsequently, functions and trigger procedures can be
defined in this new language. The user must have the
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> superuser privilege to
register a new language.
</P
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE LANGUAGE</TT
> effectively associates the
language name with a call handler that is responsible for executing
functions written in the language. Refer to <A
HREF="xplang.html"
>Chapter 34</A
>
for more information about language call handlers.
</P
><P
> Note that procedural languages are local to individual databases.
To make a language available in all databases by default, it should
be installed into the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>template1</TT
> database.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="SQL-CREATELANGUAGE-PARAMETERS"
></A
><H2
>Parameters</H2
><P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TRUSTED</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TRUSTED</TT
> specifies that the call handler for
the language is safe, that is, it does not offer an
unprivileged user any functionality to bypass access
restrictions. If this key word is omitted when registering the
language, only users with the
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> superuser privilege can
use this language to create new functions.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>PROCEDURAL</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> This is a noise word.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>name</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The name of the new procedural language. The language name is
case insensitive. The name must be unique among the languages
in the database.
</P
><P
> For backward compatibility, the name may be enclosed by single
quotes.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>HANDLER</TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>call_handler</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>call_handler</I
></TT
> is
the name of a previously registered function that will be
called to execute the procedural language functions. The call
handler for a procedural language must be written in a compiled
language such as C with version 1 call convention and
registered with <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> as a
function taking no arguments and returning the
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>language_handler</TT
> type, a placeholder type that is
simply used to identify the function as a call handler.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>VALIDATOR</TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>valfunction</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>valfunction</I
></TT
> is the
name of a previously registered function that will be called
when a new function in the language is created, to validate the
new function.
If no
validator function is specified, then a new function will not
be checked when it is created.
The validator function must take one argument of
type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>oid</TT
>, which will be the OID of the
to-be-created function, and will typically return <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>void</TT
>.
</P
><P
> A validator function would typically inspect the function body
for syntactical correctness, but it can also look at other
properties of the function, for example if the language cannot
handle certain argument types. To signal an error, the
validator function should use the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>ereport()</CODE
>
function. The return value of the function is ignored.
</P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="SQL-CREATELANGUAGE-NOTES"
></A
><H2
>Notes</H2
><P
> This command normally should not be executed directly by users.
For the procedural languages supplied in the
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> distribution, the <A
HREF="app-createlang.html"
><SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>createlang</SPAN
></A
> program should be used, which will also
install the correct call handler. (<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>createlang</TT
>
will call <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE LANGUAGE</TT
> internally.)
</P
><P
> In <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> versions before 7.3, it was
necessary to declare handler functions as returning the placeholder
type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>opaque</TT
>, rather than <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>language_handler</TT
>.
To support loading
of old dump files, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE LANGUAGE</TT
> will accept a function
declared as returning <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>opaque</TT
>, but it will issue a notice and
change the function's declared return type to <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>language_handler</TT
>.
</P
><P
> Use the <A
HREF="sql-createfunction.html"
><I
>CREATE FUNCTION</I
></A
> command to create a new
function.
</P
><P
> Use <A
HREF="sql-droplanguage.html"
><I
>DROP LANGUAGE</I
></A
>, or better yet the <A
HREF="app-droplang.html"
><SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>droplang</SPAN
></A
> program, to drop procedural languages.
</P
><P
> The system catalog <CODE
CLASS="CLASSNAME"
>pg_language</CODE
> (see <A
HREF="catalog-pg-language.html"
>Section 41.18</A
>) records information about the
currently installed languages. Also <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>createlang</TT
>
has an option to list the installed languages.
</P
><P
> To be able to use a procedural language, a user must be granted the
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>USAGE</TT
> privilege. The
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>createlang</TT
> program automatically grants
permissions to everyone if the language is known to be trusted.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="SQL-CREATELANGUAGE-EXAMPLES"
></A
><H2
>Examples</H2
><P
> The following two commands executed in sequence will register a new
procedural language and the associated call handler.
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE FUNCTION plsample_call_handler() RETURNS language_handler
AS '$libdir/plsample'
LANGUAGE C;
CREATE LANGUAGE plsample
HANDLER plsample_call_handler;</PRE
><P>
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="SQL-CREATELANGUAGE-COMPAT"
></A
><H2
>Compatibility</H2
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE LANGUAGE</TT
> is a
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> extension.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN39690"
></A
><H2
>See Also</H2
><A
HREF="sql-alterlanguage.html"
><I
>ALTER LANGUAGE</I
></A
>, <A
HREF="sql-createfunction.html"
><I
>CREATE FUNCTION</I
></A
>, <A
HREF="sql-droplanguage.html"
><I
>DROP LANGUAGE</I
></A
>, <A
HREF="sql-grant.html"
><I
>GRANT</I
></A
>, <A
HREF="sql-revoke.html"
><I
>REVOKE</I
></A
>, <A
HREF="app-createlang.html"
><I
><I
>createlang</I
></I
></A
>, <A
HREF="app-droplang.html"
><I
><I
>droplang</I
></I
></A
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