<!DOCTYPE Article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN"> <Article lang="ko"> <ArtHeader> <Title>CPU Design HOW-TO</Title> <author lang="en"> <firstname>Al</firstname> <surname>Dev</surname> <othername>(Alavoor Vasudevan)</othername> <affiliation> <address><email>alavoor (at) yahoo.com</email></address> </affiliation> </author> <pubdate>v10.0, 9/Feb/2001</pubdate> <othercredit role="translator"> <surname>¹Ú</surname> <firstname>Á¾¼ö</firstname> <affiliation> <address><email>clhitter (at) bawi.org</email></address> </affiliation> </othercredit> <othercredit role="translator"> <surname>¼Û</surname> <firstname>¹Î±â</firstname> <affiliation> <address><email>tempest (at) bawi.org</email></address> </affiliation> </othercredit> <revhistory> <revision> <revnumber>¹ø¿ª 1.1</revnumber> <date>2001³â 3¿ù 20ÀÏ</date> <authorinitials>¹Ú Á¾¼ö, ¼Û ¹Î±â</authorinitials> </revision> <revision> <revnumber>v10.0</revnumber> <date>2001³â 2¿ù 9ÀÏ</date> <authorinitials>Al Dev</authorinitials> </revision> </revhistory> <Abstract> <Para> CPU´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ "µÎ³ú"ÀÌ°í, ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÇÙ½É ºÎÇ°À̸ç, Linux³ª Windows µîÀÇ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦µé°ú´Â "»çÃÌ ÇüÁ¦"¿Í °°Àº Á¸ÀçÀÌ´Ù. CPU¸¦ ¼³°èÇÏ°í Á¦Á¶ÇÒ ¿©·¯ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÁÁÀº Âü°íÀÚ·á°¡ µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ °øÇÐÀ» °øºÎÇÏ´Â ´ëÇлýµé¿¡°Ôµµ À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô ¾²ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. CPU°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¼³°èµÇ°í Á¦Á¶µÇ´ÂÁö¸¦ ÇлýµéÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥ ¸¹Àº µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â URL ¸µÅ©µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ ºü¸¥ ½ÃÀϳ»¿¡ Linux, Unix, Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac, BeOS µîÀÇ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦µéÀÌ ±¸µ¿µÇ´Â GNU/GPLed CPU°¡ ³ª¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù!! </Para> </Abstract> </ArtHeader> <Sect1 id="intro"> <Title>¼Ò°³ </Title> <Para> ÀÌ ¹®¼¿¡´Â CPU ¼³°è¿Í Á¦Á¶¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹æ´ëÇÑ URL ¸®½ºÆ®µéÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©·¯ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Linux³ª Unix ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¸¦ ±¸µ¿ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î CPU¸¦ ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ ÁÁÀº Âü°íÀÚ·á°¡ µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. </Para> <Para> ¿¹Àü¿¡´Â, Ĩ Á¦Á¶È¸»çµéÀÌ IP °³¹ßÀÚÀÌÀÌ¸é¼ EDA tool °³¹ßÀÚ ¿ªÇÒ±îÁö ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ µé¾î, ¿ì¸®´Â Àü¹®ÈµÈ ȸ»çµé (TSMC <ULink URL="http://www.tsmc.com" >http://www.tsmc.com</ULink >), IP Àü¹® ȸ»çµé (ARM <ULink URL="http://www.arm.com" >http://www.arm.com</Ulink >, MIPS <ULink URL="http://www.mips.com" >http://www.mips.com</ULink >, Gray Research LLC <ULink URL="http://cnets.sourceforge.net/grllc.html" >http://cnets.sourceforge.net/grllc.html</ULink > ), tool Àü¹® °³¹ß»çµé ( Mentor <ULink URL="http://www.mentor.com" >http://www.mentor.com</ULink >, Cadence <ULink URL="http://www.cadence.com" >http://www.cadence.com</ULink >, etc.), ±×¸®°í À̵éÀ» ¸ðµÎ °¡Áö°í Àִ ȸ»ç(Intel)¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀº IP¸¦ Çϵå¿þ¾î¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ ÇüÅ·Π»ì ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í (Intel), Åø°ú °°ÀÌ »ì ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í (EDA companies), IP ¸¸À» °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸ÀÔÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù (IP providers). </Para> <Para> FPGA <footnote> <para>Field Programmable Gate Array, Xilinx¿¡¼ ¸¸µå´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ °¡´ÉÇÑ ³í¸®È¸·Î</para> </footnote> Á¦Á¶ ȸ»çµé ȨÆäÀÌÁö (Xilinx <ULink URL="http://www.xilinx.com" >http://www.xilinx.com</ULink >, Altera <footnote> <para>MAX, FLEX seriesµîÀÇ PLD(Programmable Logic Device)¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ȸ»ç</para> </footnote> <ULink URL="http://www.altera.com" >http://www.altera.com</ULink >). ÀÌ »çÀÌÆ®µéÀ» ¹æ¹®Çغ¸´Â °ÍÀº µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ »ç¾÷ ¸ðµ¨À» Æ÷ÂøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁÁÀº ±âȸ°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. </Para> <Para> VA Linux systems <ULink URL="http://www.valinux.com" >http://www.valinux.com</ULink > Àº ½Ã½ºÅÛ Àüü¸¦ ±¸ÃàÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °¡±î¿î ½ÃÀϳ»¿¡ Linux ¿ëÀÇ CPU¸¦ ¼³°èÇÏ°í Á¦Á¶ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. </Para> <Para> ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ CPU ¼³°è »çÀÌÆ®µéÀ» ¹æ¹®ÇØ º¸¶ó: <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> FPGA CPU ¸µÅ©µé <ULink URL="http://www.fpgacpu.org/links.html" >http://www.fpgacpu.org/links.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> FPGA ¸ÞÀÎ »çÀÌÆ® <ULink URL="http://www.fpgacpu.org" >http://www.fpgacpu.org</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> OpenRISC 1000 (½ÃÀåÀ» µ¶Á¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ARM°ú MIPS¿Í °æÀïÁßÀÎ °øÂ¥ ¿ÀÇ ¼Ò½º 32-bit RISC <footnote> <para>Reduced Instruction Set Computing. Instruction ¼ö¸¦ ÁÙÀÌ°í registerÀÇ ¼ö¸¦ ´Ã¸° CPU design ¹æ½Ä</para> </footnote> processor) IP core <ULink URL="http://www.opencores.org" >http://www.opencores.org</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ¿ÀÇ IP ´Üü <ULink URL="http://www.openip.org" >http://www.openip.org</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Free IP ´Üü - ´ëÁßÀ» À§ÇÑ ASIC°ú FPGA coreµé <ULink URL="http://www.free-ip.com" >http://www.free-ip.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> </ItemizedList> </Para> </Sect1> <Sect1 id="ip"> <Title>IP¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?</Title> <Para> IP¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? IP´Â <Emphasis remap="bf">Intellectual Property</Emphasis>ÀÇ ¾àÀÚÀÌ´Ù. Á»´õ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»Çϸé, ASIC <footnote> <para>Application Specific Integrated Circuit Circuits. ÁÖ¹®Á¦ÀÛÇü ¹ÝµµÃ¼</para> </footnote> À̳ª FPGA¸¦ ¸¸µé ¶§ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ³í¸® ȸ·Î ºí·°À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. "IP Cores"ÀÇ ¿¹·Î´Â, UART, CPU, Ethernet ÄÜÆ®·Ñ·¯, PCI ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹Àü¿¡´Â, À̵é Á¦Ç°ÀÇ ÁúÁÁÀº coreµéÀº °¡°ÝÀÌ ¹ÌÈ 5000 ´Þ·¯¿¡¼ 350000 ´Þ·¯¿¡ ´ÞÇß´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«¸® ½ÅÁßÇÏ°Ô °èȹµÈ ¿ëµµÀÏÁö¶óµµ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »ç¾÷ü³ª °³Àε鿡°Ô´Â ³Ê¹«³ª Å« ºÎ´ãÀ̾ú´Ù -- ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, Free-IP ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. </Para> <Para> ÃÊâ±â Free-IP ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â CPU³ª Ethernet ÄÜÆ®·Ñ·¯¿Í °°Àº º¹ÀáÇÑ ¿ëµµÀÇ core µé¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß¾ú´Ù. Á»´õ °£´ÜÇÑ coreµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³¹ßÀº µÚµû¶ó ÀÌ·ç¾îÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. </Para> <Para> Free-IP ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â ´©±¸³ª°¡ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼öÁØ ³ôÀº IP¸¦ ¸¸µé°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ³ë·ÂÀÌ´Ù. </Para> <Para> IP coreµé¿¡ °üÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ »çÀÌÆ®µéÀ» ¹æ¹®ÇØ º¸¶ó - <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> ¿ÀÇ IP ´Üü <ULink URL="http://www.openip.org" >http://www.openip.org</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Free IP ´Üü - ´ëÁßÀ» À§ÇÑ ASIC°ú FPGA coreµé <ULink URL="http://www.free-ip.com" >http://www.free-ip.