<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Date/Time Types</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK
REV="MADE"
HREF="mailto:pgsql-docs@postgresql.org"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="PostgreSQL 8.0.11 Documentation"
HREF="index.html"><LINK
REL="UP"
TITLE="Data Types"
HREF="datatype.html"><LINK
REL="PREVIOUS"
TITLE="Binary Data Types"
HREF="datatype-binary.html"><LINK
REL="NEXT"
TITLE="Boolean Type"
HREF="datatype-boolean.html"><LINK
REL="STYLESHEET"
TYPE="text/css"
HREF="stylesheet.css"><META
HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type"
CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><META
NAME="creation"
CONTENT="2007-02-02T03:57:22"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="SECT1"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TH
COLSPAN="5"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>PostgreSQL 8.0.11 Documentation</TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="datatype-binary.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>Prev</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="datatype.html"
>Fast Backward</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="60%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="bottom"
>Chapter 8. Data Types</TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="datatype.html"
>Fast Forward</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="10%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="datatype-boolean.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next</A
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME"
>8.5. Date/Time Types</A
></H1
><A
NAME="AEN4192"
></A
><A
NAME="AEN4194"
></A
><A
NAME="AEN4196"
></A
><A
NAME="AEN4198"
></A
><A
NAME="AEN4200"
></A
><A
NAME="AEN4202"
></A
><A
NAME="AEN4204"
></A
><A
NAME="AEN4206"
></A
><A
NAME="AEN4208"
></A
><P
> <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> supports the full set of
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> date and time types, shown in <A
HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-TABLE"
>Table 8-9</A
>. The operations available
on these data types are described in
<A
HREF="functions-datetime.html"
>Section 9.9</A
>.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-TABLE"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 8-9. Date/Time Types</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><COL><COL><COL><COL><COL><COL><THEAD
><TR
><TH
>Name</TH
><TH
>Storage Size</TH
><TH
>Description</TH
><TH
>Low Value</TH
><TH
>High Value</TH
><TH
>Resolution</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp [ (<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>p</I
></TT
>) ] [ without time zone ]</TT
></TD
><TD
>8 bytes</TD
><TD
>both date and time</TD
><TD
>4713 BC</TD
><TD
>5874897 AD</TD
><TD
>1 microsecond / 14 digits</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp [ (<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>p</I
></TT
>) ] with time zone</TT
></TD
><TD
>8 bytes</TD
><TD
>both date and time, with time zone</TD
><TD
>4713 BC</TD
><TD
>5874897 AD</TD
><TD
>1 microsecond / 14 digits</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval [ (<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>p</I
></TT
>) ]</TT
></TD
><TD
>12 bytes</TD
><TD
>time intervals</TD
><TD
>-178000000 years</TD
><TD
>178000000 years</TD
><TD
>1 microsecond / 14 digits</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
></TD
><TD
>4 bytes</TD
><TD
>dates only</TD
><TD
>4713 BC</TD
><TD
>5874897 AD</TD
><TD
>1 day</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time [ (<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>p</I
></TT
>) ] [ without time zone ]</TT
></TD
><TD
>8 bytes</TD
><TD
>times of day only</TD
><TD
>00:00:00.00</TD
><TD
>23:59:59.99</TD
><TD
>1 microsecond / 14 digits</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time [ (<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>p</I
></TT
>) ] with time zone</TT
></TD
><TD
>12 bytes</TD
><TD
>times of day only, with time zone</TD
><TD
>00:00:00.00+12</TD
><TD
>23:59:59.99-12</TD
><TD
>1 microsecond / 14 digits</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> Prior to <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> 7.3, writing just
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
> was equivalent to <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with
time zone</TT
>. This was changed for SQL compliance.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
>, and
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
> accept an optional precision value
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>p</I
></TT
> which specifies the number of
fractional digits retained in the seconds field. By default, there
is no explicit bound on precision. The allowed range of
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>p</I
></TT
> is from 0 to 6 for the
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
> types.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> When <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
> values are stored as double precision floating-point
numbers (currently the default), the effective limit of precision
may be less than 6. <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
> values are stored as seconds
before or after midnight 2000-01-01. Microsecond precision is achieved for
dates within a few years of 2000-01-01, but the precision degrades for
dates further away. When <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
> values are stored as
eight-byte integers (a compile-time
option), microsecond precision is available over the full range of
values. However eight-byte integer timestamps have a more limited range of
dates than shown above: from 4713 BC up to 294276 AD. The same
compile-time option also determines whether <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
> and
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
> values are stored as floating-point or eight-byte
integers. In the floating-point case, large <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
> values
degrade in precision as the size of the interval increases.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
> For the <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
> types, the allowed range of
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>p</I
></TT
> is from 0 to 6 when eight-byte integer
storage is used, or from 0 to 10 when floating-point storage is used.
