/*P:100 This is the Launcher code, a simple program which lays out the
* "physical" memory for the new Guest by mapping the kernel image and the
* virtual devices, then reads repeatedly from /dev/lguest to run the Guest.
:*/
#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <err.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <elf.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#include <linux/sockios.h>
#include <linux/if_tun.h>
#include <sys/uio.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <zlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include "linux/lguest_launcher.h"
#include "linux/virtio_config.h"
#include "linux/virtio_net.h"
#include "linux/virtio_blk.h"
#include "linux/virtio_console.h"
#include "linux/virtio_ring.h"
#include "asm-x86/bootparam.h"
/*L:110 We can ignore the 38 include files we need for this program, but I do
* want to draw attention to the use of kernel-style types.
*
* As Linus said, "C is a Spartan language, and so should your naming be." I
* like these abbreviations, so we define them here. Note that u64 is always
* unsigned long long, which works on all Linux systems: this means that we can
* use %llu in printf for any u64. */
typedef unsigned long long u64;
typedef uint32_t u32;
typedef uint16_t u16;
typedef uint8_t u8;
/*:*/
#define PAGE_PRESENT 0x7 /* Present, RW, Execute */
#define NET_PEERNUM 1
#define BRIDGE_PFX "bridge:"
#ifndef SIOCBRADDIF
#define SIOCBRADDIF 0x89a2 /* add interface to bridge */
#endif
/* We can have up to 256 pages for devices. */
#define DEVICE_PAGES 256
/* This will occupy 2 pages: it must be a power of 2. */
#define VIRTQUEUE_NUM 128
/*L:120 verbose is both a global flag and a macro. The C preprocessor allows
* this, and although I wouldn't recommend it, it works quite nicely here. */
static bool verbose;
#define verbose(args...) \
do { if (verbose) printf(args); } while(0)
/*:*/
/* The pipe to send commands to the waker process */
static int waker_fd;
/* The pointer to the start of guest memory. */
static void *guest_base;
/* The maximum guest physical address allowed, and maximum possible. */
static unsigned long guest_limit, guest_max;
/* This is our list of devices. */
struct device_list
{
/* Summary information about the devices in our list: ready to pass to
* select() to ask which need servicing.*/
fd_set infds;
int max_infd;
/* Counter to assign interrupt numbers. */
unsigned int next_irq;
/* Counter to print out convenient device numbers. */
unsigned int device_num;
/* The descriptor page for the devices. */
u8 *descpage;
/* The tail of the last descriptor. */
unsigned int desc_used;
/* A single linked list of devices. */
struct device *dev;
/* ... And an end pointer so we can easily append new devices */
struct device **lastdev;
};
/* The list of Guest devices, based on command line arguments. */
static struct device_list devices;
/* The device structure describes a single device. */
struct device
{
/* The linked-list pointer. */
struct device *next;
/* The this device's descriptor, as mapped into the Guest. */
struct lguest_device_desc *desc;
/* The name of this device, for --verbose. */
const char *name;
/* If handle_input is set, it wants to be called when this file
* descriptor is ready. */
int fd;
bool (*handle_input)(int fd, struct device *me);
/* Any queues attached to this device */
struct virtqueue *vq;
/* Device-specific data. */
void *priv;
};
/* The virtqueue structure describes a queue attached to a device. */
struct virtqueue
{
struct virtqueue *next;
/* Which device owns me. */
struct device *dev;
/* The configuration for this queue. */
struct lguest_vqconfig config;
/* The actual ring of buffers. */
struct vring vring;
/* Last available index we saw. */
u16 last_avail_idx;
/* The routine to call when the Guest pings us. */
void (*handle_output)(int fd, struct virtqueue *me);
};
/* Since guest is UP and we don't run at the same time, we don't need barriers.
* But I include them in the code in case others copy it. */
#define wmb()
/* Convert an iovec element to the given type.
*
* This is a fairly ugly trick: we need to know the size of the type and
* alignment requirement to check the pointer is kosher. It's also nice to
* have the name of the type in case we report failure.
*
* Typing those three things all the time is cumbersome and error prone, so we
* have a macro which sets them all up and passes to the real function. */
#define convert(iov, type) \
((type *)_convert((iov), sizeof(type), __alignof__(type), #type))
static void *_convert(struct iovec *iov, size_t size, size_t align,
const char *name)
{
if (iov->iov_len != size)
errx(1, "Bad iovec size %zu for %s", iov->iov_len, name);
if ((unsigned long)iov->iov_base % align != 0)
errx(1, "Bad alignment %p for %s", iov->iov_base, name);
return iov->iov_base;
}
/* The virtio configuration space is defined to be little-endian. x86 is
* little-endian too, but it's nice to be explicit so we have these helpers. */
#define cpu_to_le16(v16) (v16)
#define cpu_to_le32(v32) (v32)
#define cpu_to_le64(v64) (v64)
#define le16_to_cpu(v16) (v16)
#define le32_to_cpu(v32) (v32)
#define le64_to_cpu(v32) (v64)
/*L:100 The Launcher code itself takes us out into userspace, that scary place
* where pointers run wild and free! Unfortunately, like most userspace
* programs, it's quite boring (which is why everyone likes to hack on the
* kernel!). Perhaps if you make up an Lguest Drinking Game at this point, it
* will get you through this section. Or, maybe not.
*
* The Launcher sets up a big chunk of memory to be the Guest's "physical"
* memory and stores it in "guest_base". In other words, Guest physical ==
* Launcher virtual with an offset.
*
* This can be tough to get your head around, but usually it just means that we
* use these trivial conversion functions when the Guest gives us it's
* "physical" addresses: */
static void *from_guest_phys(unsigned long addr)
{
return guest_base + addr;
}
static unsigned long to_guest_phys(const void *addr)
{
return (addr - guest_base);
}
/*L:130
* Loading the Kernel.
*
* We start with couple of simple helper routines. open_or_die() avoids
* error-checking code cluttering the callers: */
static int open_or_die(const char *name, int flags)
{
int fd = open(name, flags);
if (fd < 0)
err(1, "Failed to open %s", name);
return fd;
}
/* map_zeroed_pages() takes a number of pages. */
static void *map_zeroed_pages(unsigned int num)
{
int fd = open_or_die("/dev/zero", O_RDONLY);
void *addr;
/* We use a private mapping (ie. if we write to the page, it will be
* copied). */
addr = mmap(NULL, getpagesize() * num,
PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
if (addr == MAP_FAILED)
err(1, "Mmaping %u pages of /dev/zero", num);
return addr;
}
/* Get some more pages for a device. */
static void *get_pages(unsigned int num)
{
void *addr = from_guest_phys(guest_limit);
guest_limit += num * getpagesize();
if (guest_limit > guest_max)
errx(1, "Not enough memory for devices");
return addr;
}
/* This routine is used to load the kernel or initrd. It tries mmap, but if
* that fails (Plan 9's kernel file isn't nicely aligned on page boundaries),
* it falls back to reading the memory in. */
static void map_at(int fd, void *addr, unsigned long offset, unsigned long len)
{
ssize_t r;
/* We map writable even though for some segments are marked read-only.