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> FPGA ¸ÞÀÎ »çÀÌÆ® <ULink URL="http://www.fpgacpu.org" >http://www.fpgacpu.org</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> </ItemizedList> </Para> <Sect2 id="freecpu"> <Title>Free CPU List </Title> <Para> »ç¿ë°¡´ÉÇϰųª ÇöÀç °³¹ßÁßÀÎ Free CPU ListÀÌ´Ù - <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> F-CPU 64-bit Freedom CPU <ULink URL="http://www.f-cpu.org" >http://www.f-cpu.org</ULink > , ¹Ì·¯ »çÀÌÆ® <ULink URL="http://www.f-cpu.de" >http://www.f-cpu.de</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> European Space Agency - SPARC architecture LEON CPU <ULink URL="http://www.estec.esa.nl/wsmwww/leon" >http://www.estec.esa.nl/wsmwww/leon</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> European Space Agency - ERC32 SPARC V7 CPU <ULink URL="http://www.estec.esa.nl/wsmwww/erc32" >http://www.estec.esa.nl/wsmwww/erc32</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Atmel ERC32 SPARC part # TSC695E <ULink URL="http://www.atmel-wm.com/products" >http://www.atme1-wm.com/products</ULink > click on Aerospace=>Space=>Processors </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Sayuri <ULink URL="http://www.morphyplanning.co.jp/Products/FreeCPU/freecpu-e.html" >http://www.morphyplanning.co.jp/Products/FreeCPU/freecpu-e.html</ULink > , manufactured by Morphy Planning Ltd <ULink URL="http://www.morphyone.org" >http://www.morphyone.org</ULink > , Ư¡ <ULink URL="http://ds.dial.pipex.com/town/plaza/aj93/waggy/hp/features/morphyone.htm" >http://ds.dial.pipex.com/town/plaza/aj93/waggy/hp/features/morphyone.htm</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> OpenRISC 1000 (½ÃÀåÀ» µ¶Á¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ARM°ú MIPS¿Í °æÀïÁßÀÎ °øÂ¥ ¿ÀÇ ¼Ò½º 32-bit RISC processor) IP core <ULink URL="http://www.opencores.org/cores/or1k" >http://www.opencores.org/cores/or1k</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> OpenRISC 2000 <ULink URL="http://www.opencores.org" >http://www.opencores.org</ULink >news:comp.lang.vhdl </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Green Mountain - GM HC11 CPU Core <ULink URL="http://www.gmvhdl.com/hc11core.html" >http://www.gmvhdl.com/hc11core.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> </ItemizedList> </Para> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="comcpu"> <Title>»ó¾÷¿ë CPU ¸®½ºÆ® </Title> <Para> <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> ARC CPUs : <ULink URL="http://www.arccores.com" >http://www.arccores.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> QED RISC 64-bit and MIPS cpus : <ULink URL="http://www.qedinc.com/about.htm" >http://www.qedinc.com/about.htm</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Origin 2000 CPU - <ULink URL="http://techpubs.sgi.com/library/manuals/3000/007-3511-001/html/O2000Tuning.1.html" >http://techpubs.sgi.com/library/manuals/3000/007-3511-001/html/O2000Tuning.1.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Hitachi SH4,3,2,1 CPUs <ULink URL="http://semiconductor.hitachi.com/superh" >http://semiconductor.hitachi.com/superh</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> NVAX CPUs <ULink URL="http://www.research.compaq.com/wrl/DECarchives/DTJ/DTJ700" >http://www.research.compaq.com/wr1/DECarchives/DTJ/DTJ700</ULink > and at <ULink URL="http://www.digital.com/info/DTJ700" >mirror-site</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Univ. of Mich High-perf. GaAs Microprocessor ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® <ULink URL="http://www.eecs.umich.edu/UMichMP" >http://www.eecs.umich.edu/UMichMP</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Hyperstone E1-32 RISC/DSP <footnote> <para>Digital Signal Processor : µðÁöÅ» ½ÅÈ£ 󸮿ëÀ¸·Î Æ¯ÈµÈ CPU. TIÀÇ TMS320 series°¡ ´ëÇ¥Á¦Ç°</para> </footnote> processor <ULink URL="http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/tech/hyperstone" >http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/tech/hyperstone</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> PSC1000 32-bit RISC processor <ULink URL="http://www.ptsc.com/psc1000/index.html" >http://www.ptsc.com/psc1000/index.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> IDT R/RV4640 and R/RV4650 64-bit CPU w/DSP Capability <ULink URL="http://www.idt.com/products/pages/Processors-PL100_Sub205_Dev128.html" >http://www.idt.com/products/pages/Processors-PL100_Sub205_Dev128.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> CPU Info center - SPARC°ú ARM°ú °°Àº CPU ¸®½ºÆ® <ULink URL="http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/tech" >http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/tech</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> </ItemizedList> </Para> </Sect2> </Sect1> <Sect1 id="museum"> <Title>CPU ¹Ú¹°°ü°ú ½Ç¸®ÄÜ µ¿¹°¿ø</Title> <Para> CPU ¹Ú¹°°ü <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> Intel CPU ¹Ú¹°°ü <ULink URL="http://www.intel.com/intel/intelis/museum" >http://www.intecl.com/intel/intelis/museum</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Intel - ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼ÀÇ ¿ª»ç <ULink URL="http://www.intel.com/intel/museum/25anniv" >http://www.intel.com/intel/museum/25anniv</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ÄÄÇ»Æÿ¡ °üÇÑ °¡»ó ¹Ú¹°°ü <ULink URL="http://vlmp.museophile.com/computing.html" >http://vlmp.museophile.com/computing.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ½Ç¸®ÄÜ µ¿¹°¿ø <ULink URL="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/creatures/index.html" >http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/creatures/index.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Intel - ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô µ¿ÀÛÇϴ°¡? <ULink URL="http://www.intel.com/education/mpuworks" >http://www.intel.com/education/mpuworks</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼¿¡ °üÇÑ °£´ÜÇÑ ±³À°°úÁ¤ <ULink URL="http://www.hkrmicro.com/course/micro.html" >http://www.hkrmicro.com/course/micro.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> </ItemizedList> </Para> <Sect2 id="trans"> <Title>¾î¶»°Ô Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ°¡ µ¿ÀÛÇϴ°¡? </Title> <Para> ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼(Microprocessor)´Â ¿ì¸®µéÀÌ ¸ÅÀÏ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â TV, ÀÚµ¿Â÷, ¶óµð¿À, °¢Á¾ °¡ÀüÁ¦Ç°µé (ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ´Â ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾ø´Ù)°ú °°Àº ¸¹Àº Á¦Ç°ÀÇ ÇÙ½É ºÎÇ°ÀÌ´Ù. Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ(Transistor)´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼ÀÇ Á᫐ ºÎÇ°ÀÌ´Ù. Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ´Â ¾ÆÁÖ °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô º¸ÀÏÁö ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ °³¹ß¿¡´Â ¼ö½Ê³âÀÇ °íÅ뽺·± ¿¬±¸°úÁ¤ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇß´Ù. Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ°¡ °³¹ßµÇ±â Àü¿¡´Â, ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡¼ÀÇ Á¤º¸Ã³¸®¸¦ À§ÇØ ºñÈ¿À²ÀûÀÎ Áø°ø°ü°ú ±â°èÀûÀÎ ½ºÀ§Ä¡µéÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. 1958³â, ¸î¸î °øÇÐÀÚµé (±×µé Áß ÇѸíÀº IntelÀÇ ¼³¸³ÀÚ Robert Noyce¿´´Ù)Àº µÎ°³ÀÇ Æ®·£Áö½ºÅ͸¦ ÇϳªÀÇ ½Ç¸®ÄÜ °áÁ¤(silicon crystal)¿¡ ³Ö´Âµ¥ ¼º°øÇÏ¿´°í, ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼·ÎÀÇ ±æÀ» ¿¾îÁØ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÁýÀû ȸ·Î(integrated circuit)¸¦ âÁ¶ÇÏ¿´´Ù. </Para> <Para> Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ´Â ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÛÀº ÀüÀÚ ½ºÀ§Ä¡ÀÌ´Ù. À̵éÀÌ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ µÎ³ú ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ´ÜÀ§°¡ µÈ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ½ºÀ§Ä¡µé°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ´Â On/OffÀÇ µÎ°¡Áö µ¿ÀÛ »óŸ¦ °®´Â´Ù. Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍÀÇ On/Off, binary µ¿ÀÛ Æ¯¼ºÀÌ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ Á¤º¸ 󸮸¦ °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÑ´Ù. </Para> <Para> <Emphasis remap="bf">¾î¶»°Ô Á¶±×¸¸ ÀüÀÚ ½ºÀ§Ä¡µéÀÌ µ¿ÀÛÇϴ°¡?: </Emphasis> </Para> <Para> ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ°¡ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â On/Off·Î ½ºÀ§Ä¡ µÇ´Â Àü±â ½ÅÈ£»ÓÀÌ´Ù. Æ®·£Áö½ºÅ͸¦ ¾Ë±â À§Çؼ´Â, ÀüÀÚ È¸·Îµé(electronic circuit)ÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ½ºÀ§ÄªÀÌ µÇ´ÂÁö¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ½ºÀ§Äª ÀüÀÚȸ·Î´Â µÎ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î ³ª´©¾î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Çϳª´Â Àü·ù°¡ È带 ¼ö Àִ ȸ·Î»óÀÇ ±æ (ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Àü¼±ÀÌ µÈ´Ù)ÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â ȸ·Î»óÀÇ ±æÀ» °³¹æÇϰųª Æó¼âÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Àü·ùÀÇ È帧À» ½ÃÀÛ½ÃÅ°°Å³ª ÁߴܽÃų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½ºÀ§Ä¡ deviceÀÌ´Ù. Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ´Â ±â°èÀûÀÎ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ ¾øÀÌ Àü±â ½ÅÈ£¿¡ µû¶ó ÄÑÁö°í ²¨Áø´Ù. ÀÌ·± Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀº ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼ÀÇ µ¿ÀÛ¿¡ Å« ÀÌÁ¡À» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. </Para> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="transinfo"> <Title>¾î¶»°Ô Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ°¡ Á¤º¸¸¦ ó¸®Çϴ°¡?</Title> <Para> Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ¿Í °°ÀÌ µÎ°³ÀÇ »óŸ¸À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍµéÀ» binary¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍÀÇ ÄÑÁø »óŸ¦ 1À̶ó Ç¥ÇöÇÏ°í ²¨Áø »óŸ¦ 0À̶ó Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù. ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý¼ºµÈ 1°ú 0ÀÇ ¿¬¼ÓµÈ ÆÐÅÏÀ¸·Î ¹®ÀÚ, ¼ýÀÚ, »ö°ú ±×·¡ÇÈ Á¤º¸µéÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ binary Ç¥Çö¹ýÀÌ´Ù. </Para> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="bininfo"> <Title>binary Á¤º¸ Ç¥Çö</Title> <Para> <Emphasis remap="bf">À̸§À» binary·Î Ç¥±âÇØ º¸¶ó: </Emphasis> </Para> <Para> °¢ ¾ËÆĺªÀÇ ¹®ÀÚµéÀ» binary·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡´Â JOHNÀ̶ó´Â À̸§°ú ±×¿¡ ´ëÀÀµÇ´Â binary Ç¥ÇöÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. <ProgramListing> J 0100 1010 O 0100 1111 H 0100 1000 N 0100 1110 </ProgramListing> ±×·¡ÇÈ, ¿Àµð¿À, ºñµð¿À¿Í °°Àº ´õ º¹ÀâÇÑ Á¤º¸µéµµ Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍÀÇ µ¿ÀÛ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ binary ȤÀº On/Off·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. </Para> <Para> ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¾ËÆĺª°ú ±×¿¡ ´ëÀÀµÇ´Â binary Ç¥Çö µµÇ¥¸¦ Âü°íÇ϶ó. </Para> <Para> <Table> <Title><Emphasis remap="bf">¾ËÆĺª°ú ±×¿¡ ´ëÀÀµÇ´Â binary Ç¥Çö µµÇ¥</Emphasis></Title> <TGroup Cols="3"> <ColSpec Align="Right" Colsep="0"> <ColSpec Align="Left" Colsep="0"> <ColSpec Align="Left" Colsep="0"> <TBody> <Row RowSep="1"> <Entry>Character </Entry> <Entry>Binary </Entry> <Entry>Character </Entry> <Entry>Binary </Entry> </Row> <Row> <Entry> A </Entry> <Entry> 0100 0001 </Entry> <Entry> N </Entry> <Entry> 0100 1110 </Entry> </Row> <Row> <Entry> B </Entry> <Entry> 0100 0010 </Entry> <Entry> O </Entry> <Entry> 0100 1111 </Entry> </Row> <Row> <Entry> C </Entry> <Entry> 0100 0011 </Entry> <Entry> P </Entry> <Entry> 0101 0000 </Entry> </Row> <Row> <Entry> D </Entry> <Entry> 0100 0100 </Entry> <Entry> Q </Entry> <Entry> 0101 0001 </Entry> </Row> <Row> <Entry> E </Entry> <Entry> 0100 0101 </Entry> <Entry> R </Entry> <Entry> 0101 0010 </Entry> </Row> <Row> <Entry> F </Entry> <Entry> 0100 0110 </Entry> <Entry> S </Entry> <Entry> 0101 0011 </Entry> </Row> <Row> <Entry> G </Entry> <Entry> 0100 0111 </Entry> <Entry> T </Entry> <Entry> 0101 0100 </Entry> </Row> <Row> <Entry> H </Entry> <Entry> 0100 1000 </Entry> <Entry> U </Entry> <Entry> 0101 0101 </Entry> </Row> <Row> <Entry> I </Entry> <Entry> 0100 1001 </Entry> <Entry> V </Entry> <Entry> 0101 0110 </Entry> </Row> <Row> <Entry> J </Entry> <Entry> 0100 1010 </Entry> <Entry> W </Entry> <Entry> 0101 0111 </Entry> </Row> <Row> <Entry> K </Entry> <Entry> 0100 1011 </Entry> <Entry> X </Entry> <Entry> 0101 1000 </Entry> </Row> <Row> <Entry> L </Entry> <Entry> 0100 1100 </Entry> <Entry> Y </Entry> <Entry> 0101 1001 </Entry> </Row> <Row> <Entry> M </Entry> <Entry> 0100 1101 </Entry> <Entry> Z </Entry> <Entry> 0101 1010 </Entry> </Row> <Row> <Entry> </Entry> </Row> </TBody> </TGroup> </Table> </Para> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="semicon"> <Title>¹ÝµµÃ¼(Semi-conductor)¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? </Title> <Para> µµÃ¼(Conductor)¿Í ºÎµµÃ¼(insulator) : </Para> <Para> ±Ý¼Ó°ú °°Àº ¸¹Àº ¹°ÁúµéÀº Àü·ù(electrical current)¸¦ È긱 ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̵éÀÌ µµÃ¼(Conductor)ÀÌ´Ù. Àü·ù¸¦ È긮Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â ¹°ÁúµéÀº ºÎµµÃ¼(insulator)¶ó ºÒ¸°´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐ ¹ÝµµÃ¼(Semi-conductor)ÀÇ ±âº» Àç·á°¡ µÇ´Â ¼ø¼öÇÑ ½Ç¸®ÄÜ(pure silicon)Àº ºÒ¼ø¹°(impurity)ÀÇ ÁÖÀÔÁ¤µµ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀüµµÀ²(conductivity)ÀÌ º¯Á¶(modulation)µÉ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¹ÝµµÃ¼¶ó ºÒ¸°´Ù. </Para> <Sect3 id="anatomy"> <Title>Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍÀÇ ÇغÎÇÐ</Title> <Para> ¹ÝµµÃ¼¿Í Àü·ù </Para> <Para> ½Ç¸®ÄÜ¿¡ ÀûÀýÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ºÒ¼ø¹°(impurity)À» ÁÖÀÔÇÔÀ¸·Î½á °áÁ¤ ±¸Á¶¸¦ º¯°æ½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ÀüµµÀ²À» °È½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ºØ¼Ò(boron)°è¿ÀÇ ºÒ¼ø¹°ÀÌ ÁÖÀÔµÈ ¹ÝµµÃ¼¸¦ pÇü ¹ÝµµÃ¼¶ó ÇÑ´Ù (p´Â ¾çÀüÇϳª Á¤°ø(hole)À» ¶æÇÑ´Ù). ÀÎ(phosphorus)°è¿ÀÇ ºÒ¼ø¹°ÀÌ ÁÖÀÔµÈ ¹ÝµµÃ¼¸¦ nÇü ¹ÝµµÃ¼¶ó ÇÑ´Ù (nÀº À½ÀüÇϳª ´Ù¼ö ÀÚÀ¯ÀüÀÚ(major free electron)¸¦ ¶æÇÑ´Ù). </Para> </Sect3> <Sect3 id="worktrans"> <Title>Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍÀÇ ÀÛµ¿</Title> <Para> Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍÀÇ ÀÛµ¿ - Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍÀÇ On/Off »óÅ </Para> <Para> Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ´Â source, gate, drainÀÇ ¼¼ ´ÜÀÚ·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. </Para> <Para> nÇü Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ´Â ¾çÀ¸·Î ´ëÀüµÈ pÇü ½Ç¸®ÄÜ ¿ì¹°À§¿¡ À½À¸·Î ´ëÀüµÈ source¿Í drainÀÌ ¶°ÀÖ´Â ±¸Á¶·Î µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. <footnote> <para>ÀÌ´Â FET(Field Effect Transistor) Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍÀÇ ±¸Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀÌ´Ù. Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍÀÇ Á¾·ù¿¡´Â Å©°Ô BJT(Bipolar Junction Transistor)¿Í FET°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇöÀçÀÇ ÁýÀûȸ·Î¿¡´Â FET Áß¿¡¼µµ MOSFET(Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET)°¡ ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.