</P
><P
> The type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time with time zone</TT
> is defined by the SQL
standard, but the definition exhibits properties which lead to
questionable usefulness. In most cases, a combination of
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp without time
zone</TT
>, and <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
> should
provide a complete range of date/time functionality required by
any application.
</P
><P
> The types <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>abstime</TT
>
and <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>reltime</TT
> are lower precision types which are used internally.
You are discouraged from using these types in new
applications and are encouraged to move any old
ones over when appropriate. Any or all of these internal types
might disappear in a future release.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-INPUT"
>8.5.1. Date/Time Input</A
></H2
><P
> Date and time input is accepted in almost any reasonable format, including
ISO 8601, <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
>-compatible,
traditional <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>POSTGRES</SPAN
>, and others.
For some formats, ordering of month, day, and year in date input is
ambiguous and there is support for specifying the expected
ordering of these fields. Set the <A
HREF="runtime-config.html#GUC-DATESTYLE"
>DateStyle</A
> parameter
to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MDY</TT
> to select month-day-year interpretation,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DMY</TT
> to select day-month-year interpretation, or
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>YMD</TT
> to select year-month-day interpretation.
</P
><P
> <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> is more flexible in
handling date/time input than the
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> standard requires.
See <A
HREF="datetime-appendix.html"
>Appendix B</A
>
for the exact parsing rules of date/time input and for the
recognized text fields including months, days of the week, and
time zones.
</P
><P
> Remember that any date or time literal input needs to be enclosed
in single quotes, like text strings. Refer to
<A
HREF="sql-syntax.html#SQL-SYNTAX-CONSTANTS-GENERIC"
>Section 4.1.2.5</A
> for more
information.
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> requires the following syntax
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>type</I
></TT
> [ (<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>p</I
></TT
>) ] '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>value</I
></TT
>'</PRE
><P>
where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>p</I
></TT
> in the optional precision
specification is an integer corresponding to the number of
fractional digits in the seconds field. Precision can be
specified for <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
>, and
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
> types. The allowed values are mentioned
above. If no precision is specified in a constant specification,
it defaults to the precision of the literal value.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN4337"
>8.5.1.1. Dates</A
></H3
><A
NAME="AEN4339"
></A
><P
> <A
HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-DATE-TABLE"
>Table 8-10</A
> shows some possible
inputs for the <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
> type.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-DATE-TABLE"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 8-10. Date Input</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><COL><COL><THEAD
><TR
><TH
>Example</TH
><TH
>Description</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
>January 8, 1999</TD
><TD
>unambiguous in any <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>datestyle</TT
> input mode</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>1999-01-08</TD
><TD
>ISO 8601; January 8 in any mode
(recommended format)</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>1/8/1999</TD
><TD
>January 8 in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MDY</TT
> mode;
August 1 in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DMY</TT
> mode</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>1/18/1999</TD
><TD
>January 18 in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MDY</TT
> mode;
rejected in other modes</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>01/02/03</TD
><TD
>January 2, 2003 in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>MDY</TT
> mode;
February 1, 2003 in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DMY</TT
> mode;
February 3, 2001 in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>YMD</TT
> mode
</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>1999-Jan-08</TD
><TD
>January 8 in any mode</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>Jan-08-1999</TD
><TD
>January 8 in any mode</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>08-Jan-1999</TD
><TD
>January 8 in any mode</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>99-Jan-08</TD
><TD
>January 8 in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>YMD</TT
> mode, else error</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>08-Jan-99</TD
><TD
>January 8, except error in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>YMD</TT
> mode</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>Jan-08-99</TD
><TD
>January 8, except error in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>YMD</TT
> mode</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>19990108</TD
><TD
>ISO 8601; January 8, 1999 in any mode</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>990108</TD
><TD
>ISO 8601; January 8, 1999 in any mode</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>1999.008</TD
><TD
>year and day of year</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>J2451187</TD
><TD
>Julian day</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>January 8, 99 BC</TD
><TD
>year 99 before the Common Era</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN4410"
>8.5.1.2. Times</A
></H3
><A
NAME="AEN4412"
></A
><A
NAME="AEN4414"
></A
><A
NAME="AEN4416"
></A
><P
> The time-of-day types are <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time [
(<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>p</I
></TT
>) ] without time zone</TT
> and
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time [ (<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>p</I
></TT
>) ] with time
zone</TT
>. Writing just <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
> is equivalent to
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time without time zone</TT
>.
