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<h4 class="subsection">5.4.2 Direction and placement</h4>
<p>In typesetting music the direction and placement of many items is
a matter of choice. For example, the stems of notes can
be directed up or down; lyrics, dynamics, and other expressive
marks may be placed above or below the staff; text may be aligned
left, right or center; etc. Most of these choices may be left to
be determined automatically by LilyPond, but in some cases it may
be desirable to force a particular direction or placement.
<p><strong>Default actions</strong>
<p>By default some directions are always up or always down (e.g.
dynamics or fermata), while other things can alternate between
up or down based on the stem direction (like slurs or accents).
<!-- TODO Add table showing these -->
<p><strong>Context layout</strong>
<p>Contexts are positioned in a system from top to bottom in the
order in which they are encountered. Note, however, that a
context will be created implicitly if a command is encountered
when there is no suitable context available to contain it.
<!-- TODO Add example ? -->
<p>The default order in which contexts are laid out can be changed,
see <a href="Aligning-contexts.fr.html#Aligning-contexts">Aligning contexts</a>
<p><strong>Articulation direction indicators</strong>
<p>When adding articulations to notes the direction indicator,
<code>^</code> (meaning “up”), <code>_</code> (meaning “down”) or
<code>-</code> (meaning “use default direction”), can usually be
omitted, in which case <code>-</code> is assumed. But a direction
indicator is <strong>always</strong> required before
<ul>
<li><code>\tweak</code> commands
<li><code>\markup</code> commands
<li><code>\tag</code> commands
<li>string markups, e.g. -"string"
<li>fingering instructions, e.g. <code>-1</code>
<li>articulation shortcuts, e.g. <code>-.</code>, <code>-></code>, <code>--</code>
</ul>
<p><strong>The direction property</strong>
<p>The position or direction of many layout objects is controlled
by the <code>direction</code> property.
<p>The value of the <code>direction</code> property may be
set to <code>1</code>, meaning “up” or “above”, or to <code>-1</code>,
meaning “down” or “below”. The symbols <code>UP</code> and
<code>DOWN</code> may be used instead of <code>1</code> and <code>-1</code>
respectively. The default direction may be specified by setting
<code>direction</code> to <code>0</code> or <code>CENTER</code>. Alternatively,
in many cases predefined commands
exist to specify the direction. These are all of the form
<p class="noindent"><code>\xxxUp</code>, <code>xxxDown</code>, <code>xxxNeutral</code>
<p class="noindent">where <code>xxxNeutral</code> means “use the default direction”.
See <a name="index-Within_002dstaff-objects-2709"></a><a href="../lilypond-learning/Within_002dstaff-objects.fr.html#Within_002dstaff-objects">Within-staff objects</a>.
<p>In a few cases, arpeggio being the only common example, the value
of the <code>direction</code> property specifies whether the object
is to be placed to the right or left of the parent object. In
this case <code>-1</code> or <code>LEFT</code> means “to the left” and
<code>1</code> or <code>RIGHT</code> means “to the right”. <code>0</code>
or <code>CENTER</code> means “use the default” direction, as before.
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