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<div class="section" id="module-doctest">
<span id="doctest-test-interactive-python-examples"></span><h1>25.2. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> — Test interactive Python examples<a class="headerlink" href="#module-doctest" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> module searches for pieces of text that look like interactive
Python sessions, and then executes those sessions to verify that they work
exactly as shown. There are several common ways to use doctest:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>To check that a module’s docstrings are up-to-date by verifying that all
interactive examples still work as documented.</li>
<li>To perform regression testing by verifying that interactive examples from a
test file or a test object work as expected.</li>
<li>To write tutorial documentation for a package, liberally illustrated with
input-output examples. Depending on whether the examples or the expository text
are emphasized, this has the flavor of “literate testing” or “executable
documentation”.</li>
</ul>
<p>Here’s a complete but small example module:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="sd">"""</span>
<span class="sd">This is the "example" module.</span>
<span class="sd">The example module supplies one function, factorial(). For example,</span>
<span class="sd">>>> factorial(5)</span>
<span class="sd">120</span>
<span class="sd">"""</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="sd">"""Return the factorial of n, an exact integer >= 0.</span>
<span class="sd"> >>> [factorial(n) for n in range(6)]</span>
<span class="sd"> [1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120]</span>
<span class="sd"> >>> factorial(30)</span>
<span class="sd"> 265252859812191058636308480000000</span>
<span class="sd"> >>> factorial(-1)</span>
<span class="sd"> Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="sd"> ...</span>
<span class="sd"> ValueError: n must be >= 0</span>
<span class="sd"> Factorials of floats are OK, but the float must be an exact integer:</span>
<span class="sd"> >>> factorial(30.1)</span>
<span class="sd"> Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="sd"> ...</span>
<span class="sd"> ValueError: n must be exact integer</span>
<span class="sd"> >>> factorial(30.0)</span>
<span class="sd"> 265252859812191058636308480000000</span>
<span class="sd"> It must also not be ridiculously large:</span>
<span class="sd"> >>> factorial(1e100)</span>
<span class="sd"> Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="sd"> ...</span>
<span class="sd"> OverflowError: n too large</span>
<span class="sd"> """</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">math</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">>=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"n must be >= 0"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">floor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"n must be exact integer"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c"># catch a value like 1e300</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">OverflowError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"n too large"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="n">factor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">factor</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">*=</span> <span class="n">factor</span>
<span class="n">factor</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">result</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"__main__"</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">doctest</span>
<span class="n">doctest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">testmod</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you run <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">example.py</span></tt> directly from the command line, <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a>
works its magic:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><pre>$ python example.py
$</pre>
</div>
<p>There’s no output! That’s normal, and it means all the examples worked. Pass
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-v</span></tt> to the script, and <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> prints a detailed log of what
it’s trying, and prints a summary at the end:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><pre>$ python example.py -v
Trying:
factorial(5)
Expecting:
120
ok
Trying:
[factorial(n) for n in range(6)]
Expecting:
[1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120]
ok</pre>
</div>
<p>And so on, eventually ending with:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><pre>Trying:
factorial(1e100)
Expecting:
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
OverflowError: n too large
ok
2 items passed all tests:
1 tests in __main__
8 tests in __main__.factorial
9 tests in 2 items.
9 passed and 0 failed.
Test passed.
$</pre>
</div>
<p>That’s all you need to know to start making productive use of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a>!
Jump in. The following sections provide full details. Note that there are many
examples of doctests in the standard Python test suite and libraries.
Especially useful examples can be found in the standard test file
<tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">Lib/test/test_doctest.py</span></tt>.</p>
<div class="section" id="simple-usage-checking-examples-in-docstrings">
<span id="doctest-simple-testmod"></span><h2>25.2.1. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings<a class="headerlink" href="#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-docstrings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The simplest way to start using doctest (but not necessarily the way you’ll
continue to do it) is to end each module <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">M</span></tt> with:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">"__main__"</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">doctest</span>
<span class="n">doctest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">testmod</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> then examines docstrings in module <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">M</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Running the module as a script causes the examples in the docstrings to get
executed and verified:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">M</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This won’t display anything unless an example fails, in which case the failing
example(s) and the cause(s) of the failure(s) are printed to stdout, and the
final line of output is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">***Test</span> <span class="pre">Failed***</span> <span class="pre">N</span> <span class="pre">failures.</span></tt>, where <em>N</em> is the
number of examples that failed.</p>
<p>Run it with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-v</span></tt> switch instead:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">M</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">v</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>and a detailed report of all examples tried is printed to standard output, along
with assorted summaries at the end.</p>
<p>You can force verbose mode by passing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">verbose=True</span></tt> to <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testmod" title="doctest.testmod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testmod()</span></tt></a>, or
prohibit it by passing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">verbose=False</span></tt>. In either of those cases,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></tt> is not examined by <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testmod" title="doctest.testmod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testmod()</span></tt></a> (so passing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-v</span></tt> or not
has no effect).</p>
<p>There is also a command line shortcut for running <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testmod" title="doctest.testmod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testmod()</span></tt></a>. You can
instruct the Python interpreter to run the doctest module directly from the
standard library and pass the module name(s) on the command line:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">doctest</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">v</span> <span class="n">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will import <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">example.py</span></tt> as a standalone module and run
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testmod" title="doctest.testmod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testmod()</span></tt></a> on it. Note that this may not work correctly if the file is
part of a package and imports other submodules from that package.</p>
<p>For more information on <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testmod" title="doctest.testmod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testmod()</span></tt></a>, see section <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest-basic-api"><em>Basic API</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="simple-usage-checking-examples-in-a-text-file">