</para> </footnote> </Para> <Para> gate¿¡ ¾çÀü¾ÐÀÌ °¡ÇØÁö¸é, pÇü ½Ç¸®ÄÜÀÇ ÀüÀÚµéÀÌ gate ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·Î À̲ø·Á¼ source¿Í drain »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀüÀÚ Ã¤³ÎÀÌ Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù. </Para> <Para> drain¿¡ ¾çÀü¾ÐÀÌ °¡ÇØÁö¸é, ÀüÀÚµéÀÌ source¿¡¼ ºÎÅÍ drainÀ¸·Î ÈÛ¾µ·Á°¡°Ô µÇ¾î Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ°¡ ÄÑÁø´Ù. </Para> <Para> gateÀÇ Àü¾ÐÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÇ¸é, source¿Í drain »çÀÌÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡ ÀüÀÚ°¡ À̲ø¸®Áö ¾Ê°Ô µÇ¾î ±æÀÌ ²÷¾îÁö°í, Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ°¡ ²¨Áø´Ù. </Para> </Sect3> <Sect3 id="impact"> <Title>Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ È¿°ú</Title> <Para> Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ È¿°ú - ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼°¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô º¯¸ð½ÃÅ°´Â°¡? </Para> <Para> Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍÀÇ binary Ư¼ºÀº ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼¿¡°Ô ¿öµå ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ÌÀ̳ª ºñµð¿À ÆíÁýµîÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷À» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·ÂÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼´Â ÇϳªÀÇ Ä¨¿¡¼ 1ÃÊ¿¡ ¼ö½Ê¾ï°³ÀÇ ÀνºÆ®·°¼ÇÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ¹ßÀüÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÚµ¿Â÷, ÀÇ·á Àåºñ, ÅÚ·¹ºñÁ¯, ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡ ¿ìÁÖ ¿Õº¹¼±±îÁö ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº binary Á¤º¸¸¦ ó¸®ÇÏ´Â Æ®·£Áö½ºÅÍ ´öºÐÀÌ´Ù. </Para> </Sect3> </Sect2> </Sect1> <Sect1 id="cpudesignarc"> <Title>CPU ¼³°è¿Í ±¸Á¶</Title> <Sect2 id="cpudesign"> <Title>CPU ¼³°è</Title> <Para> ¾Æ·¡ »çÀÌÆ®µé¿¡´Â CPU ¼³°è¿¡ °üÇÑ Á¤º¸µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> Hamburg University VHDL <footnote> <para>Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language</para> </footnote> archive <ULink URL="http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl" >http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/vhdl</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Kachina Design tools <ULink URL="http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/Z/1/index.shtml" >http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/Z/1/index.shtml</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> FPGA-based ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¸®½ºÆ® <ULink URL="http://www.io.com/~guccione/HW_list.html" >http://www.io.com/~guccione/HW_list.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> SPARC International <ULink URL="http://www.sparc.com" >http://www.sparc.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ÀڽŸ¸ÀÇ CPU ¼³°ÔÇϱâ <ULink URL="http://www.spacetimepro.com" >http://www.spacetimepro.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> FPGA¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¼³°è ±³À° <ULink URL="http://www.fpgacpu.org" >http://www.fpgacpu.org</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Á¶Á÷·Ð¿¡ °üÇÑ ±â¼ú À§¿øȸ <ULink URL="http://www.computer.org/tab/tcca" >http://www.computer.org/tab/tcca</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> VHDL¿¡ °üÇÑ FAQ <ULink URL="http://www.vhdl.org/vi/comp.lang.vhdl" >http://www.vhdl.org/vi/comp.lang.vhdl</ULink > ¶Ç´Â ¿©±â¼ <ULink URL="http://www.vhdl.org/comp.lang.vhdl" >http://www.vhdl.org/comp.lang.vhdl</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Á¶Á÷·Ð FAQ <ULink URL="http://www.esacademy.com/automation/faq.htm" >http://www.esacademy.com/automation/faq.htm</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Á¶Á÷·Ð FAQ <ULink URL="ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-hierarchy/comp/arch" >ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-hierarchy/comp/arch</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> VME Bus FAQ <ULink URL="http://www.hitex.com/automation/FAQ/vmefaq" >http://www.hitex.com/automation/FAQ/vmefaq</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> SPEC ȨÆäÀÌÁö <ULink URL="http://performance.netlib.org/performance/html/spec.html" >http://performance.netlib.org/performance/html/spec.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ¸®´ª½º º¥Ä¡¸¶Å© <ULink URL="http://www.silkroad.com/linux-bm.html" >http://www.silkroad.com/linux-bm.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> </ItemizedList> </Para> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="books"> <Title>ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Á¶Á÷·Ð¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿Â¶óÀÎ ±³°ú¼µé </Title> <Para> <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> ¿Â¶óÀÎ HTML Ã¥ <ULink URL="http://odin.ee.uwa.edu.au/~morris/CA406/CA_ToC.html" >http://odin.ee.uwa.edu.au/~morris/CA406/CA_ToC.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Univ of TexasÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Á¶Á÷·Ð : <ULink URL="http://www.cs.panam.edu/~meng/Course/CS4335/Notes/master/master.html" >http://www.cs.panam.edu/~meng/Course/CS4335/Notes/master/master.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ¼ö ü°è¿Í ³í¸® ȸ·Î : <ULink URL="http://www.tpub.com/neets/book13/index.htm" >http://www.tpub.com/neets/book13/index.htm</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> µðÁöÅ» ³í¸® : <ULink URL="http://www.play-hookey.com/digital" >http://www.play-hookey.com/digital</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Çø³ÇÃ·Ó : <ULink URL="http://www.ece.utexas.edu/~cjackson/FlipFlops/web_pages/Publish/FlipFlops.html" >http://www.ece.utexas.edu/~cjackson/FlipFlops/web_pages/Publish/FlipFlops.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ÀνºÆ®·°¼Ç ½ÇÇà »çÀÌŬ : <ULink URL="http://cq-pan.cqu.edu.au/students/timp1/exec.html" >http://cq-pan.cqu.edu.au/students/timp1/exec.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Áø¸®Ç¥ ÀÛ¼º±â : <ULink URL="http://pirate.shu.edu/~borowsbr/Truth/Truth.html" >http://pirate.shu.edu/~borrowsbr/Truth/Truth.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> °øÀ¯ ¸Þ¸ð¸®¿¡ °üÇÑ Overview : <ULink URL="http://www.sics.se/cna/mp_overview.html" >http://www.sics.se/cna/mp_overview.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼¿¡¼ÀÇ µ¿½Ã ÁøÇà ¸ÖƼ ½º·¹µù : <ULink URL="http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/smt" >http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/smt</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Study Web : <ULink URL="http://www.studyweb.com/links/277.html" >http://www.studyweb.com/links/277.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Univ notes: <ULink URL="http://www.ece.msstate.edu/~linder/Courses/EE4713/notes" >http://www.ece.msstate.edu/~linder/Courses/EE4713/notes</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Á¶¾ð : ÀûÀÀ°ú È®Àå °¡´ÉÇÑ ºÐ»ê °¡»ó ¸Þ¸ð¸® ±¸Á¶ <ULink URL="http://www.gsyc.inf.uc3m.es/~nemo/export/adv-pdcs96/adv-pdcs96.html" >http://www.gsyc.inf.uc3m.es/~nemo/export/adv-pdcs96/adv-pdcs96.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Univ of Utah Avalanche Scalable Parallel Processor Project <ULink URL="http://www.cs.utah.edu/avalanche/avalanche-publications.html" >http://www.cs.utah.edu/avalanche/avalanche-publications.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ºÐ»ê ÄÄÇ»Æà : <ULink URL="http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Vista/4015/pdcindex.html" >http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Vista/4015/pdcindex.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Pisma ¸Þ¸ð¸® ±¸Á¶ : <ULink URL="http://aiolos.cti.gr/en/pisma/pisma.html" >http://aiolos.cti.gr/en/pisma/pisma.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> °øÀ¯ ¸Þ¸ð¸® ±¸Á¶ : <ULink URL="http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Exemplar/ARPA" >http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Exemplar/ARPA</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Á¶Á÷·Ð ±³°ú¼µé : <ULink URL="http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/computer_architecture.html#book" >http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/computer_architecture.html#book</ULink > VLSI ¼³°è <ULink URL="http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/vlsi.html" >http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/vlsi.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Comp Arch Conference and Journals <ULink URL="http://www.handshake.de/user/kroening/conferences.html" >http://www.handshake.de/user/kroening/conferences.