</P
><P
> Valid input for these types consists of a time of day followed
by an optional time zone. (See <A
HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-TIME-TABLE"
>Table 8-11</A
>
and <A
HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-TIMEZONE-TABLE"
>Table 8-12</A
>.) If a time zone is
specified in the input for <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time without time zone</TT
>,
it is silently ignored.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-TIME-TABLE"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 8-11. Time Input</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><COL><COL><THEAD
><TR
><TH
>Example</TH
><TH
>Description</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>04:05:06.789</TT
></TD
><TD
>ISO 8601</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>04:05:06</TT
></TD
><TD
>ISO 8601</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>04:05</TT
></TD
><TD
>ISO 8601</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>040506</TT
></TD
><TD
>ISO 8601</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>04:05 AM</TT
></TD
><TD
>same as 04:05; AM does not affect value</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>04:05 PM</TT
></TD
><TD
>same as 16:05; input hour must be <= 12</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>04:05:06.789-8</TT
></TD
><TD
>ISO 8601</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>04:05:06-08:00</TT
></TD
><TD
>ISO 8601</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>04:05-08:00</TT
></TD
><TD
>ISO 8601</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>040506-08</TT
></TD
><TD
>ISO 8601</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>04:05:06 PST</TT
></TD
><TD
>time zone specified by name</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="DATATYPE-TIMEZONE-TABLE"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 8-12. Time Zone Input</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><COL><COL><THEAD
><TR
><TH
>Example</TH
><TH
>Description</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>PST</TT
></TD
><TD
>Pacific Standard Time</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-8:00</TT
></TD
><TD
>ISO-8601 offset for PST</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-800</TT
></TD
><TD
>ISO-8601 offset for PST</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-8</TT
></TD
><TD
>ISO-8601 offset for PST</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>zulu</TT
></TD
><TD
>Military abbreviation for UTC</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>z</TT
></TD
><TD
>Short form of <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>zulu</TT
></TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
> Refer to <A
HREF="datetime-appendix.html"
>Appendix B</A
> for a list of
time zone names that are recognized for input.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN4516"
>8.5.1.3. Time Stamps</A
></H3
><A
NAME="AEN4518"
></A
><A
NAME="AEN4520"
></A
><A
NAME="AEN4522"
></A
><P
> Valid input for the time stamp types consists of a concatenation
of a date and a time, followed by an optional time zone,
followed by an optional <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>AD</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>BC</TT
>.
(Alternatively, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>AD</TT
>/<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>BC</TT
> can appear
before the time zone, but this is not the preferred ordering.)
Thus
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>1999-01-08 04:05:06</PRE
><P>
and
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>1999-01-08 04:05:06 -8:00</PRE
><P>
are valid values, which follow the <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>ISO</ACRONYM
> 8601
standard. In addition, the wide-spread format
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>January 8 04:05:06 1999 PST</PRE
><P>
is supported.
</P
><P
> The <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> standard differentiates <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp without time zone</TT
>
and <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
> literals by the existence of a
<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"+"</SPAN
>; or <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"-"</SPAN
>. Hence, according to the standard,
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>TIMESTAMP '2004-10-19 10:23:54'</PRE
><P>
is a <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp without time zone</TT
>, while
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>TIMESTAMP '2004-10-19 10:23:54+02'</PRE
><P>
is a <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
>.