* The kernel really wants to be writable: it patches its own
* instructions.
*
* MAP_PRIVATE means that the page won't be copied until a write is
* done to it. This allows us to share untouched memory between
* Guests. */
if (mmap(addr, len, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE|PROT_EXEC,
MAP_FIXED|MAP_PRIVATE, fd, offset) != MAP_FAILED)
return;
/* pread does a seek and a read in one shot: saves a few lines. */
r = pread(fd, addr, len, offset);
if (r != len)
err(1, "Reading offset %lu len %lu gave %zi", offset, len, r);
}
/* This routine takes an open vmlinux image, which is in ELF, and maps it into
* the Guest memory. ELF = Embedded Linking Format, which is the format used
* by all modern binaries on Linux including the kernel.
*
* The ELF headers give *two* addresses: a physical address, and a virtual
* address. We use the physical address; the Guest will map itself to the
* virtual address.
*
* We return the starting address. */
static unsigned long map_elf(int elf_fd, const Elf32_Ehdr *ehdr)
{
Elf32_Phdr phdr[ehdr->e_phnum];
unsigned int i;
/* Sanity checks on the main ELF header: an x86 executable with a
* reasonable number of correctly-sized program headers. */
if (ehdr->e_type != ET_EXEC
|| ehdr->e_machine != EM_386
|| ehdr->e_phentsize != sizeof(Elf32_Phdr)
|| ehdr->e_phnum < 1 || ehdr->e_phnum > 65536U/sizeof(Elf32_Phdr))
errx(1, "Malformed elf header");
/* An ELF executable contains an ELF header and a number of "program"
* headers which indicate which parts ("segments") of the program to
* load where. */
/* We read in all the program headers at once: */
if (lseek(elf_fd, ehdr->e_phoff, SEEK_SET) < 0)
err(1, "Seeking to program headers");
if (read(elf_fd, phdr, sizeof(phdr)) != sizeof(phdr))
err(1, "Reading program headers");
/* Try all the headers: there are usually only three. A read-only one,
* a read-write one, and a "note" section which isn't loadable. */
for (i = 0; i < ehdr->e_phnum; i++) {
/* If this isn't a loadable segment, we ignore it */
if (phdr[i].p_type != PT_LOAD)
continue;
verbose("Section %i: size %i addr %p\n",
i, phdr[i].p_memsz, (void *)phdr[i].p_paddr);
/* We map this section of the file at its physical address. */
map_at(elf_fd, from_guest_phys(phdr[i].p_paddr),
phdr[i].p_offset, phdr[i].p_filesz);
}
/* The entry point is given in the ELF header. */
return ehdr->e_entry;
}
/*L:150 A bzImage, unlike an ELF file, is not meant to be loaded. You're
* supposed to jump into it and it will unpack itself. We used to have to
* perform some hairy magic because the unpacking code scared me.
*
* Fortunately, Jeremy Fitzhardinge convinced me it wasn't that hard and wrote
* a small patch to jump over the tricky bits in the Guest, so now we just read
* the funky header so we know where in the file to load, and away we go! */
static unsigned long load_bzimage(int fd)
{
struct boot_params boot;
int r;
/* Modern bzImages get loaded at 1M. */
void *p = from_guest_phys(0x100000);
/* Go back to the start of the file and read the header. It should be
* a Linux boot header (see Documentation/i386/boot.txt) */
lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
read(fd, &boot, sizeof(boot));
/* Inside the setup_hdr, we expect the magic "HdrS" */
if (memcmp(&boot.hdr.header, "HdrS", 4) != 0)
errx(1, "This doesn't look like a bzImage to me");
/* Skip over the extra sectors of the header. */
lseek(fd, (boot.hdr.setup_sects+1) * 512, SEEK_SET);
/* Now read everything into memory. in nice big chunks. */
while ((r = read(fd, p, 65536)) > 0)
p += r;
/* Finally, code32_start tells us where to enter the kernel. */
return boot.hdr.code32_start;
}
/*L:140 Loading the kernel is easy when it's a "vmlinux", but most kernels
* come wrapped up in the self-decompressing "bzImage" format. With a little
* work, we can load those, too. */
static unsigned long load_kernel(int fd)
{
Elf32_Ehdr hdr;
/* Read in the first few bytes. */
if (read(fd, &hdr, sizeof(hdr)) != sizeof(hdr))
err(1, "Reading kernel");
/* If it's an ELF file, it starts with "\177ELF" */
if (memcmp(hdr.e_ident, ELFMAG, SELFMAG) == 0)
return map_elf(fd, &hdr);
/* Otherwise we assume it's a bzImage, and try to unpack it */
return load_bzimage(fd);
}
/* This is a trivial little helper to align pages. Andi Kleen hated it because
* it calls getpagesize() twice: "it's dumb code."
*
* Kernel guys get really het up about optimization, even when it's not
* necessary. I leave this code as a reaction against that. */
static inline unsigned long page_align(unsigned long addr)
{
/* Add upwards and truncate downwards. */
return ((addr + getpagesize()-1) & ~(getpagesize()-1));
}
/*L:180 An "initial ram disk" is a disk image loaded into memory along with
* the kernel which the kernel can use to boot from without needing any
* drivers. Most distributions now use this as standard: the initrd contains
* the code to load the appropriate driver modules for the current machine.
*
* Importantly, James Morris works for RedHat, and Fedora uses initrds for its
* kernels. He sent me this (and tells me when I break it). */
static unsigned long load_initrd(const char *name, unsigned long mem)
{
int ifd;
struct stat st;
unsigned long len;
ifd = open_or_die(name, O_RDONLY);
/* fstat() is needed to get the file size. */
if (fstat(ifd, &st) < 0)
err(1, "fstat() on initrd '%s'", name);
/* We map the initrd at the top of memory, but mmap wants it to be
* page-aligned, so we round the size up for that. */
len = page_align(st.st_size);
map_at(ifd, from_guest_phys(mem - len), 0, st.st_size);
/* Once a file is mapped, you can close the file descriptor. It's a
* little odd, but quite useful. */
close(ifd);
verbose("mapped initrd %s size=%lu @ %p\n", name, len, (void*)mem-len);
/* We return the initrd size. */
return len;
}
/* Once we know how much memory we have, we can construct simple linear page
* tables which set virtual == physical which will get the Guest far enough
* into the boot to create its own.