<span id="doctest-simple-testfile"></span><h2>25.2.2. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File<a class="headerlink" href="#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-a-text-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Another simple application of doctest is testing interactive examples in a text
file. This can be done with the <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testfile" title="doctest.testfile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testfile()</span></tt></a> function:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">doctest</span>
<span class="n">doctest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">testfile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"example.txt"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>That short script executes and verifies any interactive Python examples
contained in the file <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">example.txt</span></tt>. The file content is treated as if it
were a single giant docstring; the file doesn’t need to contain a Python
program! For example, perhaps <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">example.txt</span></tt> contains this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><pre>The ``example`` module
======================
Using ``factorial``
-------------------
This is an example text file in reStructuredText format. First import
``factorial`` from the ``example`` module:
>>> from example import factorial
Now use it:
>>> factorial(6)
120</pre>
</div>
<p>Running <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest.testfile("example.txt")</span></tt> then finds the error in this
documentation:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">File</span> <span class="s">"./example.txt"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">14</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span>
<span class="n">Failed</span> <span class="n">example</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Expected</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="mi">120</span>
<span class="n">Got</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="mi">720</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>As with <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testmod" title="doctest.testmod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testmod()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testfile" title="doctest.testfile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testfile()</span></tt></a> won’t display anything unless an
example fails. If an example does fail, then the failing example(s) and the
cause(s) of the failure(s) are printed to stdout, using the same format as
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testmod" title="doctest.testmod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testmod()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>By default, <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testfile" title="doctest.testfile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testfile()</span></tt></a> looks for files in the calling module’s directory.
See section <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest-basic-api"><em>Basic API</em></a> for a description of the optional arguments
that can be used to tell it to look for files in other locations.</p>
<p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testmod" title="doctest.testmod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testmod()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testfile" title="doctest.testfile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testfile()</span></tt></a>‘s verbosity can be set with the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-v</span></tt> command-line switch or with the optional keyword argument
<em>verbose</em>.</p>
<p>There is also a command line shortcut for running <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testfile" title="doctest.testfile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testfile()</span></tt></a>. You can
instruct the Python interpreter to run the doctest module directly from the
standard library and pass the file name(s) on the command line:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">doctest</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">v</span> <span class="n">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Because the file name does not end with <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">.py</span></tt>, <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> infers that
it must be run with <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testfile" title="doctest.testfile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testfile()</span></tt></a>, not <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testmod" title="doctest.testmod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testmod()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>For more information on <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testfile" title="doctest.testfile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testfile()</span></tt></a>, see section <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest-basic-api"><em>Basic API</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-it-works">
<span id="doctest-how-it-works"></span><h2>25.2.3. How It Works<a class="headerlink" href="#how-it-works" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This section examines in detail how doctest works: which docstrings it looks at,
how it finds interactive examples, what execution context it uses, how it
handles exceptions, and how option flags can be used to control its behavior.
This is the information that you need to know to write doctest examples; for
information about actually running doctest on these examples, see the following
sections.</p>
<div class="section" id="which-docstrings-are-examined">
<span id="doctest-which-docstrings"></span><h3>25.2.3.1. Which Docstrings Are Examined?<a class="headerlink" href="#which-docstrings-are-examined" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The module docstring, and all function, class and method docstrings are
searched. Objects imported into the module are not searched.</p>
<p>In addition, if <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">M.__test__</span></tt> exists and “is true”, it must be a dict, and each
entry maps a (string) name to a function object, class object, or string.
Function and class object docstrings found from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">M.__test__</span></tt> are searched, and
strings are treated as if they were docstrings. In output, a key <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">K</span></tt> in
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">M.__test__</span></tt> appears with name</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">M</span><span class="o">>.</span><span class="n">__test__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">K</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Any classes found are recursively searched similarly, to test docstrings in
their contained methods and nested classes.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="how-are-docstring-examples-recognized">
<span id="doctest-finding-examples"></span><h3>25.2.3.2. How are Docstring Examples Recognized?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-are-docstring-examples-recognized" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>In most cases a copy-and-paste of an interactive console session works fine,
but doctest isn’t trying to do an exact emulation of any specific Python shell.</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># comments are ignored</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">12</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span>
<span class="go">12</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">13</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"yes"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"no"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"NO"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"NO!!!"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="go">no</span>
<span class="go">NO</span>
<span class="go">NO!!!</span>
<span class="go">>>></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Any expected output must immediately follow the final <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'>>></span> <span class="pre">'</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'...</span> <span class="pre">'</span></tt>
line containing the code, and the expected output (if any) extends to the next
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'>>></span> <span class="pre">'</span></tt> or all-whitespace line.</p>
<p>The fine print:</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">Expected output cannot contain an all-whitespace line, since such a line is
taken to signal the end of expected output. If expected output does contain a
blank line, put <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><BLANKLINE></span></tt> in your doctest example each place a blank line
is expected.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">All hard tab characters are expanded to spaces, using 8-column tab stops.
