<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- header_tag -->
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Gregorian square neumes ligatures - GNU LilyPond Notation Reference</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta name="description" content="GNU LilyPond Notation Reference">
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.11">
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
<link rel="up" href="Additional-note-signs.html#Additional-note-signs" title="Additional note signs">
<link rel="prev" href="White-mensural-ligatures.html#White-mensural-ligatures" title="White mensural ligatures">
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
<!--
Copyright (C) 1999--2007 by the authors
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections. A copy of the license is
included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
License''.
-->
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
<style type="text/css"><!--
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
pre.format { font-family:inherit }
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
span.roman { font-family:serif; font-weight:normal; }
span.sansserif { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; }
hr { border:0; height:1; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; }
/* hr {
border: none;
height: 1px;
color: #666666;
background-color: #666666;
}
body {
border-left: 1px solid #666666;
border-right: 1px solid #666666;
color: #332d28;
margin-right: auto;
margin-left: auto;
width: 60em;
list-style-type: square;
font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;
padding-right: 1em;
padding-left: 1em;
}
a {
border-bottom: 1px dashed #344242;
text-decoration: none;
color: #344242;
}
a:link {
text-decoration: none;
}
a:visited {
border-bottom: 1px dashed #666666;
color: #666666;
}
a:active {
border-bottom: 1px solid #00cccc;
color: #00cccc;
}
a:hover {
border-bottom: 1px solid #1d7b85;
color: #1d7b85;
}
blockquote {
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
padding: 3px;
width: 40em;
}
.node {
border-left: 1px solid #666666;
margin: -0.5em 0px 1em;
padding: 2px 1px 0px;
font-style: italic;
}
.node a {
border: none;
text-decoration: underline;
font-style: normal;
font-weight: bold;
}
.verbatim {
font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;
}
.unnumberedsubsubsec {
font-size: large;
color: #1d7b85;
}
.subsubheading {
font-size: large;
color: #3b220d;
}
.contents {
border: 1px dashed #339999;
margin: 3px 2em;
list-style-type: square;
padding-right: 1em;
width: 40em;
background-color: #fcfff9;
}
.contents a {
border-bottom: 1px dashed #423d34;
text-decoration: none;
color: #423d34;
}
.contents a:visited {
border-bottom: 1px dashed #666666;
color: #666666;
}
.contents a:active {
border-bottom: 1px solid #f0d86d;
color: #f0d86d;
}
.contents a:hover {
border-bottom: 1px solid #3b220d;
color: #3b220d;
}
.menu {
border-left: 1px dashed #339999;
margin: 3px 2em 1em;
list-style-type: square;
padding-left: 1.4em;
width: 40em;
}
.unnumbered {
}
h2 {
font-size: x-large;
color: #1d7b85;
}
*/
--></style>
</head>
<BODY BGCOLOR=WHITE TEXT=BLACK>
<div class="node">
<p>
<a name="Gregorian-square-neumes-ligatures"></a>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="White-mensural-ligatures.html#White-mensural-ligatures">White mensural ligatures</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Additional-note-signs.html#Additional-note-signs">Additional note signs</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h5 class="subsubsection">2.8.3.6 Gregorian square neumes ligatures</h5>
<p><a name="index-Square-neumes-ligatures-2275"></a><a name="index-Gregorian-square-neumes-ligatures-2276"></a>
There is limited support for Gregorian square neumes notation
(following the style of the Editio Vaticana). Core ligatures can
already be typeset, but essential issues for serious typesetting are
still lacking, such as (among others) horizontal alignment of multiple
ligatures, lyrics alignment and proper handling of accidentals.
<p>The following table contains the extended neumes table of the 2nd
volume of the Antiphonale Romanum (<em>Liber Hymnarius</em>), published
1983 by the monks of Solesmes.
