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<a name="Note-names-in-other-languages"></a>
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Up:&nbsp;<a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Writing-pitches.html#Writing-pitches">Writing pitches</a>
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<h5 class="unnumberedsubsubsec">Note names in other languages</h5>

<p><a name="index-note-names_002c-other-languages-73"></a><a name="index-pitch-names_002c-other-languages-74"></a><a name="index-language_002c-note-names-in-other-75"></a><a name="index-language_002c-pitch-names-in-other-76"></a>
There are predefined sets of note names for various other
languages.  To use them, include the language-specific init file. 
For example, to use English notes names, add
<code>\include&nbsp;"english.ly"</code><!-- /@w --> to the top of the input file. 
The available language files and the note names they define are:

<pre class="smallexample">
<p><table summary=""><tr align="left"><th valign="top">Language
  </th><th valign="top">Note names
  </th><th valign="top">sharp </th><th valign="top">flat </th><th valign="top">double sharp </th><th valign="top">double flat
<br></th></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">nederlands.ly
  </td><td valign="top">c d e f g a bes b
  </td><td valign="top">-is </td><td valign="top">-es </td><td valign="top">-isis </td><td valign="top">-eses
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">arabic.ly
  </td><td valign="top">do re mi fa sol la sib si
  </td><td valign="top">-d </td><td valign="top">-b </td><td valign="top">-dd </td><td valign="top">-bb
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">catalan.ly
  </td><td valign="top">do re mi fa sol la sib si
  </td><td valign="top">-d/-s </td><td valign="top">-b </td><td valign="top">-dd/-ss </td><td valign="top">-bb
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">deutsch.ly
  </td><td valign="top">c d e f g a b h
  </td><td valign="top">-is </td><td valign="top">-es </td><td valign="top">-isis </td><td valign="top">-eses
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">english.ly
  </td><td valign="top">c d e f g a bf b
  </td><td valign="top">-s/-sharp </td><td valign="top">-f/-flat </td><td valign="top">-ss/-x/-sharpsharp
    </td><td valign="top">-ff/-flatflat
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">espanol.ly
  </td><td valign="top">do re mi fa sol la sib si
  </td><td valign="top">-s </td><td valign="top">-b </td><td valign="top">-ss </td><td valign="top">-bb
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">italiano.ly
  </td><td valign="top">do re mi fa sol la sib si
  </td><td valign="top">-d </td><td valign="top">-b </td><td valign="top">-dd </td><td valign="top">-bb
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">norsk.ly
  </td><td valign="top">c d e f g a b h
  </td><td valign="top">-iss/-is </td><td valign="top">-ess/-es </td><td valign="top">-ississ/-isis
    </td><td valign="top">-essess/-eses
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">portugues.ly
  </td><td valign="top">do re mi fa sol la sib si
  </td><td valign="top">-s </td><td valign="top">-b </td><td valign="top">-ss </td><td valign="top">-bb
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">suomi.ly
  </td><td valign="top">c d e f g a b h
  </td><td valign="top">-is </td><td valign="top">-es </td><td valign="top">-isis </td><td valign="top">-eses
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">svenska.ly
  </td><td valign="top">c d e f g a b h
  </td><td valign="top">-iss </td><td valign="top">-ess </td><td valign="top">-ississ </td><td valign="top">-essess
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">vlaams.ly
  </td><td valign="top">do re mi fa sol la sib si
  </td><td valign="top">-k </td><td valign="top">-b </td><td valign="top">-kk </td><td valign="top">-bb
<br></td></tr></table>
</pre>
   <p>In Dutch, <code>aes</code> is contracted to <code>as</code>, but both forms
are accepted in LilyPond.  Similarly, both <code>es</code> and
<code>ees</code> are accepted.  This also applies to
<code>aeses</code>&nbsp;/&nbsp;<code>ases</code> and
<code>eeses</code>&nbsp;/&nbsp;<code>eses</code>.  Sometimes only these
contracted names are defined in the corresponding language files.

   <blockquote>
<pre class="verbatim">     
     a2 as e es a ases e eses
</pre>
     <p>
 <a href="../9d/lily-3602a67c.ly">
  <img align="middle"
    border="0" src="../9d/lily-3602a67c.png" alt="[image of music]">
 </a>
</p>

   </blockquote>

   <p><a name="index-microtones-77"></a><a name="index-semi_002dsharp-78"></a><a name="index-semi_002dflat-79"></a><a name="index-sesqui_002dsharp-80"></a><a name="index-sesqui_002dflat-81"></a>
Some music uses microtones whose alterations are fractions of a
&lsquo;normal&rsquo; sharp or flat.  The note names for quarter-tones
defined in the various language files are listed in the following
table.  Here the prefixes <var>semi-</var> and <var>sesqui-</var>
mean &lsquo;half&rsquo; and &lsquo;one and a half&rsquo;, respectively.  For the other
languages, no special names have been defined yet.

<pre class="smallexample">
<p><table summary=""><tr align="left"><th valign="top">Language
  </th><th valign="top">Note names
  </th><th valign="top">semi-sharp </th><th valign="top">semi-flat </th><th valign="top">sesqui-sharp </th><th valign="top">sesqui-flat

<br></th></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">nederlands.ly
  </td><td valign="top">c d e f g a bes b
  </td><td valign="top">-ih </td><td valign="top">-eh </td><td valign="top">-isih </td><td valign="top">-eseh
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">arabic.ly
  </td><td valign="top">do re mi fa sol la sib si
  </td><td valign="top">-sd </td><td valign="top">-sb </td><td valign="top">-dsd </td><td valign="top">-bsb
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">deutsch.ly
  </td><td valign="top">c d e f g a b h
  </td><td valign="top">-ih </td><td valign="top">-eh </td><td valign="top">-isih </td><td valign="top">-eseh
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">english.ly
  </td><td valign="top">c d e f g a bf b
  </td><td valign="top">-qs </td><td valign="top">-qf </td><td valign="top">-tqs </td><td valign="top">-tqf
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">italiano.ly
  </td><td valign="top">do re mi fa sol la sib si
  </td><td valign="top">-sd </td><td valign="top">-sb </td><td valign="top">-dsd </td><td valign="top">-bsb
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">portugues.ly
  </td><td valign="top">do re mi fa sol la sib si
  </td><td valign="top">-sqt </td><td valign="top">-bqt </td><td valign="top">-stqt </td><td valign="top">-btqt
<br></td></tr></table>
</pre>
   <p class="noindent">

<h5 class="subsubheading">See also</h5>

   <p class="indent">

   <p>Music Glossary:
<a name="index-Pitch-names-82"></a><a href="../music-glossary/Pitch-names.html#Pitch-names">Pitch names</a>.

   <p>Snippets:
<a href="../../../input/lsr/lilypond-snippets/Pitches.html#Pitches">Pitches</a>.

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