Tabs in output generated by the tested code are not modified. Because any
hard tabs in the sample output <em>are</em> expanded, this means that if the code
output includes hard tabs, the only way the doctest can pass is if the
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE" title="doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE</span></tt></a> option or directive is in effect.
Alternatively, the test can be rewritten to capture the output and compare it
to an expected value as part of the test. This handling of tabs in the
source was arrived at through trial and error, and has proven to be the least
error prone way of handling them. It is possible to use a different
algorithm for handling tabs by writing a custom <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestParser" title="doctest.DocTestParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestParser</span></tt></a> class.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Output to stdout is captured, but not output to stderr (exception tracebacks
are captured via a different means).</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">If you continue a line via backslashing in an interactive session, or for any
other reason use a backslash, you should use a raw docstring, which will
preserve your backslashes exactly as you type them:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="s">r'''Backslashes in a raw docstring: m\n'''</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__doc__</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">Backslashes in a raw docstring: m\n</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Otherwise, the backslash will be interpreted as part of the string. For example,
the “\” above would be interpreted as a newline character. Alternatively, you
can double each backslash in the doctest version (and not use a raw string):</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="sd">'''Backslashes in a raw docstring: m\\n'''</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__doc__</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">Backslashes in a raw docstring: m\n</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The starting column doesn’t matter:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">"Easy!"</span>
<span class="go"> >>> import math</span>
<span class="go"> >>> math.floor(1.9)</span>
<span class="go"> 1</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>and as many leading whitespace characters are stripped from the expected output
as appeared in the initial <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'>>></span> <span class="pre">'</span></tt> line that started the example.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="what-s-the-execution-context">
<span id="doctest-execution-context"></span><h3>25.2.3.3. What’s the Execution Context?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-s-the-execution-context" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>By default, each time <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> finds a docstring to test, it uses a
<em>shallow copy</em> of <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">M</span></tt>‘s globals, so that running tests doesn’t change the
module’s real globals, and so that one test in <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">M</span></tt> can’t leave behind
crumbs that accidentally allow another test to work. This means examples can
freely use any names defined at top-level in <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">M</span></tt>, and names defined earlier
in the docstring being run. Examples cannot see names defined in other
docstrings.</p>
<p>You can force use of your own dict as the execution context by passing
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">globs=your_dict</span></tt> to <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testmod" title="doctest.testmod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testmod()</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testfile" title="doctest.testfile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testfile()</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="what-about-exceptions">
<span id="doctest-exceptions"></span><h3>25.2.3.4. What About Exceptions?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-about-exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>No problem, provided that the traceback is the only output produced by the
example: just paste in the traceback. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id2" id="id1">[1]</a> Since tracebacks contain details
that are likely to change rapidly (for example, exact file paths and line
numbers), this is one case where doctest works hard to be flexible in what it
accepts.</p>
<p>Simple example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
File <span class="nb">"<stdin>"</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n-Identifier">?</span>
<span class="nc">ValueError: list.remove(x)</span>: <span class="n-Identifier">x not in list</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>That doctest succeeds if <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> is raised, with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.remove(x):</span>
<span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">list</span></tt> detail as shown.</p>
<p>The expected output for an exception must start with a traceback header, which
may be either of the following two lines, indented the same as the first line of
the example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Traceback</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">most</span> <span class="n">recent</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="n">last</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">Traceback</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">innermost</span> <span class="n">last</span><span class="p">):</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The traceback header is followed by an optional traceback stack, whose contents
are ignored by doctest. The traceback stack is typically omitted, or copied
verbatim from an interactive session.</p>
<p>The traceback stack is followed by the most interesting part: the line(s)
containing the exception type and detail. This is usually the last line of a
traceback, but can extend across multiple lines if the exception has a
multi-line detail:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'multi</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s"> line</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">detail'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
File <span class="nb">"<stdin>"</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n-Identifier">?</span>
<span class="nc">ValueError</span>: <span class="n-Identifier">multi</span>
<span class="go"> line</span>
<span class="go">detail</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The last three lines (starting with <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a>) are compared against the
exception’s type and detail, and the rest are ignored.</p>
<p>Best practice is to omit the traceback stack, unless it adds significant
documentation value to the example. So the last example is probably better as:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'multi</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s"> line</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">detail'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
<span class="nc">ValueError</span>: <span class="n-Identifier">multi</span>
<span class="go"> line</span>
<span class="go">detail</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that tracebacks are treated very specially. In particular, in the
rewritten example, the use of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">...</span></tt> is independent of doctest’s
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.ELLIPSIS" title="doctest.ELLIPSIS"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">ELLIPSIS</span></tt></a> option. The ellipsis in that example could be left out, or
could just as well be three (or three hundred) commas or digits, or an indented
transcript of a Monty Python skit.</p>
<p>Some details you should read once, but won’t need to remember:</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">Doctest can’t guess whether your expected output came from an exception
traceback or from ordinary printing. So, e.g., an example that expects
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError:</span> <span class="pre">42</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">prime</span></tt> will pass whether <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> is actually
raised or if the example merely prints that traceback text. In practice,
ordinary output rarely begins with a traceback header line, so this doesn’t
create real problems.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Each line of the traceback stack (if present) must be indented further than
the first line of the example, <em>or</em> start with a non-alphanumeric character.
