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It performs DNS lookups and displays the answers that are returned from the name server(s) that were queried. Most DNS administrators use <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > to troubleshoot DNS problems because of its flexibility, ease of use and clarity of output. Other lookup tools tend to have less functionality than <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B >.</P ><P >Although <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > is normally used with command-line arguments, it also has a batch mode of operation for reading lookup requests from a file. A brief summary of its command-line arguments and options is printed when the <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-h</VAR > option is given. Unlike earlier versions, the BIND9 implementation of <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > allows multiple lookups to be issued from the command line.</P ><P >Unless it is told to query a specific name server, <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > will try each of the servers listed in <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/etc/resolv.conf</TT >.</P ><P >When no command line arguments or options are given, will perform an NS query for "." (the root).</P ><P >It is possible to set per-user defaults for <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > via <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >${HOME}/.digrc</TT >. This file is read and any options in it are applied before the command line arguments.</P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="REFSECT1" ><A NAME="AEN72" ></A ><H2 >SIMPLE USAGE</H2 ><P >A typical invocation of <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > looks like: <PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" > dig @server name type </PRE > where: <P ></P ><DIV CLASS="VARIABLELIST" ><DL ><DT ><CODE CLASS="CONSTANT" >server</CODE ></DT ><DD ><P >is the name or IP address of the name server to query. This can be an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation or an IPv6 address in colon-delimited notation. When the supplied <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >server</VAR > argument is a hostname, <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > resolves that name before querying that name server. If no <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >server</VAR > argument is provided, <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > consults <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/etc/resolv.conf</TT > and queries the name servers listed there. The reply from the name server that responds is displayed.</P ></DD ><DT ><CODE CLASS="CONSTANT" >name</CODE ></DT ><DD ><P >is the name of the resource record that is to be looked up.</P ></DD ><DT ><CODE CLASS="CONSTANT" >type</CODE ></DT ><DD ><P >indicates what type of query is required — ANY, A, MX, SIG, etc. <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >type</VAR > can be any valid query type. If no <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >type</VAR > argument is supplied, <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > will perform a lookup for an A record.</P ></DD ></DL ></DIV ></P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="REFSECT1" ><A NAME="AEN101" ></A ><H2 >OPTIONS</H2 ><P >The <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-b</VAR > option sets the source IP address of the query to <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >address</VAR >. This must be a valid address on one of the host's network interfaces or "0.0.0.0" or "::". An optional port may be specified by appending "#<port>"</P ><P >The default query class (IN for internet) is overridden by the <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-c</VAR > option. <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >class</VAR > is any valid class, such as HS for Hesiod records or CH for CHAOSNET records.</P ><P >The <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-f</VAR > option makes <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig </B > operate in batch mode by reading a list of lookup requests to process from the file <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >filename</VAR >. The file contains a number of queries, one per line. Each entry in the file should be organised in the same way they would be presented as queries to <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > using the command-line interface.</P ><P >If a non-standard port number is to be queried, the <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-p</VAR > option is used. <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >port#</VAR > is the port number that <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > will send its queries instead of the standard DNS port number 53. This option would be used to test a name server that has been configured to listen for queries on a non-standard port number.</P ><P >The <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-4</VAR > option forces <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > to only use IPv4 query transport. The <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-6</VAR > option forces <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > to only use IPv6 query transport.</P ><P >The <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-t</VAR > option sets the query type to <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >type</VAR >. It can be any valid query type which is supported in BIND9. The default query type "A", unless the <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-x</VAR > option is supplied to indicate a reverse lookup. A zone transfer can be requested by specifying a type of AXFR. When an incremental zone transfer (IXFR) is required, <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >type</VAR > is set to <VAR CLASS="LITERAL" >ixfr=N</VAR >. The incremental zone transfer will contain the changes made to the zone since the serial number in the zone's SOA record was <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >N</VAR >.</P ><P >Reverse lookups - mapping addresses to names - are simplified by the <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-x</VAR > option. <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >addr</VAR > is an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation, or a colon-delimited IPv6 address. When this option is used, there is no need to provide the <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >name</VAR >, <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >class</VAR > and <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >type</VAR > arguments. <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > automatically performs a lookup for a name like <VAR CLASS="LITERAL" >11.12.13.10.in-addr.arpa</VAR > and sets the query type and class to PTR and IN respectively. By default, IPv6 addresses are looked up using nibble format under the IP6.ARPA domain. To use the older RFC1886 method using the IP6.INT domain specify the <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-i</VAR > option. Bit string labels (RFC2874) are now experimental and are not attempted.</P ><P >To sign the DNS queries sent by <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > and their responses using transaction signatures (TSIG), specify a TSIG key file using the <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-k</VAR > option. You can also specify the TSIG key itself on the command line using the <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-y</VAR > option; <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >name</VAR > is the name of the TSIG key and <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >key</VAR > is the actual key. The key is a base-64 encoded string, typically generated by <SPAN CLASS="CITEREFENTRY" ><SPAN CLASS="REFENTRYTITLE" >dnssec-keygen</SPAN >(8)</SPAN >. Caution should be taken when using the <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-y</VAR > option on multi-user systems as the key can be visible in the output from <SPAN CLASS="CITEREFENTRY" ><SPAN CLASS="REFENTRYTITLE" >ps</SPAN >(1)</SPAN > or in the shell's history file. When using TSIG authentication with <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B >, the name server that is queried needs to know the key and algorithm that is being used. In BIND, this is done by providing appropriate <B CLASS="COMMAND" >key</B > and <B CLASS="COMMAND" >server</B > statements in <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >named.conf</TT >.