*
* We lay them out of the way, just below the initrd (which is why we need to
* know its size). */
static unsigned long setup_pagetables(unsigned long mem,
unsigned long initrd_size)
{
unsigned long *pgdir, *linear;
unsigned int mapped_pages, i, linear_pages;
unsigned int ptes_per_page = getpagesize()/sizeof(void *);
mapped_pages = mem/getpagesize();
/* Each PTE page can map ptes_per_page pages: how many do we need? */
linear_pages = (mapped_pages + ptes_per_page-1)/ptes_per_page;
/* We put the toplevel page directory page at the top of memory. */
pgdir = from_guest_phys(mem) - initrd_size - getpagesize();
/* Now we use the next linear_pages pages as pte pages */
linear = (void *)pgdir - linear_pages*getpagesize();
/* Linear mapping is easy: put every page's address into the mapping in
* order. PAGE_PRESENT contains the flags Present, Writable and
* Executable. */
for (i = 0; i < mapped_pages; i++)
linear[i] = ((i * getpagesize()) | PAGE_PRESENT);
/* The top level points to the linear page table pages above. */
for (i = 0; i < mapped_pages; i += ptes_per_page) {
pgdir[i/ptes_per_page]
= ((to_guest_phys(linear) + i*sizeof(void *))
| PAGE_PRESENT);
}
verbose("Linear mapping of %u pages in %u pte pages at %#lx\n",
mapped_pages, linear_pages, to_guest_phys(linear));
/* We return the top level (guest-physical) address: the kernel needs
* to know where it is. */
return to_guest_phys(pgdir);
}
/*:*/
/* Simple routine to roll all the commandline arguments together with spaces
* between them. */
static void concat(char *dst, char *args[])
{
unsigned int i, len = 0;
for (i = 0; args[i]; i++) {
strcpy(dst+len, args[i]);
strcat(dst+len, " ");
len += strlen(args[i]) + 1;
}
/* In case it's empty. */
dst[len] = '\0';
}
/*L:185 This is where we actually tell the kernel to initialize the Guest. We
* saw the arguments it expects when we looked at initialize() in lguest_user.c:
* the base of Guest "physical" memory, the top physical page to allow, the
* top level pagetable and the entry point for the Guest. */
static int tell_kernel(unsigned long pgdir, unsigned long start)
{
unsigned long args[] = { LHREQ_INITIALIZE,
(unsigned long)guest_base,
guest_limit / getpagesize(), pgdir, start };
int fd;
verbose("Guest: %p - %p (%#lx)\n",
guest_base, guest_base + guest_limit, guest_limit);
fd = open_or_die("/dev/lguest", O_RDWR);
if (write(fd, args, sizeof(args)) < 0)
err(1, "Writing to /dev/lguest");
/* We return the /dev/lguest file descriptor to control this Guest */
return fd;
}
/*:*/
static void add_device_fd(int fd)
{
FD_SET(fd, &devices.infds);
if (fd > devices.max_infd)
devices.max_infd = fd;
}
/*L:200
* The Waker.
*
* With console, block and network devices, we can have lots of input which we
* need to process. We could try to tell the kernel what file descriptors to
* watch, but handing a file descriptor mask through to the kernel is fairly
* icky.
*
* Instead, we fork off a process which watches the file descriptors and writes
* the LHREQ_BREAK command to the /dev/lguest file descriptor to tell the Host
* stop running the Guest. This causes the Launcher to return from the
* /dev/lguest read with -EAGAIN, where it will write to /dev/lguest to reset
* the LHREQ_BREAK and wake us up again.
*
* This, of course, is merely a different *kind* of icky.
*/
static void wake_parent(int pipefd, int lguest_fd)
{
/* Add the pipe from the Launcher to the fdset in the device_list, so
* we watch it, too. */
add_device_fd(pipefd);
for (;;) {
fd_set rfds = devices.infds;
unsigned long args[] = { LHREQ_BREAK, 1 };
/* Wait until input is ready from one of the devices. */
select(devices.max_infd+1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, NULL);
/* Is it a message from the Launcher? */
if (FD_ISSET(pipefd, &rfds)) {
int fd;
/* If read() returns 0, it means the Launcher has
* exited. We silently follow. */
if (read(pipefd, &fd, sizeof(fd)) == 0)
exit(0);
/* Otherwise it's telling us to change what file
* descriptors we're to listen to. Positive means
* listen to a new one, negative means stop
* listening. */
if (fd >= 0)
FD_SET(fd, &devices.infds);
else
FD_CLR(-fd - 1, &devices.infds);
} else /* Send LHREQ_BREAK command. */
write(lguest_fd, args, sizeof(args));
}
}
/* This routine just sets up a pipe to the Waker process. */
static int setup_waker(int lguest_fd)
{
int pipefd[2], child;
/* We create a pipe to talk to the Waker, and also so it knows when the
* Launcher dies (and closes pipe). */
pipe(pipefd);
child = fork();
if (child == -1)
err(1, "forking");
if (child == 0) {
/* We are the Waker: close the "writing" end of our copy of the
* pipe and start waiting for input. */
close(pipefd[1]);
wake_parent(pipefd[0], lguest_fd);
}
/* Close the reading end of our copy of the pipe. */
close(pipefd[0]);
/* Here is the fd used to talk to the waker. */
return pipefd[1];
}
/*
* Device Handling.
*
* When the Guest gives us a buffer, it sends an array of addresses and sizes.
* We need to make sure it's not trying to reach into the Launcher itself, so
* we have a convenient routine which checks it and exits with an error message
* if something funny is going on:
*/
static void *_check_pointer(unsigned long addr, unsigned int size,
unsigned int line)
{
/* We have to separately check addr and addr+size, because size could
* be huge and addr + size might wrap around. */
if (addr >= guest_limit || addr + size >= guest_limit)
errx(1, "%s:%i: Invalid address %#lx", __FILE__, line, addr);
/* We return a pointer for the caller's convenience, now we know it's
* safe to use. */
return from_guest_phys(addr);
}
/* A macro which transparently hands the line number to the real function. */
#define check_pointer(addr,size) _check_pointer(addr, size, __LINE__)
/* Each buffer in the virtqueues is actually a chain of descriptors. This
* function returns the next descriptor in the chain, or vq->vring.num if we're
* at the end. */
static unsigned next_desc(struct virtqueue *vq, unsigned int i)
{
unsigned int next;
/* If this descriptor says it doesn't chain, we're done. */
if (!(vq->vring.desc[i].flags & VRING_DESC_F_NEXT))
return vq->vring.num;
/* Check they're not leading us off end of descriptors. */
next = vq->vring.desc[i].next;
/* Make sure compiler knows to grab that: we don't want it changing! */
wmb();
if (next >= vq->vring.num)
errx(1, "Desc next is %u", next);
return next;
}
/* This looks in the virtqueue and for the first available buffer, and converts
* it to an iovec for convenient access. Since descriptors consist of some
* number of output then some number of input descriptors, it's actually two
* iovecs, but we pack them into one and note how many of each there were.