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> WWW Comp arch page <ULink URL="http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~arch/www" >http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~arch/www</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> </ItemizedList> </Para> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="univlectures"> <Title>ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Á¶Á÷·Ð ´ëÇÐ °ÀÇ ³ëÆ® </Title> <Para> <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> °í±Þ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Á¶Á÷·Ð <ULink URL="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/dahlin/Classes/GradArch" >http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/dahlin/Classes/GradArch</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Á¶Á÷·Ð - ÄÚ½º ·¹º§ 415 <ULink URL="http://www.diku.dk/teaching/2000f/f00.415" >http://www.diku.dk/teaching/2000f/f00.415</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> MIT : <ULink URL="http://www.csg.lcs.mit.edu/6.823" >http://www.csg.lcs.mit.edu/6.823</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> UBC CPU slides : <ULink URL="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/neufeld/courses/cs218/chapter8/index.htm" >http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/neufeld/courses/cs218/chapter8/index.htm</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Purdue Univ slides : <ULink URL="http://www.ece.purdue.edu/~gba/ee565/Sessions/S03HTML/index.htm" >http://www.ece.purdue.edu/~gba/ee565/Sessions/S03HTML/index.htm</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Rutgers Univ - ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ±¸Á¶ÀÇ ¿ø¸® : <ULink URL="http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~murdocca/POCA/Chapter02.html" >http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~murdocca/POCA/Chapter02.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Brown Univ - <ULink URL="http://www.engin.brown.edu/faculty/daniels/DDZO/cmparc.html" >http://www.engin.brown.edu/faculty/daniels/DDZO/cmparc.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Univ of Sydney - µðÁöÅ» ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÀÔ¹® : <ULink URL="http://www.eelab.usyd.edu.au/digital_tutorial/part3" >http://www.eelab.usyd.edu.au/digital_tutorial/part3</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Bournemouth Univ, UK ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¿ø¸® : <ULink URL="http://ncca.bournemouth.ac.uk/CourseInfo/BAVisAn/Year1/CompSys" >http://ncca.bournemouth.ac.uk/CourseInfo/BAVisAn/Year1/CompSys</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> °¡»ó º´·Ä ó¸® ±â°è : <ULink URL="http://www.netlib.org/pvm3/book/node1.html" >http://www.netlib.org/pvm3/book/node1.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> univ center: <ULink URL="http://www.eecs.lehigh.edu/~mschulte/ece401-99" >http://www.eecs.lehigh.edu/~mschulte/ece401-99</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> univ course: <ULink URL="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/fussell/cs352" >http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/fussell/cs352</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Examples of working VLSI circuits(in Greek) <ULink URL="http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/projects/vlsi" >http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/projects/vlsi</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> </ItemizedList> </Para> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="cpuarch"> <Title>CPU ±¸Á¶</Title> <Para> ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ »çÀÌÆ®µé¿¡´Â CPU ±¸Á¶¿¡ °üÇÑ Á¤º¸µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Á¶Á÷·Ð : <ULink URL="http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/computer_architecture.html" >http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/computer_architecture.html</ULink > VLSI ¼³°è <ULink URL="http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/vlsi.html" >http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/vlsi.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Beyond RISC - The Post-RISC Architecture <ULink URL="http://www.cps.msu.edu/~crs/cps920" >http://www.cps.msu.edu/~crs/cps920</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Beyond RISC - PostRISC : <ULink URL="http://www.ceng.metu.edu.tr/~e106170/postrisc.html" >http://www.ceng.metu.edu.tr/~e106170/postrisc.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> List of CPUS <ULink URL="http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~offerman/cl.contents2.html" >http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~offerman/cl.contents2.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> PowerPC Arch <ULink URL="http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.10/10.08/PowerPcArchitecture" >http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.10/10.08/PowerPcArchitecture</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> CPU Info center - List of CPUs sparc, arm etc.. <ULink URL="http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/tech" >http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/tech</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> cpu arch intel IA 64 <ULink URL="http://developer.intel.com/design/ia-64" >http://developer.intel.com/design/ia-64</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Intel 386 CPU architecture <ULink URL="http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/ug/asm/about-386.html" >http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/ug/asm/about-386.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Freedom CPU architecture <ULink URL="http://f-cpu.tux.org/original/Freedom.php3" >http://f-cpu.tux.org/original/Freedom.php3</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Z80 CPU architecture <ULink URL="http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Peaks/3938/z80arki.htm" >http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Peaks/3938/z80arki.htm</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> CRIMSEN OS and teaching-aid CPU<ULink URL="http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~ian/project3/node1.html" >http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~ian/project3/node1.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> ¾î¼Àºí¸®¾î °³³ä <ULink URL="http://www.cs.uaf.edu/~cs301/notes/Chapter1/node1.html" >http://www.cs.uaf.edu/~cs301/notes/Chapter1/node1.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Alpha CPU architecture <ULink URL="http://www.linux3d.net/cpu/CPU/alpha/index.shtml" >http://www.linux3d.net/cpu/CPU/alpha/index.shtml</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> <ULink URL="http://hugsvr.kaist.ac.kr/~exit/cpu.html" >http://hugsvr.kaist.ac.kr/~exit/cpu.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Tron CPU architecture <ULink URL="http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/tronvlsicpu.html" >http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/tronvlsicpu.