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<h4 class="subsection">3.3.3 Text encoding</h4>
<p>LilyPond uses the character repertoire defined by the Unicode
consortium and ISO/IEC 10646. This defines a unique name and
code point for the character sets used in virtually all modern
languages and many others too. Unicode can be implemented using
several different encodings. LilyPond uses the UTF-8 encoding
(UTF stands for Unicode Transformation Format) which represents
all common Latin characters in one byte, and represents other
characters using a variable length format of up to four bytes.
<p>The actual appearance of the characters is determined by the
glyphs defined in the particular fonts available - a font defines
the mapping of a subset of the Unicode code points to glyphs.
LilyPond uses the Pango library to layout and render multi-lingual
texts.
<p>Lilypond does not perform any input-encoding conversions. This
means that any text, be it title, lyric text, or musical
instruction containing non-ASCII characters, must be encoded in
UTF-8. The easiest way to enter such text is by using a
Unicode-aware editor and saving the file with UTF-8 encoding. Most
popular modern editors have UTF-8 support, for example, vim, Emacs,
jEdit, and GEdit do. All MS Windows systems later than NT use
Unicode as their native character encoding, so even Notepad can
edit and save a file in UTF-8 format. A more functional
alternative for Windows is BabelPad.
<p>If a LilyPond input file containing a non-ASCII character is not
saved in UTF-8 format the error message
<pre class="example">FT_Get_Glyph_Name () error: invalid argument
</pre>
<p>will be generated.
<p>Here is an example showing Cyrillic, Hebrew and Portuguese
text:
<blockquote>
<p>
<a href="../ce/lily-77f1f175.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0" src="../ce/lily-77f1f175.png" alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>To enter a single character for which the Unicode escape sequence
is known but which is not available in the editor being used, enter
<pre class="example">#(ly:export (ly:wide-char->utf-8 #x03BE))
</pre>
<p>where in this example <code>x03BE</code> is the hexadecimal code for the
Unicode U+03BE character, which has the Unicode name “Greek Small
Letter Xi”. Any Unicode hexadecimal code may be substituted, and
if all special characters are entered in this format it is not
necessary to save the input file in UTF-8 format.
<p class="noindent">
<h5 class="subsubheading">Known issues and warnings</h5>
<p>The <code>ly:export</code> format may be used in text within <code>\mark</code> or
<code>\markup</code> commands but not in lyrics.
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