The first line following the traceback header indented the same and starting
with an alphanumeric is taken to be the start of the exception detail. Of
course this does the right thing for genuine tracebacks.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">When the <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL" title="doctest.IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL</span></tt></a> doctest option is specified,
everything following the leftmost colon and any module information in the
exception name is ignored.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The interactive shell omits the traceback header line for some
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">SyntaxError</span></tt></a>s. But doctest uses the traceback header line to
distinguish exceptions from non-exceptions. So in the rare case where you need
to test a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">SyntaxError</span></tt></a> that omits the traceback header, you will need to
manually add the traceback header line to your test example.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">For some <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">SyntaxError</span></tt></a>s, Python displays the character position of the
syntax error, using a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">^</span></tt> marker:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><pre>>>> 1 1
File "<stdin>", line 1
1 1
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax</pre>
</div>
<p>Since the lines showing the position of the error come before the exception type
and detail, they are not checked by doctest. For example, the following test
would pass, even though it puts the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">^</span></tt> marker in the wrong location:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><pre>>>> 1 1
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1
1 1
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax</pre>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="option-flags-and-directives">
<span id="doctest-options"></span><h3>25.2.3.5. Option Flags and Directives<a class="headerlink" href="#option-flags-and-directives" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>A number of option flags control various aspects of doctest’s behavior.
Symbolic names for the flags are supplied as module constants, which can be
or’ed together and passed to various functions. The names can also be used in
doctest directives (see below).</p>
<p>The first group of options define test semantics, controlling aspects of how
doctest decides whether actual output matches an example’s expected output:</p>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="doctest.DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>By default, if an expected output block contains just <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></tt>, an actual output
block containing just <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></tt> or just <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> is considered to be a match, and
similarly for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> versus <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>. When <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1" title="doctest.DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1</span></tt></a> is
specified, neither substitution is allowed. The default behavior caters to that
Python changed the return type of many functions from integer to boolean;
doctests expecting “little integer” output still work in these cases. This
option will probably go away, but not for several years.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="doctest.DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>By default, if an expected output block contains a line containing only the
string <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><BLANKLINE></span></tt>, then that line will match a blank line in the actual
output. Because a genuinely blank line delimits the expected output, this is
the only way to communicate that a blank line is expected. When
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE" title="doctest.DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE</span></tt></a> is specified, this substitution is not allowed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>When specified, all sequences of whitespace (blanks and newlines) are treated as
equal. Any sequence of whitespace within the expected output will match any
sequence of whitespace within the actual output. By default, whitespace must
match exactly. <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE" title="doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE</span></tt></a> is especially useful when a line of
expected output is very long, and you want to wrap it across multiple lines in
your source.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="doctest.ELLIPSIS">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">ELLIPSIS</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.ELLIPSIS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>When specified, an ellipsis marker (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">...</span></tt>) in the expected output can match
any substring in the actual output. This includes substrings that span line
boundaries, and empty substrings, so it’s best to keep usage of this simple.
Complicated uses can lead to the same kinds of “oops, it matched too much!”