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>
differs from the standard by requiring that <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
>
literals be explicitly typed:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '2004-10-19 10:23:54+02'</PRE
><P>
If a literal is not explicitly indicated as being of <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
>,
PostgreSQL will silently ignore any time zone indication in the literal.
That is, the resulting date/time value is derived from the date/time
fields in the input value, and is not adjusted for time zone.
</P
><P
> For <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
>, the internally stored
value is always in UTC (Universal
Coordinated Time, traditionally known as Greenwich Mean Time,
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>GMT</ACRONYM
>). An input value that has an explicit
time zone specified is converted to UTC using the appropriate offset
for that time zone. If no time zone is stated in the input string,
then it is assumed to be in the time zone indicated by the system's
<A
HREF="runtime-config.html#GUC-TIMEZONE"
>timezone</A
> parameter, and is converted to UTC using the
offset for the <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>timezone</TT
> zone.
</P
><P
> When a <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time
zone</TT
> value is output, it is always converted from UTC to the
current <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>timezone</TT
> zone, and displayed as local time in that
zone. To see the time in another time zone, either change
<TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>timezone</TT
> or use the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>AT TIME ZONE</TT
> construct
(see <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-ZONECONVERT"
>Section 9.9.3</A
>).
</P
><P
> Conversions between <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp without time zone</TT
> and
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp with time zone</TT
> normally assume that the
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp without time zone</TT
> value should be taken or given
as <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>timezone</TT
> local time. A different zone reference can
be specified for the conversion using <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>AT TIME ZONE</TT
>.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN4564"
>8.5.1.4. Intervals</A
></H3
><A
NAME="AEN4566"
></A
><P
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
> values can be written with the following syntax:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>@</SPAN
>] <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>quantity</I
></TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>unit</I
></TT
> [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>quantity</I
></TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>unit</I
></TT
>...</SPAN
>] [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>direction</I
></TT
></SPAN
>]</PRE
><P>
Where: <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>quantity</I
></TT
> is a number (possibly signed);
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>unit</I
></TT
> is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>second</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>minute</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>hour</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>day</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>week</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>month</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>year</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>decade</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>century</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>millennium</TT
>,
or abbreviations or plurals of these units;
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>direction</I
></TT
> can be <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ago</TT
> or
empty. The at sign (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>@</TT
>) is optional noise. The amounts
of different units are implicitly added up with appropriate
sign accounting.
</P
><P
> Quantities of days, hours, minutes, and seconds can be specified without
explicit unit markings. For example, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>'1 12:59:10'</TT
> is read
the same as <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>'1 day 12 hours 59 min 10 sec'</TT
>.
</P
><P
> The optional precision
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>p</I
></TT
> should be between 0 and 6, and
defaults to the precision of the input literal.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN4599"
>8.5.1.5. Special Values</A
></H3
><A
NAME="AEN4601"
></A
><A
NAME="AEN4604"
></A
><P
> <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> supports several
special date/time input values for convenience, as shown in <A
HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-SPECIAL-TABLE"
>Table 8-13</A
>. The values
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>infinity</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-infinity</TT
>
are specially represented inside the system and will be displayed
the same way; but the others are simply notational shorthands
that will be converted to ordinary date/time values when read.
(In particular, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>now</TT
> and related strings are converted
to a specific time value as soon as they are read.)
All of these values need to be written in single quotes when used
as constants in SQL commands.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-SPECIAL-TABLE"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 8-13. Special Date/Time Inputs</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><COL><COL><THEAD
><TR
><TH
>Input String</TH
><TH
>Valid Types</TH
><TH
>Description</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>epoch</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
></TD
><TD
>1970-01-01 00:00:00+00 (Unix system time zero)</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>infinity</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
></TD
><TD
>later than all other time stamps</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-infinity</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
></TD
><TD
>earlier than all other time stamps</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>now</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
></TD
><TD
>current transaction's start time</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>today</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
></TD
><TD
>midnight today</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>tomorrow</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
></TD
><TD
>midnight tomorrow</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>yesterday</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>timestamp</TT
></TD
><TD
>midnight yesterday</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>allballs</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
></TD
><TD
>00:00:00.00 UTC</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
> The following <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
>-compatible functions can also
be used to obtain the current time value for the corresponding data
type:
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CURRENT_DATE</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CURRENT_TIME</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LOCALTIME</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LOCALTIMESTAMP</TT
>. The latter four accept an
optional precision specification. (See <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT"
>Section 9.9.4</A
>.) Note however that these are
SQL functions and are <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>not</I
></SPAN
> recognized as data input strings.
