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<a name="References-for-keyboards"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Changing-staff-manually.html#Changing-staff-manually">Changing staff manually</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Common-notation-for-keyboards.html#Common-notation-for-keyboards">Common notation for keyboards</a>
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<h5 class="unnumberedsubsubsec">References for keyboards</h5>
<p><a name="index-piano-staves-1919"></a><a name="index-staves_002c-piano-1920"></a><a name="index-staves_002c-keyboard-instruments-1921"></a><a name="index-staves_002c-keyed-instruments-1922"></a><a name="index-keyboard-instrument-staves-1923"></a><a name="index-keyed-instrument-staves-1924"></a><a name="index-PianoStaff-1925"></a><a name="index-PianoStaff-1926"></a>
<p>Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves. These
are two or more normal staves coupled with a brace. The same
notation is also used for other keyed instruments.
Organ music is normally written with two staves inside a
<code>PianoStaff</code> group and third, normal staff for the pedals.
<p>The staves in keyboard music are largely independent, but
sometimes voices can cross between the two staves. This
section discusses notation techniques particular to keyboard
music.
<p>Several common issues in keyboard music are covered elsewhere:
<ul>
<li>Keyboard music usually contains multiple voices and the
number of voices may change regularly; this is described in
<a href="Collision-resolution.html#Collision-resolution">Collision resolution</a>.
<li>Keyboard music can be written in parallel, as described in
<a href="Writing-music-in-parallel.html#Writing-music-in-parallel">Writing music in parallel</a>.
<li>Fingerings are indicated with <a href="Fingering-instructions.html#Fingering-instructions">Fingering instructions</a>.
<li>Organ pedal indications are inserted as articulations, see
<a href="List-of-articulations.html#List-of-articulations">List of articulations</a>.
<li>Vertical grid lines can be shown with <a href="Grid-lines.html#Grid-lines">Grid lines</a>.
<li>Keyboard music often contains <var>Laissez vibrer</var> ties
as well as ties on arpeggios and tremolos, described in
<a href="Ties.html#Ties">Ties</a>.
<li>Placing arpeggios across multiple voices and staves is
covered in <a href="Arpeggio.html#Arpeggio">Arpeggio</a>.
<li>Tremolo marks are described in <a href="Tremolo-repeats.html#Tremolo-repeats">Tremolo repeats</a>.
<li>Several of the tweaks that can occur in keyboard music are
demonstrated in <a name="index-Real-music-example-1927"></a><a href="../lilypond-learning/Real-music-example.html#Real-music-example">Real music example</a>.
<li>Hidden notes can be used to produce ties that cross voices,
as shown in <a name="index-Other-uses-for-tweaks-1928"></a><a href="../lilypond-learning/Other-uses-for-tweaks.html#Other-uses-for-tweaks">Other uses for tweaks</a>.
</ul>
<p class="noindent">
<h5 class="subsubheading">See also</h5>
<p class="indent">
<p>Learning Manual:
<a name="index-Real-music-example-1929"></a><a href="../lilypond-learning/Real-music-example.html#Real-music-example">Real music example</a>,
<a name="index-Other-uses-for-tweaks-1930"></a><a href="../lilypond-learning/Other-uses-for-tweaks.html#Other-uses-for-tweaks">Other uses for tweaks</a>.
<p>Notation Reference:
<a href="Grouping-staves.html#Grouping-staves">Grouping staves</a>,
<a href="Instrument-names.html#Instrument-names">Instrument names</a>,
<a href="Collision-resolution.html#Collision-resolution">Collision resolution</a>,
<a href="Writing-music-in-parallel.html#Writing-music-in-parallel">Writing music in parallel</a>,
<a href="Fingering-instructions.html#Fingering-instructions">Fingering instructions</a>,
<a href="List-of-articulations.html#List-of-articulations">List of articulations</a>,
<a href="Grid-lines.html#Grid-lines">Grid lines</a>,
<a href="Ties.html#Ties">Ties</a>,
<a href="Arpeggio.html#Arpeggio">Arpeggio</a>,
<a href="Tremolo-repeats.html#Tremolo-repeats">Tremolo repeats</a>.
<p>Internals Reference:
<a name="index-PianoStaff-1931"></a><a href="../lilypond-internals/PianoStaff.html#PianoStaff">PianoStaff</a>.
<p>Snippets:
<a href="../../../input/lsr/lilypond-snippets/Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Keyboards</a>.
<p class="noindent">
<h5 class="subsubheading">Known issues and warnings</h5>
<p><a name="index-keyboard-music_002c-centering-dynamics-1932"></a><a name="index-dynamics_002c-centered-in-keyboard-music-1933"></a><a name="index-piano-music_002c-centering-dynamics-1934"></a><a name="index-centered-dynamics-in-piano-music-1935"></a><a name="index-staff_002dpadding-1936"></a><a name="index-staff_002dpadding-1937"></a>
<p>Dynamics are not automatically centered, but workarounds do exist. One
option is the ‘piano centered dynamics’ template under
<a name="index-Piano-templates-1938"></a><a href="../lilypond-learning/Piano-templates.html#Piano-templates">Piano templates</a>; another option is to increase the
<code>staff-padding</code> of dynamics as discussed in <a name="index-Moving-1939"></a>objects
<a href="../lilypond-learning/Moving-objects.html#Moving-objects">Moving objects</a>.
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