surprises that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.*</span></tt> is prone to in regular expressions.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="doctest.IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>When specified, an example that expects an exception passes if an exception of
the expected type is raised, even if the exception detail does not match. For
example, an example expecting <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError:</span> <span class="pre">42</span></tt> will pass if the actual
exception raised is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError:</span> <span class="pre">3*14</span></tt>, but will fail, e.g., if
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a> is raised.</p>
<p>It will also ignore the module name used in Python 3 doctest reports. Hence
both these variations will work regardless of whether the test is run under
Python 2.7 or Python 3.2 (or later versions):</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">CustomError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'message'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="nc">CustomError</span>: <span class="n-Identifier">message</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">CustomError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'message'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="nc">my_module.CustomError</span>: <span class="n-Identifier">message</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.ELLIPSIS" title="doctest.ELLIPSIS"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">ELLIPSIS</span></tt></a> can also be used to ignore the
details of the exception message, but such a test may still fail based
on whether or not the module details are printed as part of the
exception name. Using <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL" title="doctest.IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL</span></tt></a> and the details
from Python 2.3 is also the only clear way to write a doctest that doesn’t
care about the exception detail yet continues to pass under Python 2.3 or
earlier (those releases do not support doctest directives and ignore them
as irrelevant comments). For example,</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'moo'</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
File <span class="nb">"<stdin>"</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n-Identifier">?</span>
<span class="nc">TypeError</span>: <span class="n-Identifier">object doesn't support item assignment</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>passes under Python 2.3 and later Python versions, even though the detail
changed in Python 2.4 to say “does not” instead of “doesn’t”.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL" title="doctest.IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL</span></tt></a> now also ignores any information relating
to the module containing the exception under test.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="doctest.SKIP">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">SKIP</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.SKIP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>When specified, do not run the example at all. This can be useful in contexts
where doctest examples serve as both documentation and test cases, and an
example should be included for documentation purposes, but should not be
checked. E.g., the example’s output might be random; or the example might
depend on resources which would be unavailable to the test driver.</p>
<p>The SKIP flag can also be used for temporarily “commenting out” examples.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="doctest.COMPARISON_FLAGS">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">COMPARISON_FLAGS</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.COMPARISON_FLAGS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A bitmask or’ing together all the comparison flags above.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The second group of options controls how test failures are reported:</p>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="doctest.REPORT_UDIFF">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">REPORT_UDIFF</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.REPORT_UDIFF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>When specified, failures that involve multi-line expected and actual outputs are
displayed using a unified diff.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="doctest.REPORT_CDIFF">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">REPORT_CDIFF</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.REPORT_CDIFF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>When specified, failures that involve multi-line expected and actual outputs
will be displayed using a context diff.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="doctest.REPORT_NDIFF">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">REPORT_NDIFF</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.REPORT_NDIFF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>When specified, differences are computed by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">difflib.Differ</span></tt>, using the same
algorithm as the popular <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">ndiff.py</span></tt> utility. This is the only method that
marks differences within lines as well as across lines. For example, if a line
of expected output contains digit <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></tt> where actual output contains letter
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">l</span></tt>, a line is inserted with a caret marking the mismatching column positions.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="doctest.REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>When specified, display the first failing example in each doctest, but suppress
output for all remaining examples. This will prevent doctest from reporting
correct examples that break because of earlier failures; but it might also hide
incorrect examples that fail independently of the first failure. When
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE" title="doctest.REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE</span></tt></a> is specified, the remaining examples are
still run, and still count towards the total number of failures reported; only
the output is suppressed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="doctest.REPORTING_FLAGS">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">REPORTING_FLAGS</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.REPORTING_FLAGS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A bitmask or’ing together all the reporting flags above.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>“Doctest directives” may be used to modify the option flags for individual
examples. Doctest directives are expressed as a special Python comment
following an example’s source code:</p>
<pre>
<strong id="grammar-token-directive">directive </strong> ::= "#" "doctest:" <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-directive_options"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">directive_options</span></tt></a>
<strong id="grammar-token-directive_options">directive_options </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-directive_option"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">directive_option</span></tt></a> ("," <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-directive_option"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">directive_option</span></tt></a>)\*
<strong id="grammar-token-directive_option">directive_option </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-on_or_off"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_or_off</span></tt></a> <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-directive_option_name"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">directive_option_name</span></tt></a>
<strong id="grammar-token-on_or_off">on_or_off </strong> ::= "+" \| "-"
<strong id="grammar-token-directive_option_name">directive_option_name</strong> ::= "DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE" \| "NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE" \| ...