*
* This function returns the descriptor number found, or vq->vring.num (which
* is never a valid descriptor number) if none was found. */
static unsigned get_vq_desc(struct virtqueue *vq,
struct iovec iov[],
unsigned int *out_num, unsigned int *in_num)
{
unsigned int i, head;
/* Check it isn't doing very strange things with descriptor numbers. */
if ((u16)(vq->vring.avail->idx - vq->last_avail_idx) > vq->vring.num)
errx(1, "Guest moved used index from %u to %u",
vq->last_avail_idx, vq->vring.avail->idx);
/* If there's nothing new since last we looked, return invalid. */
if (vq->vring.avail->idx == vq->last_avail_idx)
return vq->vring.num;
/* Grab the next descriptor number they're advertising, and increment
* the index we've seen. */
head = vq->vring.avail->ring[vq->last_avail_idx++ % vq->vring.num];
/* If their number is silly, that's a fatal mistake. */
if (head >= vq->vring.num)
errx(1, "Guest says index %u is available", head);
/* When we start there are none of either input nor output. */
*out_num = *in_num = 0;
i = head;
do {
/* Grab the first descriptor, and check it's OK. */
iov[*out_num + *in_num].iov_len = vq->vring.desc[i].len;
iov[*out_num + *in_num].iov_base
= check_pointer(vq->vring.desc[i].addr,
vq->vring.desc[i].len);
/* If this is an input descriptor, increment that count. */
if (vq->vring.desc[i].flags & VRING_DESC_F_WRITE)
(*in_num)++;
else {
/* If it's an output descriptor, they're all supposed
* to come before any input descriptors. */
if (*in_num)
errx(1, "Descriptor has out after in");
(*out_num)++;
}
/* If we've got too many, that implies a descriptor loop. */
if (*out_num + *in_num > vq->vring.num)
errx(1, "Looped descriptor");
} while ((i = next_desc(vq, i)) != vq->vring.num);
return head;
}
/* After we've used one of their buffers, we tell them about it. We'll then
* want to send them an interrupt, using trigger_irq(). */
static void add_used(struct virtqueue *vq, unsigned int head, int len)
{
struct vring_used_elem *used;
/* The virtqueue contains a ring of used buffers. Get a pointer to the
* next entry in that used ring. */
used = &vq->vring.used->ring[vq->vring.used->idx % vq->vring.num];
used->id = head;
used->len = len;
/* Make sure buffer is written before we update index. */
wmb();
vq->vring.used->idx++;
}
/* This actually sends the interrupt for this virtqueue */
static void trigger_irq(int fd, struct virtqueue *vq)
{
unsigned long buf[] = { LHREQ_IRQ, vq->config.irq };
/* If they don't want an interrupt, don't send one. */
if (vq->vring.avail->flags & VRING_AVAIL_F_NO_INTERRUPT)
return;
/* Send the Guest an interrupt tell them we used something up. */
if (write(fd, buf, sizeof(buf)) != 0)
err(1, "Triggering irq %i", vq->config.irq);
}
/* And here's the combo meal deal. Supersize me! */
static void add_used_and_trigger(int fd, struct virtqueue *vq,
unsigned int head, int len)
{
add_used(vq, head, len);
trigger_irq(fd, vq);
}
/*
* The Console
*
* Here is the input terminal setting we save, and the routine to restore them
* on exit so the user gets their terminal back. */
static struct termios orig_term;
static void restore_term(void)
{
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &orig_term);
}
/* We associate some data with the console for our exit hack. */
struct console_abort
{
/* How many times have they hit ^C? */
int count;
/* When did they start? */
struct timeval start;
};
/* This is the routine which handles console input (ie. stdin). */
static bool handle_console_input(int fd, struct device *dev)
{
int len;
unsigned int head, in_num, out_num;
struct iovec iov[dev->vq->vring.num];
struct console_abort *abort = dev->priv;
/* First we need a console buffer from the Guests's input virtqueue. */
head = get_vq_desc(dev->vq, iov, &out_num, &in_num);
/* If they're not ready for input, stop listening to this file
* descriptor. We'll start again once they add an input buffer. */
if (head == dev->vq->vring.num)
return false;
if (out_num)
errx(1, "Output buffers in console in queue?");
/* This is why we convert to iovecs: the readv() call uses them, and so
* it reads straight into the Guest's buffer. */
len = readv(dev->fd, iov, in_num);
if (len <= 0) {
/* This implies that the console is closed, is /dev/null, or
* something went terribly wrong. */
warnx("Failed to get console input, ignoring console.");
/* Put the input terminal back. */
restore_term();
/* Remove callback from input vq, so it doesn't restart us. */
dev->vq->handle_output = NULL;
/* Stop listening to this fd: don't call us again. */
return false;
}
/* Tell the Guest about the new input. */
add_used_and_trigger(fd, dev->vq, head, len);
/* Three ^C within one second? Exit.
*
* This is such a hack, but works surprisingly well. Each ^C has to be
* in a buffer by itself, so they can't be too fast. But we check that
* we get three within about a second, so they can't be too slow. */
if (len == 1 && ((char *)iov[0].iov_base)[0] == 3) {
if (!abort->count++)
gettimeofday(&abort->start, NULL);
else if (abort->count == 3) {
struct timeval now;
gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
if (now.tv_sec <= abort->start.tv_sec+1) {
unsigned long args[] = { LHREQ_BREAK, 0 };
/* Close the fd so Waker will know it has to
* exit. */
close(waker_fd);
/* Just in case waker is blocked in BREAK, send
* unbreak now. */
write(fd, args, sizeof(args));
exit(2);
}
abort->count = 0;
}
} else
/* Any other key resets the abort counter. */
abort->count = 0;
/* Everything went OK! */
return true;
}
/* Handling output for console is simple: we just get all the output buffers
* and write them to stdout. */
static void handle_console_output(int fd, struct virtqueue *vq)
{
unsigned int head, out, in;
int len;
struct iovec iov[vq->vring.num];
/* Keep getting output buffers from the Guest until we run out. */
while ((head = get_vq_desc(vq, iov, &out, &in)) != vq->vring.num) {
if (in)
errx(1, "Input buffers in output queue?");
len = writev(STDOUT_FILENO, iov, out);
add_used_and_trigger(fd, vq, head, len);
}
}
/*
* The Network
*
* Handling output for network is also simple: we get all the output buffers
* and write them (ignoring the first element) to this device's file descriptor
* (stdout). */
static void handle_net_output(int fd, struct virtqueue *vq)
{
unsigned int head, out, in;
int len;
struct iovec iov[vq->vring.num];
/* Keep getting output buffers from the Guest until we run out. */
while ((head = get_vq_desc(vq, iov, &out, &in)) != vq->vring.num) {
if (in)
errx(1, "Input buffers in output queue?");
/* Check header, but otherwise ignore it (we told the Guest we
* supported no features, so it shouldn't have anything
* interesting). */
(void)convert(&iov[0], struct virtio_net_hdr);
len = writev(vq->dev->fd, iov+1, out-1);
add_used_and_trigger(fd, vq, head, len);
}
}
/* This is where we handle a packet coming in from the tun device to our
* Guest. */
static bool handle_tun_input(int fd, struct device *dev)
{
unsigned int head, in_num, out_num;
int len;
struct iovec iov[dev->vq->vring.num];
struct virtio_net_hdr *hdr;
/* First we need a network buffer from the Guests's recv virtqueue. */
head = get_vq_desc(dev->vq, iov, &out_num, &in_num);
if (head == dev->vq->vring.num) {
/* Now, it's expected that if we try to send a packet too
* early, the Guest won't be ready yet. Wait until the device
* status says it's ready. */
/* FIXME: Actually want DRIVER_ACTIVE here. */
if (dev->desc->status & VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_DRIVER_OK)
warn("network: no dma buffer!");
/* We'll turn this back on if input buffers are registered. */
return false;
} else if (out_num)
errx(1, "Output buffers in network recv queue?");
/* First element is the header: we set it to 0 (no features). */
hdr = convert(&iov[0], struct virtio_net_hdr);
hdr->flags = 0;
hdr->gso_type = VIRTIO_NET_HDR_GSO_NONE;
/* Read the packet from the device directly into the Guest's buffer. */
len = readv(dev->fd, iov+1, in_num-1);
if (len <= 0)
err(1, "reading network");