</P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="REFSECT1" ><A NAME="AEN156" ></A ><H2 >QUERY OPTIONS</H2 ><P ><B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > provides a number of query options which affect the way in which lookups are made and the results displayed. Some of these set or reset flag bits in the query header, some determine which sections of the answer get printed, and others determine the timeout and retry strategies.</P ><P >Each query option is identified by a keyword preceded by a plus sign (<VAR CLASS="LITERAL" >+</VAR >). Some keywords set or reset an option. These may be preceded by the string <VAR CLASS="LITERAL" >no</VAR > to negate the meaning of that keyword. Other keywords assign values to options like the timeout interval. They have the form <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+keyword=value</VAR >. The query options are: <P ></P ><DIV CLASS="VARIABLELIST" ><DL ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]tcp</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Use [do not use] TCP when querying name servers. The default behaviour is to use UDP unless an AXFR or IXFR query is requested, in which case a TCP connection is used.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]vc</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Use [do not use] TCP when querying name servers. This alternate syntax to <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >+[no]tcp</VAR > is provided for backwards compatibility. The "vc" stands for "virtual circuit".</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]ignore</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Ignore truncation in UDP responses instead of retrying with TCP. By default, TCP retries are performed.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+domain=somename</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Set the search list to contain the single domain <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >somename</VAR >, as if specified in a <B CLASS="COMMAND" >domain</B > directive in <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/etc/resolv.conf</TT >, and enable search list processing as if the <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >+search</VAR > option were given.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]search</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Use [do not use] the search list defined by the searchlist or domain directive in <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >resolv.conf</TT > (if any). The search list is not used by default.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]defname</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Deprecated, treated as a synonym for <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >+[no]search</VAR ></P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]aaonly</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Sets the "aa" flag in the query.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]aaflag</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >A synonym for <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >+[no]aaonly</VAR >.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]adflag</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Set [do not set] the AD (authentic data) bit in the query. The AD bit currently has a standard meaning only in responses, not in queries, but the ability to set the bit in the query is provided for completeness.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]cdflag</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Set [do not set] the CD (checking disabled) bit in the query. This requests the server to not perform DNSSEC validation of responses.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]cl</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Display [do not display] the CLASS when printing the record.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]ttlid</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Display [do not display] the TTL when printing the record.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]recurse</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Toggle the setting of the RD (recursion desired) bit in the query. This bit is set by default, which means <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > normally sends recursive queries. Recursion is automatically disabled when the <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >+nssearch</VAR > or <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >+trace</VAR > query options are used.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]nssearch</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >When this option is set, <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > attempts to find the authoritative name servers for the zone containing the name being looked up and display the SOA record that each name server has for the zone.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]trace</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Toggle tracing of the delegation path from the root name servers for the name being looked up. Tracing is disabled by default. When tracing is enabled, <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > makes iterative queries to resolve the name being looked up. It will follow referrals from the root servers, showing the answer from each server that was used to resolve the lookup.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]cmd</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >toggles the printing of the initial comment in the output identifying the version of <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > and the query options that have been applied. This comment is printed by default.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]short</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Provide a terse answer. The default is to print the answer in a verbose form.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]identify</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Show [or do not show] the IP address and port number that supplied the answer when the <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >+short</VAR > option is enabled. If short form answers are requested, the default is not to show the source address and port number of the server that provided the answer.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]comments</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Toggle the display of comment lines in the output. The default is to print comments.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]stats</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >This query option toggles the printing of statistics: when the query was made, the size of the reply and so on. The default behaviour is to print the query statistics.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]qr</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Print [do not print] the query as it is sent. By default, the query is not printed.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]question</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Print [do not print] the question section of a query when an answer is returned. The default is to print the question section as a comment.