<p><table summary="">
<tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><b>Neuma aut<br>
Neumarum Elementa</b>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<b>Figurae<br>
Rectae</b>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<b>Figurae<br>
Liquescentes<br>
Auctae</b>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<b>Figurae<br>
Liquescentes<br>
Deminutae</b>
<!-- TODO: \layout block is identical in all of the below examples. -->
<!-- Therefore, it should somehow be included rather than duplicated all -->
<!-- the time. -jr -->
<!-- why not make variables in ly/engraver-init.ly? -hwn -->
<!-- Because it's just used to typeset plain notes without -->
<!-- a staff for demonstration purposes rather than something -->
<!-- special of Gregorian chant notation. -jr -->
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>1. Punctum</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../08/lily-498647c0.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../08/lily-498647c0.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../18/lily-13911e33.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../18/lily-13911e33.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../d0/lily-c357c03e.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../d0/lily-c357c03e.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>2. Virga</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../b2/lily-fb9bc2c4.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../b2/lily-fb9bc2c4.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>3. Apostropha vel Stropha</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../90/lily-3dffa281.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../90/lily-3dffa281.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../ad/lily-55275307.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../ad/lily-55275307.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>4. Oriscus</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../7a/lily-93bc87e9.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../7a/lily-93bc87e9.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>5. Clivis vel Flexa</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../c9/lily-5a724b0a.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../c9/lily-5a724b0a.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../3c/lily-1fa8e9b3.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../3c/lily-1fa8e9b3.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../87/lily-f52bac02.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../87/lily-f52bac02.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>6. Podatus vel Pes</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../52/lily-c0795b34.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../52/lily-c0795b34.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../d3/lily-b69dd745.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../d3/lily-b69dd745.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../98/lily-c4f145b4.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../98/lily-c4f145b4.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>7. Pes Quassus</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../13/lily-5b9e4a89.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../13/lily-5b9e4a89.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../9a/lily-0c9c25b6.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../9a/lily-0c9c25b6.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>8. Quilisma Pes</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../c0/lily-a1e35e28.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../c0/lily-a1e35e28.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../8c/lily-665af5f2.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../8c/lily-665af5f2.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>9. Podatus Initio Debilis</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../4f/lily-83c0cbba.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../4f/lily-83c0cbba.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../31/lily-7a96bfab.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../31/lily-7a96bfab.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>10. Torculus</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../c1/lily-60c8e8d5.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../c1/lily-60c8e8d5.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../82/lily-698f069b.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../82/lily-698f069b.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../1a/lily-7f4c0090.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../1a/lily-7f4c0090.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>11. Torculus Initio Debilis</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../70/lily-be4d23f3.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../70/lily-be4d23f3.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../2f/lily-84c0938e.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../2f/lily-84c0938e.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../c4/lily-fea2c47b.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../c4/lily-fea2c47b.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>12. Porrectus</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../5d/lily-0c6e477d.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../5d/lily-0c6e477d.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../2d/lily-b5d90089.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../2d/lily-b5d90089.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../5e/lily-26da6f1a.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../5e/lily-26da6f1a.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>13. Climacus</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../3e/lily-87656e43.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../3e/lily-87656e43.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../1a/lily-e374ef42.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../1a/lily-e374ef42.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../54/lily-2e88c0c1.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../54/lily-2e88c0c1.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>14. Scandicus</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../48/lily-0696fb1e.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../48/lily-0696fb1e.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../f6/lily-4f5e428c.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../f6/lily-4f5e428c.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../57/lily-f2bf8703.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../57/lily-f2bf8703.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>15. Salicus</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../79/lily-9f86696e.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../79/lily-9f86696e.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../ca/lily-4e2ed05d.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../ca/lily-4e2ed05d.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="40%"><code>16. Trigonus</code>
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<p>
<a href="../17/lily-0a903caa.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../17/lily-0a903caa.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<p></td><td valign="top" width="20%">
</td><td valign="top" width="20%">
<br></td></tr></table>
<p>Unlike most other neumes notation systems, the input language for
neumes does not reflect the typographical appearance, but is designed
to focus on musical meaning. For example, <code>\[ a \pes b
\flexa g \]</code> produces a Torculus consisting of three Punctum heads,
while <code>\[ a \flexa g \pes b \]</code> produces a Porrectus with a
curved flexa shape and only a single Punctum head. There is no
command to explicitly typeset the curved flexa shape; the decision of
when to typeset a curved flexa shape is based on the musical
input. The idea of this approach is to separate the musical aspects
of the input from the notation style of the output. This way, the
same input can be reused to typeset the same music in a different
style of Gregorian chant notation.