/* Tell the Guest about the new packet. */
add_used_and_trigger(fd, dev->vq, head, sizeof(*hdr) + len);
verbose("tun input packet len %i [%02x %02x] (%s)\n", len,
((u8 *)iov[1].iov_base)[0], ((u8 *)iov[1].iov_base)[1],
head != dev->vq->vring.num ? "sent" : "discarded");
/* All good. */
return true;
}
/*L:215 This is the callback attached to the network and console input
* virtqueues: it ensures we try again, in case we stopped console or net
* delivery because Guest didn't have any buffers. */
static void enable_fd(int fd, struct virtqueue *vq)
{
add_device_fd(vq->dev->fd);
/* Tell waker to listen to it again */
write(waker_fd, &vq->dev->fd, sizeof(vq->dev->fd));
}
/* This is the generic routine we call when the Guest uses LHCALL_NOTIFY. */
static void handle_output(int fd, unsigned long addr)
{
struct device *i;
struct virtqueue *vq;
/* Check each virtqueue. */
for (i = devices.dev; i; i = i->next) {
for (vq = i->vq; vq; vq = vq->next) {
if (vq->config.pfn == addr/getpagesize()
&& vq->handle_output) {
verbose("Output to %s\n", vq->dev->name);
vq->handle_output(fd, vq);
return;
}
}
}
/* Early console write is done using notify on a nul-terminated string
* in Guest memory. */
if (addr >= guest_limit)
errx(1, "Bad NOTIFY %#lx", addr);
write(STDOUT_FILENO, from_guest_phys(addr),
strnlen(from_guest_phys(addr), guest_limit - addr));
}
/* This is called when the Waker wakes us up: check for incoming file
* descriptors. */
static void handle_input(int fd)
{
/* select() wants a zeroed timeval to mean "don't wait". */
struct timeval poll = { .tv_sec = 0, .tv_usec = 0 };
for (;;) {
struct device *i;
fd_set fds = devices.infds;
/* If nothing is ready, we're done. */
if (select(devices.max_infd+1, &fds, NULL, NULL, &poll) == 0)
break;
/* Otherwise, call the device(s) which have readable
* file descriptors and a method of handling them. */
for (i = devices.dev; i; i = i->next) {
if (i->handle_input && FD_ISSET(i->fd, &fds)) {
int dev_fd;
if (i->handle_input(fd, i))
continue;
/* If handle_input() returns false, it means we
* should no longer service it. Networking and
* console do this when there's no input
* buffers to deliver into. Console also uses
* it when it discovers that stdin is
* closed. */
FD_CLR(i->fd, &devices.infds);
/* Tell waker to ignore it too, by sending a
* negative fd number (-1, since 0 is a valid
* FD number). */
dev_fd = -i->fd - 1;
write(waker_fd, &dev_fd, sizeof(dev_fd));
}
}
}
}
/*L:190
* Device Setup
*
* All devices need a descriptor so the Guest knows it exists, and a "struct
* device" so the Launcher can keep track of it. We have common helper
* routines to allocate them.
*
* This routine allocates a new "struct lguest_device_desc" from descriptor
* table just above the Guest's normal memory. It returns a pointer to that
* descriptor. */
static struct lguest_device_desc *new_dev_desc(u16 type)
{
struct lguest_device_desc *d;
/* We only have one page for all the descriptors. */
if (devices.desc_used + sizeof(*d) > getpagesize())
errx(1, "Too many devices");
/* We don't need to set config_len or status: page is 0 already. */
d = (void *)devices.descpage + devices.desc_used;
d->type = type;
devices.desc_used += sizeof(*d);
return d;
}
/* Each device descriptor is followed by some configuration information.
* Each configuration field looks like: u8 type, u8 len, [... len bytes...].
*
* This routine adds a new field to an existing device's descriptor. It only
* works for the last device, but that's OK because that's how we use it. */
static void add_desc_field(struct device *dev, u8 type, u8 len, const void *c)
{
/* This is the last descriptor, right? */
assert(devices.descpage + devices.desc_used
== (u8 *)(dev->desc + 1) + dev->desc->config_len);
/* We only have one page of device descriptions. */
if (devices.desc_used + 2 + len > getpagesize())
errx(1, "Too many devices");
/* Copy in the new config header: type then length. */
devices.descpage[devices.desc_used++] = type;
devices.descpage[devices.desc_used++] = len;
memcpy(devices.descpage + devices.desc_used, c, len);
devices.desc_used += len;
/* Update the device descriptor length: two byte head then data. */
dev->desc->config_len += 2 + len;
}
/* This routine adds a virtqueue to a device. We specify how many descriptors
* the virtqueue is to have. */
static void add_virtqueue(struct device *dev, unsigned int num_descs,
void (*handle_output)(int fd, struct virtqueue *me))
{
unsigned int pages;
struct virtqueue **i, *vq = malloc(sizeof(*vq));
void *p;
/* First we need some pages for this virtqueue. */
pages = (vring_size(num_descs, getpagesize()) + getpagesize() - 1)
/ getpagesize();
p = get_pages(pages);
/* Initialize the virtqueue */
vq->next = NULL;
vq->last_avail_idx = 0;
vq->dev = dev;
/* Initialize the configuration. */
vq->config.num = num_descs;
vq->config.irq = devices.next_irq++;
vq->config.pfn = to_guest_phys(p) / getpagesize();
/* Initialize the vring. */
vring_init(&vq->vring, num_descs, p, getpagesize());
/* Add the configuration information to this device's descriptor. */
add_desc_field(dev, VIRTIO_CONFIG_F_VIRTQUEUE,
sizeof(vq->config), &vq->config);
/* Add to tail of list, so dev->vq is first vq, dev->vq->next is
* second. */
for (i = &dev->vq; *i; i = &(*i)->next);
*i = vq;
/* Set the routine to call when the Guest does something to this
* virtqueue. */
vq->handle_output = handle_output;
/* Set the "Don't Notify Me" flag if we don't have a handler */
if (!handle_output)
vq->vring.used->flags = VRING_USED_F_NO_NOTIFY;
}
/* This routine does all the creation and setup of a new device, including
* calling new_dev_desc() to allocate the descriptor and device memory. */
static struct device *new_device(const char *name, u16 type, int fd,
bool (*handle_input)(int, struct device *))
{
struct device *dev = malloc(sizeof(*dev));
/* Append to device list. Prepending to a single-linked list is
* easier, but the user expects the devices to be arranged on the bus
* in command-line order. The first network device on the command line
* is eth0, the first block device /dev/vda, etc. */
*devices.lastdev = dev;
dev->next = NULL;
devices.lastdev = &dev->next;
/* Now we populate the fields one at a time. */
dev->fd = fd;
/* If we have an input handler for this file descriptor, then we add it
* to the device_list's fdset and maxfd. */
if (handle_input)
add_device_fd(dev->fd);
dev->desc = new_dev_desc(type);
dev->handle_input = handle_input;
dev->name = name;
dev->vq = NULL;
return dev;
}
/* Our first setup routine is the console. It's a fairly simple device, but
* UNIX tty handling makes it uglier than it could be. */
static void setup_console(void)
{
struct device *dev;
/* If we can save the initial standard input settings... */
if (tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &orig_term) == 0) {
struct termios term = orig_term;
/* Then we turn off echo, line buffering and ^C etc. We want a
* raw input stream to the Guest. */
term.c_lflag &= ~(ISIG|ICANON|ECHO);
tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &term);
/* If we exit gracefully, the original settings will be
* restored so the user can see what they're typing. */
atexit(restore_term);
}
dev = new_device("console", VIRTIO_ID_CONSOLE,
STDIN_FILENO, handle_console_input);
/* We store the console state in dev->priv, and initialize it. */
dev->priv = malloc(sizeof(struct console_abort));
((struct console_abort *)dev->priv)->count = 0;
/* The console needs two virtqueues: the input then the output. When
* they put something the input queue, we make sure we're listening to
* stdin. When they put something in the output queue, we write it to
* stdout. */
add_virtqueue(dev, VIRTQUEUE_NUM, enable_fd);
add_virtqueue(dev, VIRTQUEUE_NUM, handle_console_output);
verbose("device %u: console\n", devices.device_num++);
}
/*:*/
/*M:010 Inter-guest networking is an interesting area. Simplest is to have a
* --sharenet=<name> option which opens or creates a named pipe. This can be
* used to send packets to another guest in a 1:1 manner.