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]answer</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Display [do not display] the answer section of a reply. The default is to display it.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]authority</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Display [do not display] the authority section of a reply. The default is to display it.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]additional</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Display [do not display] the additional section of a reply. The default is to display it.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]all</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Set or clear all display flags.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+time=T</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P > Sets the timeout for a query to <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >T</VAR > seconds. The default time out is 5 seconds. An attempt to set <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >T</VAR > to less than 1 will result in a query timeout of 1 second being applied.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+tries=T</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Sets the number of times to try UDP queries to server to <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >T</VAR > instead of the default, 3. If <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >T</VAR > is less than or equal to zero, the number of tries is silently rounded up to 1.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+retry=T</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Sets the number of times to retry UDP queries to server to <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >T</VAR > instead of the default, 2. Unlike <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >+tries</VAR >, this does not include the initial query.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+ndots=D</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Set the number of dots that have to appear in <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >name</VAR > to <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >D</VAR > for it to be considered absolute. The default value is that defined using the ndots statement in <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/etc/resolv.conf</TT >, or 1 if no ndots statement is present. Names with fewer dots are interpreted as relative names and will be searched for in the domains listed in the <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >search</VAR > or <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >domain</VAR > directive in <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/etc/resolv.conf</TT >.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+bufsize=B</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Set the UDP message buffer size advertised using EDNS0 to <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >B</VAR > bytes. The maximum and minimum sizes of this buffer are 65535 and 0 respectively. Values outside this range are rounded up or down appropriately.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]multiline</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Print records like the SOA records in a verbose multi-line format with human-readable comments. The default is to print each record on a single line, to facilitate machine parsing of the <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > output.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]fail</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Do not try the next server if you receive a SERVFAIL. The default is to not try the next server which is the reverse of normal stub resolver behaviour.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]besteffort</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Attempt to display the contents of messages which are malformed. The default is to not display malformed answers.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]dnssec</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Requests DNSSEC records be sent by setting the DNSSEC OK bit (DO) in the OPT record in the additional section of the query.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]sigchase</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Chase DNSSEC signature chains. Requires dig be compiled with -DDIG_SIGCHASE.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+trusted-key=####</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >Specify a trusted key to be used with <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+sigchase</VAR >. Requires dig be compiled with -DDIG_SIGCHASE.</P ></DD ><DT ><VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]topdown</VAR ></DT ><DD ><P >When chasing DNSSEC signature chains perform a top down validation. Requires dig be compiled with -DDIG_SIGCHASE.</P ></DD ></DL ></DIV > </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="REFSECT1" ><A NAME="AEN385" ></A ><H2 >MULTIPLE QUERIES</H2 ><P >The BIND 9 implementation of <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig </B > supports specifying multiple queries on the command line (in addition to supporting the <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >-f</VAR > batch file option). Each of those queries can be supplied with its own set of flags, options and query options.</P ><P >In this case, each <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >query</VAR > argument represent an individual query in the command-line syntax described above. Each consists of any of the standard options and flags, the name to be looked up, an optional query type and class and any query options that should be applied to that query.</P ><P >A global set of query options, which should be applied to all queries, can also be supplied. These global query options must precede the first tuple of name, class, type, options, flags, and query options supplied on the command line. Any global query options (except the <VAR CLASS="OPTION" >+[no]cmd</VAR > option) can be overridden by a query-specific set of query options. For example: <PRE CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING" >dig +qr www.isc.org any -x 127.0.0.1 isc.org ns +noqr</PRE > shows how <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > could be used from the command line to make three lookups: an ANY query for <VAR CLASS="LITERAL" >www.isc.org</VAR >, a reverse lookup of 127.0.0.1 and a query for the NS records of <VAR CLASS="LITERAL" >isc.org</VAR >. A global query option of <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >+qr</VAR > is applied, so that <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > shows the initial query it made for each lookup. The final query has a local query option of <VAR CLASS="PARAMETER" >+noqr</VAR > which means that <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dig</B > will not print the initial query when it looks up the NS records for <VAR CLASS="LITERAL" >isc.org</VAR >.</P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="REFSECT1" ><A NAME="AEN403" ></A ><H2 >FILES</H2 ><P ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/etc/resolv.conf</TT ></P ><P ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >${HOME}/.digrc</TT ></P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="REFSECT1" ><A NAME="AEN409" ></A ><H2 >SEE ALSO</H2 ><P ><SPAN CLASS="CITEREFENTRY" ><SPAN CLASS="REFENTRYTITLE" >host</SPAN >(1)</SPAN >, <SPAN CLASS="CITEREFENTRY" ><SPAN CLASS="REFENTRYTITLE" >named</SPAN >(8)</SPAN >, <SPAN CLASS="CITEREFENTRY" ><SPAN CLASS="REFENTRYTITLE" >dnssec-keygen</SPAN >(8)</SPAN >, <I CLASS="CITETITLE" >RFC1035</I >.</P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="REFSECT1" ><A NAME="AEN422" ></A ><H2 >BUGS </H2 ><P >There are probably too many query options. </P ></DIV ></BODY ></HTML >