</pre>
<p>Whitespace is not allowed between the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">+</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span></tt> and the directive option
name. The directive option name can be any of the option flag names explained
above.</p>
<p>An example’s doctest directives modify doctest’s behavior for that single
example. Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">+</span></tt> to enable the named behavior, or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span></tt> to disable it.</p>
<p>For example, this test passes:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="go">[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,</span>
<span class="go">10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Without the directive it would fail, both because the actual output doesn’t have
two blanks before the single-digit list elements, and because the actual output
is on a single line. This test also passes, and also requires a directive to do
so:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="go">[0, 1, ..., 18, 19]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Multiple directives can be used on a single physical line, separated by commas:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="go">[0, 1, ..., 18, 19]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If multiple directive comments are used for a single example, then they are
combined:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>
<span class="go">[0, 1, ..., 18, 19]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>As the previous example shows, you can add <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">...</span></tt> lines to your example
containing only directives. This can be useful when an example is too long for
a directive to comfortably fit on the same line:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>
<span class="go">[0, ..., 4, 10, ..., 19, 30, ..., 39]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that since all options are disabled by default, and directives apply only
to the example they appear in, enabling options (via <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">+</span></tt> in a directive) is
usually the only meaningful choice. However, option flags can also be passed to
functions that run doctests, establishing different defaults. In such cases,
disabling an option via <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span></tt> in a directive can be useful.</p>
<p>There’s also a way to register new option flag names, although this isn’t useful
unless you intend to extend <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> internals via subclassing:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="doctest.register_optionflag">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">register_optionflag</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.register_optionflag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a new option flag with a given name, and return the new flag’s integer
value. <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.register_optionflag" title="doctest.register_optionflag"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">register_optionflag()</span></tt></a> can be used when subclassing
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.OutputChecker" title="doctest.OutputChecker"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">OutputChecker</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a> to create new options that are
supported by your subclasses. <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.register_optionflag" title="doctest.register_optionflag"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">register_optionflag()</span></tt></a> should always be
called using the following idiom:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">MY_FLAG</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">register_optionflag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'MY_FLAG'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="warnings">
<span id="doctest-warnings"></span><h3>25.2.3.6. Warnings<a class="headerlink" href="#warnings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> is serious about requiring exact matches in expected output. If
even a single character doesn’t match, the test fails. This will probably
surprise you a few times, as you learn exactly what Python does and doesn’t
guarantee about output. For example, when printing a dict, Python doesn’t
guarantee that the key-value pairs will be printed in any particular order, so a
test like</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">{"Hermione": "hippogryph", "Harry": "broomstick"}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>is vulnerable! One workaround is to do</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">"Hermione"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">"hippogryph"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"Harry"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">"broomstick"</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>instead. Another is to do</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">d</span>
<span class="go">[('Harry', 'broomstick'), ('Hermione', 'hippogryph')]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>There are others, but you get the idea.</p>
<p>Another bad idea is to print things that embed an object address, like</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># certain to fail some of the time</span>
<span class="go">7948648</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">C</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">C</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># the default repr() for instances embeds an address</span>
<span class="go"><__main__.C instance at 0x00AC18F0></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.ELLIPSIS" title="doctest.ELLIPSIS"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">ELLIPSIS</span></tt></a> directive gives a nice approach for the last example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">C</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go"><__main__.C instance at 0x...></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Floating-point numbers are also subject to small output variations across
platforms, because Python defers to the platform C library for float formatting,
and C libraries vary widely in quality here.</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="mf">1.</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">7</span> <span class="c"># risky</span>
<span class="go">0.14285714285714285</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1.</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># safer</span>
<span class="go">0.142857142857</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">round</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1.</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c"># much safer</span>
<span class="go">0.142857</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Numbers of the form <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">I/2.**J</span></tt> are safe across all platforms, and I often
contrive doctest examples to produce numbers of that form:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="mf">3.</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">4</span> <span class="c"># utterly safe</span>
<span class="go">0.75</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Simple fractions are also easier for people to understand, and that makes for
better documentation.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="basic-api">
<span id="doctest-basic-api"></span><h2>25.2.4. Basic API<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The functions <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testmod" title="doctest.testmod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testmod()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testfile" title="doctest.testfile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testfile()</span></tt></a> provide a simple interface to
doctest that should be sufficient for most basic uses. For a less formal
introduction to these two functions, see sections <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest-simple-testmod"><em>Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings</em></a>
and <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest-simple-testfile"><em>Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File</em></a>.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="doctest.testfile">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">testfile</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em>, <em>module_relative=True</em>, <em>name=None</em>, <em>package=None</em>, <em>globs=None</em>, <em>verbose=None</em>, <em>report=True</em>, <em>optionflags=0</em>, <em>extraglobs=None</em>, <em>raise_on_error=False</em>, <em>parser=DocTestParser()</em>, <em>encoding=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.testfile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>All arguments except <em>filename</em> are optional, and should be specified in keyword
form.</p>
<p>Test examples in the file named <em>filename</em>. Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(failure_count,</span>
<span class="pre">test_count)</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>module_relative</em> specifies how the filename should be