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> </ItemizedList> </Para> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="newsgroups"> <Title>CPU ¼³°è¿¡ °üÇÑ À¯½º³Ý ´º½º ±×·ìµé </Title> <Para> <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Á¶Á÷·Ð ´º½º ±×·ì <ULink URL="news:comp.arch" >news:comp.arch</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> FPGA ´º½º±×·ì <ULink URL="news:comp.arch.fpga" >news:comp.arch.fpga</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Arithmetic ´º½º ±×·ì <ULink URL="news:comp.arch.arithmetic" >news:comp.arch.arithmetic</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Bus ´º½º ±×·ì <ULink URL="news:comp.arch.bus" >news:comp.arch.bus</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> VME Bus ´º½º ±×·ì <ULink URL="news:comp.arch.vmebus" >news:comp.arch.vmebus</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> embedded ´º½º ±×·ì <ULink URL="news:comp.arch.embedded" >news:comp.arch.embedded</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Embedded piclist ´º½º ±×·ì <ULink URL="news:comp.arch.embedded.piclist" >news:comp.arch.embedded.piclist</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Storage ´º½º ±×·ì <ULink URL="news:comp.arch.storage" >news:comp.arch.storage</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> VHDL ´º½º ±×·ì <ULink URL="news:comp.lang.vhdl" >news:comp.lang.vhdl</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Computer Benchmarks ´º½º ±×·ì <ULink URL="news:comp.benchmarks" >news:comp.benchmarks</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> </ItemizedList> </Para> </Sect2> </Sect1> <Sect1 id="fabricate"> <Title>CPU Á¦Á¶ </Title> <Para> CPU¸¦ ¼³°èÇÏ°í Å×½ºÆ®ÇÑ µÚ¿¡, CPU¸¦ ´ë·® »ý»êÇÏ±æ ¿øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·² ¶§, ¼¼°è °÷°÷ÀÇ ¹ÝµµÃ¼ °øÀåµéÀÌ ¸¸Á·ÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ °æÀï·ÂÀÖ´Â °¡°ÝÀ» Á¦°øÇØ ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹, µ¶ÀÏ, ¿µ±¹, ÀϺ», Çѱ¹, Áß±¹ µî¿¡ ÀÌ·± ȸ»çµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. </Para> <Para> TMSC (´ë¸¸) Àº ¼¼°è¿¡¼ <Emphasis remap="bf">"°¡Àå Å« ¹ÝµµÃ¼ Àü¹® Á¦Á¶ °øÀå"</Emphasis>ÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·¯ »ý»ê ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ÈȾµÚ¿¡, 10¸¸°³ ´ÜÀ§ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¾öû³ ´ë·® »ý»êÀ» À§ÇØ °¡Àå ÁÁÀº °ÍÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. </Para> <Sect2> <Title>¹ÝµµÃ¼ Á¦Á¶¾÷ÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ±Ô¸ð!</Title> <Para> ¹ÝµµÃ¼ Á¦Á¶ ȸ»çµéÀº ±â¹Ý ½Ã¼³¿¡ ¾ÆÁÖ ÁýÁßÀûÀ¸·Î ÅõÀÚ¸¦ Çϸç, ¼ö¹é¸¸ ´Þ·¯°¡ µé¾î°¡´Â °øÀåÀ» Áþ´Â´Ù. ¹ÝµµÃ¼ Á¦Á¶¾÷Àº 2004³â±îÁö 70Á¶ ´Þ·¯¿¡¼ 360Á¶ ´Þ·¯·Î ¼ºÀåÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù. (414% Áõ°¡À²ÀÌ´Ù!!) ´õ ¸¹Àº ÁýÀû ÀåÄ¡ Á¦Á¶»çµé(IDMs)µéÀÌ ¿þÀÌÆÛ °¡°ø ¼ö¿ë ´É·ÂÀ» ´Ã¸®´Â ´ë½Å, ħ »ý»ê ¿ÜÁÖ¸¦ ÁÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» äÅÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. </Para> <Para> ¹ÝµµÃ¼ Àü¹® Á¦Á¶ °øÀåµéÀº ÇöÀç ¼¼°è ¹ÝµµÃ¼ »ý»ê·®ÀÇ 12%¸¦ ´ã´çÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ Á¡À¯À²Àº 2004³â ±îÁö 26%·Î µÎ ¹è ÀÌ»óÀÇ Áõ°¡¼¼¸¦ º¸ÀÏ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù. </Para> <Para> "Big Three"ÀÇ Àü¹® ¹ÝµµÃ¼ Á¦Á¶ °øÀåµé(Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC), United Microelectronics Copr. (UMC), Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing Ltd. Pte.)Àº ÇöÀç ¹ÝµµÃ¼ Á¦Á¶ °øÀå »ý»ê ¿ë·®ÀÇ 69%¸¦ ´ã´çÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, 2004³â ±îÁö´Â ±× Á¡À¯À²ÀÌ 88%±îÁö Áõ°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. </Para> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="manufacture"> <Title>CPU Á¦Á¶</Title> <Para> Àü ¼¼°è ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö¹é°³ÀÇ ¹ÝµµÃ¼ Á¦Á¶ °øÀåµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù (³Ê¹« ¸¹¾Æ¼ ¿°ÜÇϱâ Èûµé´Ù). ´ÙÀ½Àº ±×µéÁß ÀϺΠ¸®½ºÆ®ÀÌ´Ù - <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> TSMC (Taiwan Semi-conductor Manufacturing Co) <ULink URL="http://www.tsmc.com" >http://www.tsmc.com</ULink >, ȸ»ç ¼Ò°³ <ULink URL="http://www.tsmc.com/about/index.html" >http://www.tsmc.com/about/index.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing, Singapore <ULink URL="http://www.csminc.com" >http://www.csminc.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> United Microelectronics Corp. (UMC) <ULink URL="http://www.umc.com/index.html" >http://www.umc.com/index.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Advanced BGA <footnote> <para>Ball Grid Array, ĨÀÇ ¾Æ·§¸é¿¡ ¹Ý±¸ ¸ð¾çÀ¸·Î ÇɵéÀ» ¹èÄ¡ÇÏ¿© ĨÀÇ Å©±â¸¦ ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô Çϴ Ĩ ÆÐŰ¡ ¹æ½Ä</para> </footnote> Packing <ULink URL="http://www.abpac.com" >http://www.abpac.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Amcor, Arizona <ULink URL="http://www.amkor.com" >http://www.amkor.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Elume, USA <ULink URL="http://www.elume.com" >http://www.elume.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> X-Fab, Gesellschaft zur Fertigung von Wafern mbH, Erfurt, Germany <ULink URL="http://www.xfab.com" >http://www.xfab.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> IBM corporation, (¹ÝµµÃ¼ »ý»êºÎ) <ULink URL="http://www.ibm.com" >http://www.ibm.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> National Semi-conductor Co, Santa Clara, USA <ULink URL="http://www.natioanl.com" >http://www.natioanl.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Intel corporation (Semi-conductor foundries), USA <ULink URL="http://www.intel.com" >http://www.intel.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Hitachi Semi-conductor Co, Japan <ULink URL="http://www.hitachi.com" >http://www.hitachi.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Fujitsu Semi-conductor Co, Japan </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Mitsubhishi Semi-conductor Co, Japan </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Hyandai Semi-conductor, Korea <ULink URL="http://www.hea.com" >http://www.hea.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Samsumg Semi-conductor, Korea </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Atmel, France <ULink URL="http://www.atmel-wm.com" >http://www.atmel-wm.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> </ItemizedList> ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ ¹ÝµµÃ¼ Á¦Á¶ ÁÖ¿ä ±â¾÷µéÀ» ¾Æ½Å´Ù¸é, ¸®½ºÆ®¿¡ Ãß°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¾Ë·Á´Þ¶ó. </Para> <Para> Ĩ Á¦Á¶ ȸ»ç ¸®½ºÆ® <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> Chip directory <ULink URL="http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/make/foundry.htm" >http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/make/foundry.htm</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Chip makers <ULink URL="http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/make/index.htm" >http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/make/index.htm</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> IC manufacturers <ULink URL="http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/c/a.htm" >http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/c/a.htm</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> </ItemizedList> </Para> </Sect2> </Sect1> <Sect1 id="super"> <Title>Super Computer Architecture</Title> <Para> ¿äÁò Super computer¸¦ À§ÇÑ systemÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀº ´ëºÎºÐ, RISC ±â¹ÝÀÇ Symmetric Multi-Processing(SMP) nodeµéÀ» fast network·Î ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡¼ Å©°Ô ¹þ¾î³ªÁö ¾Ê´Âµ¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±¸Á¶»óÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î ¹ßÀü ¸ð½ÀÀÎ °Í °°´Ù. ºñ±³Àû °ª½Ñ RISC processor¿Í ±Ô°ÝÈµÈ Åë½Å software·Î processorµéÀ» ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â network productµé ´öºÐ¿¡, vendor°¡ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â complete system ´ë½Å ÀÚüÀûÀ¸·Î cluster computer¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. </Para> <Para> ´ÙÀ½ site¿¡ Super Computer¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸°¡ ´õ ÀÖ´Ù. <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> Top 500 super computers <ULink URL="http://www.top500.org/ORSC/2000" >http://www.top500.org/ORSC/2000</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> National Computing Facilities Foundation <ULink URL="http://www.nwo.nl/ncf/indexeng.htm" >http://www.nwo.nl/ncf/indexeng.htm</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Linux Super Computer Beowulf cluster <ULink URL="http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Beowulf-HOWTO.html" >http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Beowulf-HOWTO.