<p>The following table shows the code fragments that produce the
ligatures in the above neumes table. The letter in the first column
in each line of the below table indicates to which ligature in the
above table it refers. The second column gives the name of the
ligature. The third column shows the code fragment that produces this
ligature, using <code>g</code>, <code>a</code>, and <code>b</code> as example pitches.
<p><table summary=""><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%"><b>#</b>
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
<b>Name</b>
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<b>Input Language</b>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">a
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Punctum
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">b
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Punctum Inclinatum
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \inclinatum b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">c
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Punctum Auctum<br>
Ascendens
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \auctum \ascendens b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">d
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Punctum Auctum<br>
Descendens
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">e
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Punctum Inclinatum<br>
Auctum
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \inclinatum \auctum b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">f
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Punctum Inclinatum<br>
Parvum </td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \inclinatum \deminutum b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">g
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Virga
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \virga b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">h
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Stropha
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \stropha b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">i
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Stropha Aucta
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \stropha \auctum b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">j
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Oriscus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \oriscus b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">k
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Clivis vel Flexa
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ b \flexa g \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">l
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Clivis Aucta<br>
Descendens
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">m
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Clivis Aucta<br>
Ascendens
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ b \flexa \auctum \ascendens g \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">n
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Cephalicus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ b \flexa \deminutum g \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">o
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Podatus vel Pes
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ g \pes b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">p
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Pes Auctus<br>
Descendens
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">q
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Pes Auctus<br>
Ascendens
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ g \pes \auctum \ascendens b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">r
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Epiphonus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ g \pes \deminutum b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">s
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Pes Quassus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \oriscus g \pes \virga b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">t
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Pes Quassus<br>
Auctus Descendens </td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \oriscus g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">u
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Quilisma Pes
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \quilisma g \pes b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">v
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Quilisma Pes<br>
Auctus Descendens
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \quilisma g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">w
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Pes Initio Debilis
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \deminutum g \pes b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">x
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Pes Auctus Descendens<br>
Initio Debilis
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \deminutum g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">y
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Torculus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ a \pes b \flexa g \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">z
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Torculus Auctus<br>
Descendens
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ a \pes b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">A
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Torculus Deminutus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ a \pes b \flexa \deminutum g \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">B
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Torculus Initio Debilis
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa g \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">C
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Torculus Auctus<br>
Descendens Initio Debilis
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">D
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Torculus Deminutus<br>
Initio Debilis
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa \deminutum g \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">E
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Porrectus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ a \flexa g \pes b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">F
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Porrectus Auctus<br>
Descendens
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ a \flexa g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">G
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Porrectus Deminutus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ a \flexa g \pes \deminutum b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">H
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Climacus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum g \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">I
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Climacus Auctus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum \auctum g \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">J
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Climacus Deminutus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum \deminutum g \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">K
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Scandicus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ g \pes a \virga b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">L
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Scandicus Auctus<br>
Descendens
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ g \pes a \pes \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">M
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Scandicus Deminutus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ g \pes a \pes \deminutum b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">N
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Salicus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ g \oriscus a \pes \virga b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">O
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Salicus Auctus Descendens
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ g \oriscus a \pes \auctum \descendens b \]</code>
<p><br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top" width="2%">P
</td><td valign="top" width="31%">
Trigonus
</td><td valign="top" width="67%">
<code>\[ \stropha b \stropha b \stropha a \]</code>
<br></td></tr></table>
<p>The ligatures listed above mainly serve as a limited, but still
representative pool of Gregorian ligature examples. Virtually, within
the ligature delimiters <code>\[</code> and <code>\]</code>, any number of heads
may be accumulated to form a single ligature, and head prefixes like
<code>\pes</code>, <code>\flexa</code>, <code>\virga</code>, <code>\inclinatum</code>,
etc. may be mixed in as desired. The use of the set of rules that
underlies the construction of the ligatures in the above table is
accordingly extrapolated. This way, infinitely many different
ligatures can be created.
<p>Augmentum dots, also called <em>morae</em>, are added with the music
function <code>\augmentum</code>. Note that <code>\augmentum</code> is
implemented as a unary music function rather than as head prefix. It
applies to the immediately following music expression only. That is,
<code>\augmentum \virga c</code> will have no visible effect. Instead, say
<code>\virga \augmentum c</code> or <code>\augmentum {\virga c}</code>. Also
note that you can say <code>\augmentum {a g}</code> as a shortcut for
<code>\augmentum a \augmentum g</code>.