</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT"
>8.5.2. Date/Time Output</A
></H2
><A
NAME="AEN4687"
></A
><A
NAME="AEN4691"
></A
><P
> The output format of the date/time types can be set to one of the four
styles ISO 8601,
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> (Ingres), traditional POSTGRES, and
German, using the command <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SET datestyle</TT
>. The default
is the <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>ISO</ACRONYM
> format. (The
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> standard requires the use of the ISO 8601
format. The name of the <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"SQL"</SPAN
> output format is a
historical accident.) <A
HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT-TABLE"
>Table 8-14</A
> shows examples of each
output style. The output of the <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
> and
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
> types is of course only the date or time part
in accordance with the given examples.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT-TABLE"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 8-14. Date/Time Output Styles</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><COL><COL><COL><THEAD
><TR
><TH
>Style Specification</TH
><TH
>Description</TH
><TH
>Example</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
>ISO</TD
><TD
>ISO 8601/SQL standard</TD
><TD
>1997-12-17 07:37:16-08</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>SQL</TD
><TD
>traditional style</TD
><TD
>12/17/1997 07:37:16.00 PST</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>POSTGRES</TD
><TD
>original style</TD
><TD
>Wed Dec 17 07:37:16 1997 PST</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
>German</TD
><TD
>regional style</TD
><TD
>17.12.1997 07:37:16.00 PST</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
> In the <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> and POSTGRES styles, day appears before
month if DMY field ordering has been specified, otherwise month appears
before day.
(See <A
HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-INPUT"
>Section 8.5.1</A
>
for how this setting also affects interpretation of input values.)
<A
HREF="datatype-datetime.html#DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT2-TABLE"
>Table 8-15</A
> shows an
example.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><A
NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-OUTPUT2-TABLE"
></A
><P
><B
>Table 8-15. Date Order Conventions</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><COL><COL><COL><THEAD
><TR
><TH
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>datestyle</TT
> Setting</TH
><TH
>Input Ordering</TH
><TH
>Example Output</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SQL, DMY</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>day</I
></TT
>/<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>month</I
></TT
>/<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>year</I
></TT
></TD
><TD
>17/12/1997 15:37:16.00 CET</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SQL, MDY</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>month</I
></TT
>/<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>day</I
></TT
>/<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>year</I
></TT
></TD
><TD
>12/17/1997 07:37:16.00 PST</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>Postgres, DMY</TT
></TD
><TD
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>day</I
></TT
>/<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>month</I
></TT
>/<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>year</I
></TT
></TD
><TD
>Wed 17 Dec 07:37:16 1997 PST</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
> <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
> output looks like the input format, except
that units like <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>century</TT
> or
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>week</TT
> are converted to years and days and
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ago</TT
> is converted to an appropriate sign. In
ISO mode the output looks like
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>quantity</I
></TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>unit</I
></TT
> [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
> ... </SPAN
>] </SPAN
>] [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>days</I
></TT
> </SPAN
>] [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>hours</I
></TT
>:<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>minutes</I
></TT
>:<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>seconds</I
></TT
> </SPAN
>]</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> The date/time styles can be selected by the user using the
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET datestyle</TT
> command, the <A
HREF="runtime-config.html#GUC-DATESTYLE"
>DateStyle</A
> parameter in the
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
> configuration file, or the
<TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGDATESTYLE</TT
> environment variable on the server or
client. The formatting function <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>to_char</CODE
>
(see <A
HREF="functions-formatting.html"
>Section 9.8</A
>) is also available as
a more flexible way to format the date/time output.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="DATATYPE-TIMEZONES"
>8.5.3. Time Zones</A
></H2
><A
NAME="AEN4792"
></A
><P
> Time zones, and time-zone conventions, are influenced by
political decisions, not just earth geometry. Time zones around the
world became somewhat standardized during the 1900's,
but continue to be prone to arbitrary changes, particularly with
respect to daylight-savings rules.