*
* More sopisticated is to use one of the tools developed for project like UML
* to do networking.
*
* Faster is to do virtio bonding in kernel. Doing this 1:1 would be
* completely generic ("here's my vring, attach to your vring") and would work
* for any traffic. Of course, namespace and permissions issues need to be
* dealt with. A more sophisticated "multi-channel" virtio_net.c could hide
* multiple inter-guest channels behind one interface, although it would
* require some manner of hotplugging new virtio channels.
*
* Finally, we could implement a virtio network switch in the kernel. :*/
static u32 str2ip(const char *ipaddr)
{
unsigned int byte[4];
sscanf(ipaddr, "%u.%u.%u.%u", &byte[0], &byte[1], &byte[2], &byte[3]);
return (byte[0] << 24) | (byte[1] << 16) | (byte[2] << 8) | byte[3];
}
/* This code is "adapted" from libbridge: it attaches the Host end of the
* network device to the bridge device specified by the command line.
*
* This is yet another James Morris contribution (I'm an IP-level guy, so I
* dislike bridging), and I just try not to break it. */
static void add_to_bridge(int fd, const char *if_name, const char *br_name)
{
int ifidx;
struct ifreq ifr;
if (!*br_name)
errx(1, "must specify bridge name");
ifidx = if_nametoindex(if_name);
if (!ifidx)
errx(1, "interface %s does not exist!", if_name);
strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, br_name, IFNAMSIZ);
ifr.ifr_ifindex = ifidx;
if (ioctl(fd, SIOCBRADDIF, &ifr) < 0)
err(1, "can't add %s to bridge %s", if_name, br_name);
}
/* This sets up the Host end of the network device with an IP address, brings
* it up so packets will flow, the copies the MAC address into the hwaddr
* pointer. */
static void configure_device(int fd, const char *devname, u32 ipaddr,
unsigned char hwaddr[6])
{
struct ifreq ifr;
struct sockaddr_in *sin = (struct sockaddr_in *)&ifr.ifr_addr;
/* Don't read these incantations. Just cut & paste them like I did! */
memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, devname);
sin->sin_family = AF_INET;
sin->sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(ipaddr);
if (ioctl(fd, SIOCSIFADDR, &ifr) != 0)
err(1, "Setting %s interface address", devname);
ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_UP;
if (ioctl(fd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) != 0)
err(1, "Bringing interface %s up", devname);
/* SIOC stands for Socket I/O Control. G means Get (vs S for Set
* above). IF means Interface, and HWADDR is hardware address.
* Simple! */
if (ioctl(fd, SIOCGIFHWADDR, &ifr) != 0)
err(1, "getting hw address for %s", devname);
memcpy(hwaddr, ifr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_data, 6);
}
/*L:195 Our network is a Host<->Guest network. This can either use bridging or
* routing, but the principle is the same: it uses the "tun" device to inject
* packets into the Host as if they came in from a normal network card. We
* just shunt packets between the Guest and the tun device. */
static void setup_tun_net(const char *arg)
{
struct device *dev;
struct ifreq ifr;
int netfd, ipfd;
u32 ip;
const char *br_name = NULL;
u8 hwaddr[6];
/* We open the /dev/net/tun device and tell it we want a tap device. A
* tap device is like a tun device, only somehow different. To tell
* the truth, I completely blundered my way through this code, but it
* works now! */
netfd = open_or_die("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR);
memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_TAP | IFF_NO_PI;
strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, "tap%d");
if (ioctl(netfd, TUNSETIFF, &ifr) != 0)
err(1, "configuring /dev/net/tun");
/* We don't need checksums calculated for packets coming in this
* device: trust us! */
ioctl(netfd, TUNSETNOCSUM, 1);
/* First we create a new network device. */
dev = new_device("net", VIRTIO_ID_NET, netfd, handle_tun_input);
/* Network devices need a receive and a send queue, just like
* console. */
add_virtqueue(dev, VIRTQUEUE_NUM, enable_fd);
add_virtqueue(dev, VIRTQUEUE_NUM, handle_net_output);
/* We need a socket to perform the magic network ioctls to bring up the
* tap interface, connect to the bridge etc. Any socket will do! */
ipfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_IP);
if (ipfd < 0)
err(1, "opening IP socket");
/* If the command line was --tunnet=bridge:<name> do bridging. */
if (!strncmp(BRIDGE_PFX, arg, strlen(BRIDGE_PFX))) {
ip = INADDR_ANY;
br_name = arg + strlen(BRIDGE_PFX);
add_to_bridge(ipfd, ifr.ifr_name, br_name);
} else /* It is an IP address to set up the device with */
ip = str2ip(arg);
/* Set up the tun device, and get the mac address for the interface. */
configure_device(ipfd, ifr.ifr_name, ip, hwaddr);
/* Tell Guest what MAC address to use. */
add_desc_field(dev, VIRTIO_CONFIG_NET_MAC_F, sizeof(hwaddr), hwaddr);
/* We don't seed the socket any more; setup is done. */
close(ipfd);
verbose("device %u: tun net %u.%u.%u.%u\n",
devices.device_num++,
(u8)(ip>>24),(u8)(ip>>16),(u8)(ip>>8),(u8)ip);
if (br_name)
verbose("attached to bridge: %s\n", br_name);
}
/* Our block (disk) device should be really simple: the Guest asks for a block
* number and we read or write that position in the file. Unfortunately, that
* was amazingly slow: the Guest waits until the read is finished before
* running anything else, even if it could have been doing useful work.