interpreted:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>If <em>module_relative</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (the default), then <em>filename</em> specifies an
OS-independent module-relative path. By default, this path is relative to the
calling module’s directory; but if the <em>package</em> argument is specified, then it
is relative to that package. To ensure OS-independence, <em>filename</em> should use
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/</span></tt> characters to separate path segments, and may not be an absolute path
(i.e., it may not begin with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/</span></tt>).</li>
<li>If <em>module_relative</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, then <em>filename</em> specifies an OS-specific
path. The path may be absolute or relative; relative paths are resolved with
respect to the current working directory.</li>
</ul>
<p>Optional argument <em>name</em> gives the name of the test; by default, or if <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.path.basename(filename)</span></tt> is used.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>package</em> is a Python package or the name of a Python package
whose directory should be used as the base directory for a module-relative
filename. If no package is specified, then the calling module’s directory is
used as the base directory for module-relative filenames. It is an error to
specify <em>package</em> if <em>module_relative</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>globs</em> gives a dict to be used as the globals when executing
examples. A new shallow copy of this dict is created for the doctest, so its
examples start with a clean slate. By default, or if <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, a new empty dict
is used.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>extraglobs</em> gives a dict merged into the globals used to
execute examples. This works like <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.update" title="dict.update"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict.update()</span></tt></a>: if <em>globs</em> and
<em>extraglobs</em> have a common key, the associated value in <em>extraglobs</em> appears in
the combined dict. By default, or if <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, no extra globals are used. This
is an advanced feature that allows parameterization of doctests. For example, a
doctest can be written for a base class, using a generic name for the class,
then reused to test any number of subclasses by passing an <em>extraglobs</em> dict
mapping the generic name to the subclass to be tested.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>verbose</em> prints lots of stuff if true, and prints only
failures if false; by default, or if <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, it’s true if and only if <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'-v'</span></tt>
is in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>report</em> prints a summary at the end when true, else prints
nothing at the end. In verbose mode, the summary is detailed, else the summary
is very brief (in fact, empty if all tests passed).</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>optionflags</em> or’s together option flags. See section
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest-options"><em>Option Flags and Directives</em></a>.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>raise_on_error</em> defaults to false. If true, an exception is
raised upon the first failure or unexpected exception in an example. This
allows failures to be post-mortem debugged. Default behavior is to continue
running examples.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>parser</em> specifies a <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestParser" title="doctest.DocTestParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestParser</span></tt></a> (or subclass) that
should be used to extract tests from the files. It defaults to a normal parser
(i.e., <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestParser()</span></tt>).</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>encoding</em> specifies an encoding that should be used to
convert the file to unicode.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="doctest.testmod">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">testmod</tt><big>(</big><em>m=None</em>, <em>name=None</em>, <em>globs=None</em>, <em>verbose=None</em>, <em>report=True</em>, <em>optionflags=0</em>, <em>extraglobs=None</em>, <em>raise_on_error=False</em>, <em>exclude_empty=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.testmod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>All arguments are optional, and all except for <em>m</em> should be specified in
keyword form.</p>
<p>Test examples in docstrings in functions and classes reachable from module <em>m</em>
(or module <a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></tt></a> if <em>m</em> is not supplied or is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>), starting with
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">m.__doc__</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Also test examples reachable from dict <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">m.__test__</span></tt>, if it exists and is not
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">m.__test__</span></tt> maps names (strings) to functions, classes and
strings; function and class docstrings are searched for examples; strings are
searched directly, as if they were docstrings.</p>
<p>Only docstrings attached to objects belonging to module <em>m</em> are searched.</p>
<p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(failure_count,</span> <span class="pre">test_count)</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>name</em> gives the name of the module; by default, or if
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">m.__name__</span></tt> is used.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>exclude_empty</em> defaults to false. If true, objects for which
no doctests are found are excluded from consideration. The default is a backward
compatibility hack, so that code still using <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest.master.summarize()</span></tt> in
conjunction with <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testmod" title="doctest.testmod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testmod()</span></tt></a> continues to get output for objects with no
tests. The <em>exclude_empty</em> argument to the newer <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestFinder" title="doctest.DocTestFinder"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestFinder</span></tt></a>
constructor defaults to true.</p>
<p>Optional arguments <em>extraglobs</em>, <em>verbose</em>, <em>report</em>, <em>optionflags</em>,
<em>raise_on_error</em>, and <em>globs</em> are the same as for function <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testfile" title="doctest.testfile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testfile()</span></tt></a>
above, except that <em>globs</em> defaults to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">m.__dict__</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>There’s also a function to run the doctests associated with a single object.
This function is provided for backward compatibility. There are no plans to
deprecate it, but it’s rarely useful:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="doctest.run_docstring_examples">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">run_docstring_examples</tt><big>(</big><em>f</em>, <em>globs</em>, <em>verbose=False</em>, <em>name="NoName"</em>, <em>compileflags=None</em>, <em>optionflags=0</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.run_docstring_examples" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Test examples associated with object <em>f</em>; for example, <em>f</em> may be a module,
function, or class object.</p>
<p>A shallow copy of dictionary argument <em>globs</em> is used for the execution context.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>name</em> is used in failure messages, and defaults to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"NoName"</span></tt>.</p>
<p>If optional argument <em>verbose</em> is true, output is generated even if there are no
failures. By default, output is generated only in case of an example failure.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>compileflags</em> gives the set of flags that should be used by
the Python compiler when running the examples. By default, or if <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>,
flags are deduced corresponding to the set of future features found in <em>globs</em>.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>optionflags</em> works as for function <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testfile" title="doctest.testfile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testfile()</span></tt></a> above.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="unittest-api">
<span id="doctest-unittest-api"></span><h2>25.2.5. Unittest API<a class="headerlink" href="#unittest-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>As your collection of doctest’ed modules grows, you’ll want a way to run all
