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<p>
<a name="Arabic-key-signatures"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Arabic-time-signatures.de.html#Arabic-time-signatures">Arabic time signatures</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Arabic-note-names.de.html#Arabic-note-names">Arabic note names</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Arabic-music.de.html#Arabic-music">Arabic music</a>
<hr>
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<h5 class="unnumberedsubsubsec">Arabic key signatures</h5>
<p><a name="index-Arabic-key-signatures-2322"></a>
In addition to the minor and major key signatures, the following
key signatures are defined in <code>arabic.ly</code>: <var>bayati</var>,
<var>rast</var>, <var>sikah</var>, <var>iraq</var>, and
<var>kurd</var>. These key signatures define a small number of
maqam groups rather than the large number of maqams that are in
common use.
<p>In general, a maqam uses the key signature of its group, or a
neighbouring group, and varying accidentals are marked throughout
the music.
<p>For example to indicate the key signature of a maqam muhayer piece:
<pre class="example">\key re \bayati
</pre>
<p>Here <var>re</var> is the default pitch of the muhayer maqam, and
<var>bayati</var> is the name of the base maqam in the group.
<p>While the key signature indicates the group, it is common for the
title to indicate the more specific maqam, so in this example, the
name of maqam muhayer should appear in the title.
<p>Other maqams in the same bayati group, as shown in the table below:
(bayati, hussaini, saba, and ushaq) can be indicated in the same
way. These are all variations of the base and most common maqam
in the group, which is bayati. They usually differ from the base
maqam in their upper tetrachords, or certain flow details that
don't change their fundamental nature, as siblings.
<p>The other maqam in the same group (Nawa) is related to bayati by
modulation which is indicated in the table in parenthesis for
those maqams that are modulations of their base maqam. Arabic
maqams admit of only limited modulations, due to the nature of
Arabic musical instruments. Nawa can be indicated as follows:
<pre class="example">\key sol \bayati
</pre>
<p>In Arabic music, the same term such as bayati that is used to
indicate a maqam group, is also a maqam which is usually the most
important in the group, and can also be thought of as a base
maqam.
<p>Here is one suggested grouping that maps the more common maqams to
key signatures:
<p><table summary=""><tr align="left"><th valign="top" width="10%">maqam group
</th><th valign="top" width="10%">key
</th><th valign="top" width="10%">finalis
</th><th valign="top" width="60%">Other maqmas in group (finalis)
<br></th></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="10%">ajam
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">major
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">sib
</td><td valign="top" width="60%">jaharka (fa)
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="10%">bayati
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">bayati
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">re
</td><td valign="top" width="60%">hussaini, muhayer, saba, ushaq, nawa (sol)
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="10%">hijaz
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">kurd
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">re
</td><td valign="top" width="60%">shahnaz, shad arban (sol), hijazkar (do)
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="10%">iraq
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">iraq
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">sisb
</td><td valign="top" width="60%">-
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="10%">kurd
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">kurd
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">re
</td><td valign="top" width="60%">hijazkar kurd (do)
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="10%">nahawand
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">minor
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">do
</td><td valign="top" width="60%">busalik (re), farah faza (sol)
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="10%">nakriz
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">minor
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">do
</td><td valign="top" width="60%">nawa athar, hisar (re)
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="10%">rast
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">rast
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">do
</td><td valign="top" width="60%">mahur, yakah (sol)
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="10%">sikah
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">sikah
</td><td valign="top" width="10%">misb
</td><td valign="top" width="60%">huzam
<br></td></tr></table>
<p class="noindent">
<h5 class="subsubheading">Selected Snippets</h5>
<p><em>Non-traditional key signatures</em>
<p>The commonly used <code>\key</code> command sets the <code>keySignature</code>
property, in the <code>Staff</code> context.
<p>To create non-standard key signatures, set this property directly. The
format of this command is a list:
<p><code> \set Staff.keySignature = #`(((octave . step) . alter) ((octave
. step) . alter) ...) </code> where, for each element in the list,
<code>octave</code> specifies the octave (0 being the octave from middle C to
the B above), <code>step</code> specifies the note within the octave (0 means
C and 6 means B), and <code>alter</code> is <code>,SHARP ,FLAT ,DOUBLE-SHARP</code>
etc. (Note the leading comma.)
<p>Alternatively, for each item in the list, using the more concise format
<code>(step . alter)</code> specifies that the same alteration should hold in
all octaves.
<p>Here is an example of a possible key signature for generating a
whole-tone scale:
<blockquote>
<pre class="verbatim">
\relative c' {
\set Staff.keySignature = #`(((0 . 3) . ,SHARP) ((0 . 5) . ,FLAT) ((0 . 6) . ,FLAT))
c4 d e fis
aes4 bes c2
}
</pre>
<p>
<a href="../83/lily-eba9542e.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../83/lily-eba9542e.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="noindent">
<h5 class="subsubheading">See also</h5>
<p class="indent">
<p>Notation Reference:
<a href="Key-signature.de.html#Key-signature">Key signature</a>.
<p>Learning Manual:
<a name="index-Accidentals-and-key-signatures-2323"></a><a href="../lilypond-learning/Accidentals-and-key-signatures.de.html#Accidentals-and-key-signatures">Accidentals and key signatures</a>.
<p>Internals Reference:
<a name="index-KeySignature-2324"></a><a href="../lilypond-internals/KeySignature.de.html#KeySignature">KeySignature</a>.
<p>Snippets:
<a href="../../../input/lsr/lilypond-snippets/World-music.html#World-music">World music</a>,
<a href="../../../input/lsr/lilypond-snippets/Pitches.html#Pitches">Pitches</a>.
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