*
* We could use async I/O, except it's reputed to suck so hard that characters
* actually go missing from your code when you try to use it.
*
* So we farm the I/O out to thread, and communicate with it via a pipe. */
/* This hangs off device->priv. */
struct vblk_info
{
/* The size of the file. */
off64_t len;
/* The file descriptor for the file. */
int fd;
/* IO thread listens on this file descriptor [0]. */
int workpipe[2];
/* IO thread writes to this file descriptor to mark it done, then
* Launcher triggers interrupt to Guest. */
int done_fd;
};
/*:*/
/*L:210
* The Disk
*
* Remember that the block device is handled by a separate I/O thread. We head
* straight into the core of that thread here:
*/
static bool service_io(struct device *dev)
{
struct vblk_info *vblk = dev->priv;
unsigned int head, out_num, in_num, wlen;
int ret;
struct virtio_blk_inhdr *in;
struct virtio_blk_outhdr *out;
struct iovec iov[dev->vq->vring.num];
off64_t off;
/* See if there's a request waiting. If not, nothing to do. */
head = get_vq_desc(dev->vq, iov, &out_num, &in_num);
if (head == dev->vq->vring.num)
return false;
/* Every block request should contain at least one output buffer
* (detailing the location on disk and the type of request) and one
* input buffer (to hold the result). */
if (out_num == 0 || in_num == 0)
errx(1, "Bad virtblk cmd %u out=%u in=%u",
head, out_num, in_num);
out = convert(&iov[0], struct virtio_blk_outhdr);
in = convert(&iov[out_num+in_num-1], struct virtio_blk_inhdr);
off = out->sector * 512;
/* The block device implements "barriers", where the Guest indicates
* that it wants all previous writes to occur before this write. We
* don't have a way of asking our kernel to do a barrier, so we just
* synchronize all the data in the file. Pretty poor, no? */
if (out->type & VIRTIO_BLK_T_BARRIER)
fdatasync(vblk->fd);
/* In general the virtio block driver is allowed to try SCSI commands.
* It'd be nice if we supported eject, for example, but we don't. */
if (out->type & VIRTIO_BLK_T_SCSI_CMD) {
fprintf(stderr, "Scsi commands unsupported\n");
in->status = VIRTIO_BLK_S_UNSUPP;
wlen = sizeof(*in);
} else if (out->type & VIRTIO_BLK_T_OUT) {
/* Write */
/* Move to the right location in the block file. This can fail
* if they try to write past end. */
if (lseek64(vblk->fd, off, SEEK_SET) != off)
err(1, "Bad seek to sector %llu", out->sector);
ret = writev(vblk->fd, iov+1, out_num-1);
verbose("WRITE to sector %llu: %i\n", out->sector, ret);
/* Grr... Now we know how long the descriptor they sent was, we
* make sure they didn't try to write over the end of the block
* file (possibly extending it). */
if (ret > 0 && off + ret > vblk->len) {
/* Trim it back to the correct length */
ftruncate64(vblk->fd, vblk->len);
/* Die, bad Guest, die. */
errx(1, "Write past end %llu+%u", off, ret);
}
wlen = sizeof(*in);
in->status = (ret >= 0 ? VIRTIO_BLK_S_OK : VIRTIO_BLK_S_IOERR);
} else {
/* Read */
/* Move to the right location in the block file. This can fail
* if they try to read past end. */
if (lseek64(vblk->fd, off, SEEK_SET) != off)
err(1, "Bad seek to sector %llu", out->sector);
ret = readv(vblk->fd, iov+1, in_num-1);
verbose("READ from sector %llu: %i\n", out->sector, ret);
if (ret >= 0) {
wlen = sizeof(*in) + ret;
in->status = VIRTIO_BLK_S_OK;
} else {
wlen = sizeof(*in);
in->status = VIRTIO_BLK_S_IOERR;
}
}
/* We can't trigger an IRQ, because we're not the Launcher. It does
* that when we tell it we're done. */
add_used(dev->vq, head, wlen);
return true;
}
/* This is the thread which actually services the I/O. */
static int io_thread(void *_dev)
{
struct device *dev = _dev;
struct vblk_info *vblk = dev->priv;
char c;
/* Close other side of workpipe so we get 0 read when main dies. */
close(vblk->workpipe[1]);
/* Close the other side of the done_fd pipe. */
close(dev->fd);
/* When this read fails, it means Launcher died, so we follow. */
while (read(vblk->workpipe[0], &c, 1) == 1) {
/* We acknowledge each request immediately to reduce latency,
* rather than waiting until we've done them all. I haven't
* measured to see if it makes any difference. */
while (service_io(dev))
write(vblk->done_fd, &c, 1);
}
return 0;
}
/* Now we've seen the I/O thread, we return to the Launcher to see what happens
* when the thread tells us it's completed some I/O. */
static bool handle_io_finish(int fd, struct device *dev)
{
char c;
/* If the I/O thread died, presumably it printed the error, so we
* simply exit. */
if (read(dev->fd, &c, 1) != 1)
exit(1);
/* It did some work, so trigger the irq. */
trigger_irq(fd, dev->vq);
return true;
}
/* When the Guest submits some I/O, we just need to wake the I/O thread. */
static void handle_virtblk_output(int fd, struct virtqueue *vq)
{
struct vblk_info *vblk = vq->dev->priv;
char c = 0;
/* Wake up I/O thread and tell it to go to work! */
if (write(vblk->workpipe[1], &c, 1) != 1)
/* Presumably it indicated why it died. */
exit(1);
}
/*L:198 This actually sets up a virtual block device. */
static void setup_block_file(const char *filename)
{
int p[2];
struct device *dev;
struct vblk_info *vblk;
void *stack;
u64 cap;
unsigned int val;
/* This is the pipe the I/O thread will use to tell us I/O is done. */
pipe(p);
/* The device responds to return from I/O thread. */
dev = new_device("block", VIRTIO_ID_BLOCK, p[0], handle_io_finish);
/* The device has one virtqueue, where the Guest places requests. */
add_virtqueue(dev, VIRTQUEUE_NUM, handle_virtblk_output);
/* Allocate the room for our own bookkeeping */
vblk = dev->priv = malloc(sizeof(*vblk));
/* First we open the file and store the length. */
vblk->fd = open_or_die(filename, O_RDWR|O_LARGEFILE);
vblk->len = lseek64(vblk->fd, 0, SEEK_END);
/* Tell Guest how many sectors this device has. */
cap = cpu_to_le64(vblk->len / 512);
add_desc_field(dev, VIRTIO_CONFIG_BLK_F_CAPACITY, sizeof(cap), &cap);
/* Tell Guest not to put in too many descriptors at once: two are used
* for the in and out elements. */
val = cpu_to_le32(VIRTQUEUE_NUM - 2);
add_desc_field(dev, VIRTIO_CONFIG_BLK_F_SEG_MAX, sizeof(val), &val);
/* The I/O thread writes to this end of the pipe when done. */
vblk->done_fd = p[1];
/* This is the second pipe, which is how we tell the I/O thread about
* more work. */
pipe(vblk->workpipe);
/* Create stack for thread and run it */
stack = malloc(32768);
if (clone(io_thread, stack + 32768, CLONE_VM, dev) == -1)
err(1, "Creating clone");
/* We don't need to keep the I/O thread's end of the pipes open. */
close(vblk->done_fd);
close(vblk->workpipe[0]);
verbose("device %u: virtblock %llu sectors\n",
devices.device_num, cap);
}
/* That's the end of device setup. */
/*L:220 Finally we reach the core of the Launcher, which runs the Guest, serves
* its input and output, and finally, lays it to rest. */
static void __attribute__((noreturn)) run_guest(int lguest_fd)
{
for (;;) {
unsigned long args[] = { LHREQ_BREAK, 0 };
unsigned long notify_addr;
int readval;
/* We read from the /dev/lguest device to run the Guest. */
readval = read(lguest_fd, ¬ify_addr, sizeof(notify_addr));
/* One unsigned long means the Guest did HCALL_NOTIFY */
if (readval == sizeof(notify_addr)) {
verbose("Notify on address %#lx\n", notify_addr);
handle_output(lguest_fd, notify_addr);
continue;
/* ENOENT means the Guest died. Reading tells us why. */
} else if (errno == ENOENT) {
char reason[1024] = { 0 };
read(lguest_fd, reason, sizeof(reason)-1);
errx(1, "%s", reason);
/* EAGAIN means the Waker wanted us to look at some input.