<blockquote>
<pre class="verbatim">
\include "gregorian-init.ly"
\score {
\new VaticanaVoice {
\[ \augmentum a \flexa \augmentum g \]
\augmentum g
}
}
</pre>
<p>
<a href="../db/lily-42b2eacb.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../db/lily-42b2eacb.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="noindent">
<h5 class="subsubheading">Predefined commands</h5>
<p>The following head prefixes are supported
<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvirga-2277"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cvirga-2278"></a>
<code>\virga</code>,
<a name="index-g_t_005cstropha-2279"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cstropha-2280"></a>
<code>\stropha</code>,
<a name="index-g_t_005cinclinatum-2281"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cinclinatum-2282"></a>
<code>\inclinatum</code>,
<a name="index-g_t_005cauctum-2283"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cauctum-2284"></a>
<code>\auctum</code>,
<a name="index-g_t_005cdescendens-2285"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cdescendens-2286"></a>
<code>\descendens</code>,
<a name="index-g_t_005cascendens-2287"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cascendens-2288"></a>
<code>\ascendens</code>,
<a name="index-g_t_005coriscus-2289"></a><a name="index-g_t_005coriscus-2290"></a>
<code>\oriscus</code>,
<a name="index-g_t_005cquilisma-2291"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cquilisma-2292"></a>
<code>\quilisma</code>,
<a name="index-g_t_005cdeminutum-2293"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cdeminutum-2294"></a>
<code>\deminutum</code>,
<a name="index-g_t_005ccavum-2295"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccavum-2296"></a>
<code>\cavum</code>,
<a name="index-g_t_005clinea-2297"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clinea-2298"></a>
<code>\linea</code>.
<p>Head prefixes can be accumulated, though restrictions apply. For
example, either <code>\descendens</code> or <code>\ascendens</code> can be applied
to a head, but not both to the same head.
<p><a name="index-g_t_005cpes-2299"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cpes-2300"></a>
<a name="index-g_t_005cflexa-2301"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cflexa-2302"></a>
Two adjacent heads can be tied together with the <code>\pes</code> and
<code>\flexa</code> infix commands for a rising and falling line of melody,
respectively.
<p><a name="index-g_t_005caugmentum-2303"></a><a name="index-g_t_005caugmentum-2304"></a>
Use the unary music function <code>\augmentum</code> to add augmentum dots.
<p class="noindent">
<h5 class="subsubheading">See also</h5>
<p class="indent">
<p>TODO: nothing here yet ...
<p class="noindent">
<h5 class="subsubheading">Known issues and warnings</h5>
<p>When an <code>\augmentum</code> dot appears at the end of the last staff
within a ligature, it is sometimes vertically placed wrong. As a
workaround, add an additional skip note (e.g. <code>s8</code>) as last note
of the staff.
<p><code>\augmentum</code> should be implemented as a head prefix rather than a
unary music function, such that <code>\augmentum</code> can be intermixed
with head prefixes in arbitrary order.
<!-- footer_tag --><br><hr>
<div class="node">
<p>
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="White-mensural-ligatures.html#White-mensural-ligatures">White mensural ligatures</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Additional-note-signs.html#Additional-note-signs">Additional note signs</a>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #e8ffe8; padding: 2; border: #c0ffc0 1px solid;">
<p>
<font size="-1">
This page is for LilyPond-2.11.57 (development-branch).
<br>
<address>
Report errors to <a href="http://post.gmane.org/post.php?group=gmane.comp.gnu.lilypond.bugs">http://post.gmane.org/post.php?group=gmane.comp.gnu.lilypond.bugs</a>. </address>
<br>
Your <a href="http://lilypond.org/web/devel/participating/documentation-adding">suggestions for the documentation</a> are welcome.
</font>
</p>
</div>
<P>
Other languages: <a href="Gregorian-square-neumes-ligatures.fr.html">français</a>, <a href="Gregorian-square-neumes-ligatures.es.html">español</a>, <a href="Gregorian-square-neumes-ligatures.de.html">deutsch</a>.
<BR>
</P>
</BODY></html>