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> currently supports daylight-savings
rules over the time period 1902 through 2038 (corresponding to the full
range of conventional Unix system time). Times outside that range are
taken to be in <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"standard time"</SPAN
> for the selected time zone, no
matter what part of the year they fall in.
</P
><P
> <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> endeavors to be compatible with
the <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> standard definitions for typical usage.
However, the <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> standard has an odd mix of date and
time types and capabilities. Two obvious problems are:
<P
></P
></P><UL
><LI
><P
> Although the <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>date</TT
> type
does not have an associated time zone, the
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time</TT
> type can.
Time zones in the real world have little meaning unless
associated with a date as well as a time,
since the offset may vary through the year with daylight-saving
time boundaries.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> The default time zone is specified as a constant numeric offset
from <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>UTC</ACRONYM
>. It is therefore not possible to adapt to
daylight-saving time when doing date/time arithmetic across
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>DST</ACRONYM
> boundaries.
</P
></LI
></UL
><P>
</P
><P
> To address these difficulties, we recommend using date/time types
that contain both date and time when using time zones. We
recommend <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>not</I
></SPAN
> using the type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>time with
time zone</TT
> (though it is supported by
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> for legacy applications and
for compliance with the <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> standard).
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> assumes
your local time zone for any type containing only date or time.
</P
><P
> All timezone-aware dates and times are stored internally in
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>UTC</ACRONYM
>. They are converted to local time
in the zone specified by the <A
HREF="runtime-config.html#GUC-TIMEZONE"
>timezone</A
> configuration
parameter before being displayed to the client.
</P
><P
> The <A
HREF="runtime-config.html#GUC-TIMEZONE"
>timezone</A
> configuration parameter can
be set in the file <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
>, or in any of the
other standard ways described in <A
HREF="runtime-config.html"
>Section 16.4</A
>.
There are also several special ways to set it:
<P
></P
></P><UL
><LI
><P
> If <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>timezone</TT
> is not specified in
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
> nor as a postmaster command-line switch,
the server attempts to use the value of the <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>TZ</TT
>
environment variable as the default time zone. If <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>TZ</TT
>
is not defined or is not any of the time zone names known to
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>, the server attempts to
determine the operating system's default time zone by checking the
behavior of the C library function <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>localtime()</TT
>. The
default time zone is selected as the closest match among
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>'s known time zones.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> The <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> command <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET TIME ZONE</TT
>
sets the time zone for the session. This is an alternative spelling
of <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET TIMEZONE TO</TT
> with a more SQL-spec-compatible syntax.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> The <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGTZ</TT
> environment variable, if set at the
client, is used by <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>libpq</SPAN
>
applications to send a <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET TIME ZONE</TT
>
command to the server upon connection.
</P
></LI
></UL
><P>
</P
><P
> Refer to <A
HREF="datetime-appendix.html"
>Appendix B</A
> for a list of
available time zones.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="DATATYPE-DATETIME-INTERNALS"
>8.5.4. Internals</A
></H2
><P
> <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> uses Julian dates
for all date/time calculations. They have the nice property of correctly
predicting/calculating any date more recent than 4713 BC
to far into the future, using the assumption that the length of the
year is 365.2425 days.
</P
><P
> Date conventions before the 19th century make for interesting reading,
but are not consistent enough to warrant coding into a date/time handler.
</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
ALIGN="LEFT"
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
CELLSPACING="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="datatype-binary.html"
ACCESSKEY="P"
>Prev</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="index.html"
ACCESSKEY="H"
>Home</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="datatype-boolean.html"
ACCESSKEY="N"
>Next</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="left"
VALIGN="top"
>Binary Data Types</TD
><TD
WIDTH="34%"
ALIGN="center"
VALIGN="top"
><A
HREF="datatype.html"
ACCESSKEY="U"
>Up</A
></TD
><TD
WIDTH="33%"
ALIGN="right"
VALIGN="top"
>Boolean Type</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>