* Anything else means a bug or incompatible change. */
} else if (errno != EAGAIN)
err(1, "Running guest failed");
/* Service input, then unset the BREAK to release the Waker. */
handle_input(lguest_fd);
if (write(lguest_fd, args, sizeof(args)) < 0)
err(1, "Resetting break");
}
}
/*
* This is the end of the Launcher. The good news: we are over halfway
* through! The bad news: the most fiendish part of the code still lies ahead
* of us.
*
* Are you ready? Take a deep breath and join me in the core of the Host, in
* "make Host".
:*/
static struct option opts[] = {
{ "verbose", 0, NULL, 'v' },
{ "tunnet", 1, NULL, 't' },
{ "block", 1, NULL, 'b' },
{ "initrd", 1, NULL, 'i' },
{ NULL },
};
static void usage(void)
{
errx(1, "Usage: lguest [--verbose] "
"[--tunnet=(<ipaddr>|bridge:<bridgename>)\n"
"|--block=<filename>|--initrd=<filename>]...\n"
"<mem-in-mb> vmlinux [args...]");
}
/*L:105 The main routine is where the real work begins: */
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
/* Memory, top-level pagetable, code startpoint and size of the
* (optional) initrd. */
unsigned long mem = 0, pgdir, start, initrd_size = 0;
/* Two temporaries and the /dev/lguest file descriptor. */
int i, c, lguest_fd;
/* The boot information for the Guest. */
struct boot_params *boot;
/* If they specify an initrd file to load. */
const char *initrd_name = NULL;
/* First we initialize the device list. Since console and network
* device receive input from a file descriptor, we keep an fdset
* (infds) and the maximum fd number (max_infd) with the head of the
* list. We also keep a pointer to the last device, for easy appending
* to the list. Finally, we keep the next interrupt number to hand out
* (1: remember that 0 is used by the timer). */
FD_ZERO(&devices.infds);
devices.max_infd = -1;
devices.lastdev = &devices.dev;
devices.next_irq = 1;
/* We need to know how much memory so we can set up the device
* descriptor and memory pages for the devices as we parse the command
* line. So we quickly look through the arguments to find the amount
* of memory now. */
for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
if (argv[i][0] != '-') {
mem = atoi(argv[i]) * 1024 * 1024;
/* We start by mapping anonymous pages over all of
* guest-physical memory range. This fills it with 0,
* and ensures that the Guest won't be killed when it
* tries to access it. */
guest_base = map_zeroed_pages(mem / getpagesize()
+ DEVICE_PAGES);
guest_limit = mem;
guest_max = mem + DEVICE_PAGES*getpagesize();
devices.descpage = get_pages(1);
break;
}
}
/* The options are fairly straight-forward */
while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "v", opts, NULL)) != EOF) {
switch (c) {
case 'v':
verbose = true;
break;
case 't':
setup_tun_net(optarg);
break;
case 'b':
setup_block_file(optarg);
break;
case 'i':
initrd_name = optarg;
break;
default:
warnx("Unknown argument %s", argv[optind]);
usage();
}
}
/* After the other arguments we expect memory and kernel image name,
* followed by command line arguments for the kernel. */
if (optind + 2 > argc)
usage();
verbose("Guest base is at %p\n", guest_base);
/* We always have a console device */
setup_console();
/* Now we load the kernel */
start = load_kernel(open_or_die(argv[optind+1], O_RDONLY));
/* Boot information is stashed at physical address 0 */
boot = from_guest_phys(0);
/* Map the initrd image if requested (at top of physical memory) */
if (initrd_name) {
initrd_size = load_initrd(initrd_name, mem);
/* These are the location in the Linux boot header where the
* start and size of the initrd are expected to be found. */
boot->hdr.ramdisk_image = mem - initrd_size;
boot->hdr.ramdisk_size = initrd_size;
/* The bootloader type 0xFF means "unknown"; that's OK. */
boot->hdr.type_of_loader = 0xFF;
}
/* Set up the initial linear pagetables, starting below the initrd. */
pgdir = setup_pagetables(mem, initrd_size);
/* The Linux boot header contains an "E820" memory map: ours is a
* simple, single region. */
boot->e820_entries = 1;
boot->e820_map[0] = ((struct e820entry) { 0, mem, E820_RAM });
/* The boot header contains a command line pointer: we put the command
* line after the boot header. */
boot->hdr.cmd_line_ptr = to_guest_phys(boot + 1);
/* We use a simple helper to copy the arguments separated by spaces. */
concat((char *)(boot + 1), argv+optind+2);
/* Boot protocol version: 2.07 supports the fields for lguest. */
boot->hdr.version = 0x207;
/* The hardware_subarch value of "1" tells the Guest it's an lguest. */
boot->hdr.hardware_subarch = 1;
/* Tell the entry path not to try to reload segment registers. */
boot->hdr.loadflags |= KEEP_SEGMENTS;
/* We tell the kernel to initialize the Guest: this returns the open
* /dev/lguest file descriptor. */
lguest_fd = tell_kernel(pgdir, start);
/* We fork off a child process, which wakes the Launcher whenever one
* of the input file descriptors needs attention. Otherwise we would
* run the Guest until it tries to output something. */
waker_fd = setup_waker(lguest_fd);
/* Finally, run the Guest. This doesn't return. */
run_guest(lguest_fd);
}
/*:*/
/*M:999
* Mastery is done: you now know everything I do.
*
* But surely you have seen code, features and bugs in your wanderings which
* you now yearn to attack? That is the real game, and I look forward to you
* patching and forking lguest into the Your-Name-Here-visor.
*
* Farewell, and good coding!
* Rusty Russell.
*/