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Extreme machines - beowulf cluster <ULink URL="http://www.xtreme-machines.com" >http://www.xtreme-machines.com</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> System architecture description of the Hitachi SR2201 <ULink URL="http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Prod/comp/hpc/eng/sr1.html" >http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Prod/comp/hpc/eng/sr1.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Personal Parallel Supercomputers <ULink URL="http://www.checs.net/checs_98/papers/super" >http://www.checs.net/checs_98/papers/super</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> </ItemizedList> </Para> <Sect2 id="classes"> <Title>Main Architectural Classes</Title> <Para> Machine ÀÚü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ê±â¸¦ Çϱâ Àü¿¡, ¼º´ÉÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°±â À§Çؼ °í¾ÈµÈ mechanismµéÀ» »ìÆ캸´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀ» °Í °°´Ù. ù ¹ø°·Î hardwareÀÇ ±¸Á¶´Â ÇϳªÀÇ CPU ¼º´ÉÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼ computer systemÀÇ ¼Óµµ¸¦ ³ôÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÇ °¡´É¼º ¿©ºÎ±îÁöµµ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ÁÖµÈ ¿ä¼ÒÀÌ´Ù. Hardware¿Í ´õºÒ¾î Áß¿äÇÑ ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ ¿ä¼Ò´Â, ÁÖ¾îÁø hardware platform¿¡¼ »ç¿ëµÉ È¿À²ÀûÀÎ code¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â compilerÀÇ ¼º´ÉÀÌ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì hardwareÀÇ ¿µÇâ°ú softwareÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ºÐ¸®Çϱâ´Â Èûµé±â ¶§¹®¿¡ °¢°¢ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¶§´Â ÁÖÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ chapter¿¡¼´Â ÁÖ·Î hardwareÀÇ ±¸Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇؼ »ìÆ캻´Ù. </Para> <Para> ±×µ¿¾È FlynnÀÇ ºÐ·ùü°è´Â high-performance computer¸¦ ºÐ·ùÇϴµ¥ À¯¿ëÇß´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¼°è´Â instruction°ú dataÀÇ È帧À» ¾î¶»°Ô Á¶ÀÛÇϴ°¡¿¡ µû¶ó¼ 4°¡Áö·Î ºÐ·ùÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¼±Àº °¢ class¸¦ °£·«ÇÏ°Ô ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ³ªÁß¿¡ Á»´õ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ »ìÆ캸µµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. </Para> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="sisd"> <Title>SISD machines </Title> <Para> SISD machineÀº ÇϳªÀÇ CPU·Î ÇϳªÀÇ instuction È帧À» serialÇÏ°Ô Ã³¸®ÇÏ´Â systemÀÌ´Ù. ¿äÁò ¸¹Àº ´ëÇü mainframeµéÀÌ µÎ °³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ CPU¸¦ °®±ä ÇÏÁö¸¸ °¢°¢ÀÇ instruction ó¸® È帧Àº ¼·Î ¿¬°üÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ±×·± °Íµéµµ (¿©·¯°³°¡) °¢ÀÚÀÇ data space¿¡¼ µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â SISD machineÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸Â´Ù. DEC, Hewlett-Packard, Sun MicrosystemsÀÇ workstation ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ SISD machineÀÇ ¿¹¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®¼¿¡¼´Â SISD machineÀÇ Á¤ÀǸ¸ ¾Ë¾ÆµÎµµ·Ï ÇÏ°í ÀÚ¼¼È÷ »ìÆ캸Áö´Â ¾Ê°Ú´Ù. </Para> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="simd"> <Title>SIMD machines</Title> <Para> SIMD machine¿¡¼´Â 1,024¿¡¼ 16,384°³ ±îÁöÀÇ ¸¹Àº processing unitÀÌ ¶È°°Àº instructionÀ» ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ data¿¡ ´ëÇؼ lock-stepÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàÇؼ ÇÑ °³ÀÇ instructionÀÌ ¸¹Àº data¸¦ º´·ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ó¸®ÇϰԵȴÙ. SIMD machineÀÇ ¿¹·Î´Â CPP DAP Gamma II³ª Alenia Quadircs °°Àº °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. </Para> <Para> SIMD systemÀÇ ÇÏÀ§ ºÐ·ù·Î vector processor°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Vector processor´Â Ưº°ÇÑ ±¸Á¶ÀÇ CPUµéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ ÇϳªÀÇ data°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ºñ½ÁÇÑ dataµéÀÇ array¸¦ ó¸®ÇÑ´Ù. data°¡ ÀÌ·¸°Ô vector ´ÜÀ§·Î ó¸®µÇ¸é °á°ú¸¦ clock cycle´ç ÇÑ ¹è³ª µÎ ¹è -- Ưº°ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â -- ¼¼ ¹èÀÇ ºñÀ²·Î ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (system¿¡¼´Â clock cycleÀ» ³»ºÎ ½Ã°£ÀÇ ±âº» ´ÜÀ§·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.) µû¶ó¼ vector processor´Â data¸¦ °ÅÀÇ º´·ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö Àִµ¥, ´Ü ÀÌ°ÍÀº vector mode·Î µ¿ÀÛÇÒ ¶§ ¸¸ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çϸé ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ scalar mode ÀÏ ¶§º¸´Ù ¸î ¹è ºü¸£°Ô ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â vector processor¸¦ ´ëºÎºÐ SIMD machineÀ¸·Î ÀνÄÇϸç, ¿¹·Î´Â Hitachi S3600ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. </Para> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="misd"> <Title>MISD machines</Title> <Para> ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·± À¯ÇüÀÇ machineÀº ÇϳªÀÇ data È帧¿¡ ´ëÇؼ ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ instructionÀ» ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀÇ machineÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸ÇöµÈ ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ»»Ó´õ·¯ ÀÌ·± systemÀº »ý°¢Çϱ⵵ ½±Áö ¾Ê´Ù. ¾ÕÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ³»¿ë¿¡¼ ÀÌ À¯ÇüÀº Á¦¿ÜÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. </Para> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="mimd"> <Title>MIMD machines</Title> <Para> ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀÇ machineÀº ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ instructionÀ» ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ data¿¡ ´ëÇؼ º´·ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù. ¾Õ¿¡¼ ³ª¿Ô´ø ¿©·¯ °³ÀÇ processor¸¦ °¡Áø SISD machine°úÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡Àº, instructionÀ̳ª data°¡ ¼öÇàÇÒ ÀÛ¾÷ÀÇ ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ ºÎºÐÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ »Ó ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷À¸·Î ¿¬°üÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ MIMD system¿¡¼´Â ¿©·¯ °³ÀÇ sub-task¸¦ º´·ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ó¸®Çؼ °á±¹ ¼öÇàÇÒ ÇϳªÀÇ main task °á°ú¸¦ ¾ò´Âµ¥ ±îÁöÀÇ ½Ã°£À» ´ÜÃàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí MIMD systemÀÇ Á¾·ù´Â ´Ù¾çÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ FlynnÀÇ ºÐ·ùü°è°¡ ÀûÀýÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ¸éÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀÌ ¼·Î ¸¹ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥, four-processor NEC SX-5¿Í thousand processor SGI/Cray T3E°¡ °°Àº Á¾·ù·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ±¸ºÐÀ» µÎ°í ±×°Í¿¡ µû¶ó¼ »ìÆ캸µµ·Ï ÇÏ°Ú´Ù. </Para> <Sect3 id="shared"> <Title>Shared memory systems</Title> <Para> Shared memory system¿¡¼´Â ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ CPU°¡ ÇϳªÀÇ address space¸¦ °øÀ¯ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ½Ä¿¡¼´Â ¸ðµç CPUµéÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â memory°¡ ÇÑ °³»ÓÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ data°¡ ÀúÀåµÈ °÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ ±»ÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ» ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾ø´Ù. Shared memory systemÀº SIMDÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í MIMD ÀÏ ¼öµµ Àִµ¥, Single-CPU vector processor´Â ÀüÀÚÀÇ ¿¹ÀÌ°í multi-CPU modelÀº ÈÄÀÚÀÇ ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÕÀ¸·Î´Â SM-SIMD³ª SM-MIMD¶ó´Â ¾à¾î·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. </Para> </Sect3> <Sect3 id="distributed"> <Title>Distributed memory systems</Title> <Para> ÀÌ ÇüÅ´ °¢ÀÚÀÇ memory¸¦ °®´Â CPUµéÀÌ ¼·Î network·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÇÊ¿äÇÒ ¶§¸¶´Ù °¢°¢ÀÇ memory·ÎºÎÅÍ data¸¦ ±³È¯ÇÑ´Ù. Shared memory machineÀÇ °æ¿ì¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® user´Â ¿øÇÏ´Â data°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â À§Ä¡¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ°í ÇÊ¿äÇÒ ¶§¸¶´Ù data¸¦ ¿Å°Ü ÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Distributed memory systemµµ SIMD³ª MIMD°¡ ¸ðµÎ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. lock stepÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â SIMD system°æ¿ì¿¡´Â processor¸¶´Ù °¢ÀÚÀÇ ºÐ»êµÈ memory¸¦ °®´Â´Ù. Distributed memory MIMD systemÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¿¬°áµÇ´Â networkÀÇ topology°¡ ´Ù¾çÇѵ¥, topologyÀÇ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ Á¤º¸¸¦ user°¡ ¾Ë ÇÊ¿ä±îÁö´Â ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ À̽ļºÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù. ¾ÕÀ¸·Î´Â distributed memory system¿¡ ´ëÇؼ DM-SIMD³ª DM-MIMD¶ó´Â ¿ë¾î·Î °¢°¢À» °¡¸®Å°µµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. Shared memory¿Í distributed memory´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±¸ºÐµÇ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸ Ç×»ó ±×·± °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, Kendall Square Research system¿¡¼´Â hardware level¿¡¼ "virtual shared memory"¶ó´Â °³³äÀ» µµÀÔÇß´Ù. Virtual shared memory´Â programming level¿¡¼µµ simulationÀÌ °¡´ÉÇؼ, processorµé¿¡ data¸¦ ºÐ»ê½ÃÅ°´Â compilerÀÇ Áö½Ã ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î High Performance Fortran(HPF) specificationÀÌ 1993³â¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÇ±âµµ Çߴµ¥, HPF°¡ ±¸ÇöµÈ systemÀº user ÀÔÀå¿¡¼´Â shared memory machineÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ°Ô µÈ´Ù. HP³ª SGI/Cray °°Àº Massively Parallel Processor system(MPP systemÀ̶ó°íµµ ÇÑ´Ù)ÀÇ vendor µéµµ, ¹°¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ»êµÈ memory¸¦ collective address space·Î addressing ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á virtual shared-memory programming modelÀ» Áö¿øÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô Çؼ systemÀÇ ¸ðµç memory¸¦ ÇϳªÀÇ global address space·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·± Á¾·ùÀÇ system¿¡ ´ëÇؼ´Â ccNUMA ºÎºÐ¿¡¼ ´õ ´Ù·çµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. Âü°í·Î TreadMarks °°Àº package¿¡µµ workstationµéÀÇ network¸¦ À§Çؼ virtual shared memory environment¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. </Para> </Sect3> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="dps"> <Title>Distributed Processing Systems</Title> <Para> ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ °æÇâ Áß Çϳª´Â ºÐ»ê ó¸®(Distributed Processing)Àε¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀº DM-MIMD¿¡¼ ÇÑ ´Ü°è ´õ ³ª¾Æ°£ °³³äÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·¯ °³ÀÇ intergrated processor¸¦ ¸î °³ÀÇ box³ª workstation, ¶Ç´Â mainframe µî¿¡ ³Ö´Â ´ë½Å (Gigabit) EhternetÀ̳ª FDDI µîÀ¸·Î ¿¬°áÇؼ ÇϳªÀÇ program ¾È¿¡¼ concurrentÇÏ°Ô ¼öÇàµÇµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °³³äÀûÀ¸·Î´Â DM-MIMD computing°ú º°·Î ´Ù¸¦ °ÍÀÌ ¾øÁö¸¸ processor°£ÀÇ Åë½Å ¼Óµµ°¡ Á» ´À¸®´Ù. ¸¹Àº package¿¡¼ distributed computingÀÌ °¡´ÉÇѵ¥, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é PVM(Parallel Virtual Machine)À̳ª MPI(Message Passing Interface)°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± "message passing" modelÀ̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ¹æ½ÄÀÇ programmingÀÌ ³Î¸® ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Á³±â ¶§¹®¿¡ PVMÀ̳ª MPI´Â ´ëºÎºÐ major vendorÀÇ distributed-memory MIMD¿¡ äÅõǾú°í, ½ÉÁö¾î ȣȯ¼ºÀ» À§Çؼ shared-memory MIMD¿¡µµ Àû¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó high computational power¸¦ ¾ò±â À§Çؼ HiPPI channel µîÀ¸·Î shared-memory systemÀ» clusterÇÏ´Â °æÇâµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é NEC SX-5³ª SGI/Cray SV1 µîÀÌ ÀÌ·± ±¸Á¶¸¦ °®´Â´Ù. µû¶ó¼ clustered node ³»¿¡¼ shared-memory programming styleÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. </Para> </Sect2> <Sect2 id="ccNUMA"> <Title>ccNUMA machines</Title> <Para> ¾ÕÀÇ ³»¿ë¿¡¼ ³ª¿Ô´ø °Íó·³, ºñ±³Àû ÀûÀº ¼öÀÇ(16°³ Á¤µµ±îÁö) RISC processor¸¦ Symmetric Multi-Processing(SMP) node¿¡ ÁýÀû½ÃÅ°´Â °æÇâÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·± node ¾ÈÀÇ processorµéÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â °ª½Ñ network·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö¸¸ °¡»óÀûÀ¸·Î´Â Ç×»ó 1-stage crossbar·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. </Para> <Para> ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¾Õ¿¡¼ ³ª¿Ô´ø vector processor¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀÌÁö¸¸ ¸ðµç processorµéÀÌ Àüü address space¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ ´Ù¸£´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ±×·± systemÀº SM-MIMD machineÀ̶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ memory°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ºÐ»êµÇ¾î Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ data access operationÀÌ Ç×»ó ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ã°£³»¿¡ ¼öÇàµÈ´Ù´Â º¸ÀåÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ·± systemÀ» ccNUMA¶ó°í Çϴµ¥ ccNUMA´Â Cache Coherent Non-Uniform Memory Access¸¦ ¶æÇÑ´Ù. ¿©±â¼ "Cache Coherent"¶ó´Â °ÍÀº ¸ðµç CPU¿¡ ´ëÇؼ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â º¯¼ö°¡ ÀÏ°üµÈ °ªÀ» °¡Á®¾ß ÇÔÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. 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> </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> FAQ site <ULink URL="ftp://ftp.sas.com/pub/neural/FAQ.html" >ftp://ftp.sas.com/pub/neural/FAQ.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Automation corp <ULink URL="http://www.accurate-automation.com/Products/NNP.HTM" >Neural Network Processor</ULink > hardware </Para> </ListItem> </ItemizedList> </Para> </Sect1> <Sect1 id="url"> <Title>°ü·ÃµÈ °÷ÀÇ URLµé</Title> <Para> ´ÙÀ½Àº ÀÌ ¹®¼¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ °÷ÀÇ ÁÖ¼ÒÀÌ´Ù. <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> Color Vim editor <ULink URL="http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Vim-HOWTO.html" >http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Vim-HOWTO.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Source code control system <ULink URL="http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/CVS-HOWTO.html" >http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/CVS-HOWTO.html</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Linux goodies main site <ULink URL="http://www.aldev.8m.com" >http://www.aldev.8m.com</ULink > ¿Í mirror siteÀÎ <ULink URL="http://aldev.webjump.com" 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</Para> </Sect1> <Sect1 id="form"> <Title>ÀÌ ¹®¼°¡ Á¦°ø µÇ´Â Çü½Ä</Title> <Para> ÀÌ ¹®¼´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº 12°¡ÁöÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î Á¦°øµÈ´Ù. - DVI, Postscript, Latex, Adobe Acrobat PDF, LyX, GNU-info, HTML, RTF(Rich Text Format), Plain-text, Unix man pages, single HTML file, SGML. <ItemizedList> <ListItem> <Para> ´ÙÀ½ ÁּҷκÎÅÍ ÀÌ HOWTO ¹®¼ÀÇ HTML, DVI, Postscript³ª SGML Çü½ÄÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. - <ULink URL="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/" >ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/</ULink > ¿Í<ULink URL="http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto" >http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> Plain text Çü½ÄÀÇ ¹®¼´Â ´ÙÀ½ ÁּҷκÎÅÍ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù: <ULink URL="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO" >ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO</ULink > ¿Í<ULink URL="http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto" >http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto</ULink > </Para> </ListItem> <ListItem> <Para> HTML file Çü½ÄÀÇ ¹®¼´Â 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