their doctests systematically. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> provides two functions that can
be used to create <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> test suites from modules and text files
containing doctests. To integrate with <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> test discovery, include
a <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">load_tests()</span></tt> function in your test module:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">unittest</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">doctest</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">my_module_with_doctests</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_tests</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">loader</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tests</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ignore</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">tests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addTests</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">doctest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DocTestSuite</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_module_with_doctests</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">tests</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>There are two main functions for creating <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.TestSuite</span></tt></a> instances
from text files and modules with doctests:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="doctest.DocFileSuite">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">DocFileSuite</tt><big>(</big><em>*paths</em>, <em>module_relative=True</em>, <em>package=None</em>, <em>setUp=None</em>, <em>tearDown=None</em>, <em>globs=None</em>, <em>optionflags=0</em>, <em>parser=DocTestParser()</em>, <em>encoding=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocFileSuite" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert doctest tests from one or more text files to a
<a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.TestSuite</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>The returned <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.TestSuite</span></tt></a> is to be run by the unittest framework
and runs the interactive examples in each file. If an example in any file
fails, then the synthesized unit test fails, and a <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">failureException</span></tt>
exception is raised showing the name of the file containing the test and a
(sometimes approximate) line number.</p>
<p>Pass one or more paths (as strings) to text files to be examined.</p>
<p>Options may be provided as keyword arguments:</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>module_relative</em> specifies how the filenames in <em>paths</em>
should be interpreted:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>If <em>module_relative</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> (the default), then each filename in
<em>paths</em> specifies an OS-independent module-relative path. By default, this
path is relative to the calling module’s directory; but if the <em>package</em>
argument is specified, then it is relative to that package. To ensure
OS-independence, each filename should use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/</span></tt> characters to separate path
segments, and may not be an absolute path (i.e., it may not begin with
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/</span></tt>).</li>
<li>If <em>module_relative</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, then each filename in <em>paths</em> specifies
an OS-specific path. The path may be absolute or relative; relative paths
are resolved with respect to the current working directory.</li>
</ul>
<p>Optional argument <em>package</em> is a Python package or the name of a Python
package whose directory should be used as the base directory for
module-relative filenames in <em>paths</em>. If no package is specified, then the
calling module’s directory is used as the base directory for module-relative
filenames. It is an error to specify <em>package</em> if <em>module_relative</em> is
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>setUp</em> specifies a set-up function for the test suite.
This is called before running the tests in each file. The <em>setUp</em> function
will be passed a <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> object. The setUp function can access the
test globals as the <em>globs</em> attribute of the test passed.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>tearDown</em> specifies a tear-down function for the test
suite. This is called after running the tests in each file. The <em>tearDown</em>
function will be passed a <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> object. The setUp function can
access the test globals as the <em>globs</em> attribute of the test passed.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>globs</em> is a dictionary containing the initial global
variables for the tests. A new copy of this dictionary is created for each
test. By default, <em>globs</em> is a new empty dictionary.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>optionflags</em> specifies the default doctest options for the
tests, created by or-ing together individual option flags. See section
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest-options"><em>Option Flags and Directives</em></a>. See function <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.set_unittest_reportflags" title="doctest.set_unittest_reportflags"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_unittest_reportflags()</span></tt></a> below
for a better way to set reporting options.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>parser</em> specifies a <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestParser" title="doctest.DocTestParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestParser</span></tt></a> (or subclass)
that should be used to extract tests from the files. It defaults to a normal
parser (i.e., <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestParser()</span></tt>).</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>encoding</em> specifies an encoding that should be used to
convert the file to unicode.</p>
<p>The global <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__file__</span></tt> is added to the globals provided to doctests loaded
from a text file using <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocFileSuite" title="doctest.DocFileSuite"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocFileSuite()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestSuite">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">DocTestSuite</tt><big>(</big><em>module=None</em>, <em>globs=None</em>, <em>extraglobs=None</em>, <em>test_finder=None</em>, <em>setUp=None</em>, <em>tearDown=None</em>, <em>checker=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestSuite" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert doctest tests for a module to a <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.TestSuite</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>The returned <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.TestSuite</span></tt></a> is to be run by the unittest framework
and runs each doctest in the module. If any of the doctests fail, then the
synthesized unit test fails, and a <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">failureException</span></tt> exception is raised
showing the name of the file containing the test and a (sometimes approximate)
line number.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>module</em> provides the module to be tested. It can be a module
object or a (possibly dotted) module name. If not specified, the module calling
this function is used.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>globs</em> is a dictionary containing the initial global
variables for the tests. A new copy of this dictionary is created for each
test. By default, <em>globs</em> is a new empty dictionary.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>extraglobs</em> specifies an extra set of global variables, which
is merged into <em>globs</em>. By default, no extra globals are used.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>test_finder</em> is the <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestFinder" title="doctest.DocTestFinder"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestFinder</span></tt></a> object (or a
drop-in replacement) that is used to extract doctests from the module.</p>
<p>Optional arguments <em>setUp</em>, <em>tearDown</em>, and <em>optionflags</em> are the same as for
function <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocFileSuite" title="doctest.DocFileSuite"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocFileSuite()</span></tt></a> above.</p>
<p>This function uses the same search technique as <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testmod" title="doctest.testmod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testmod()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Under the covers, <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestSuite" title="doctest.DocTestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestSuite()</span></tt></a> creates a <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.TestSuite</span></tt></a> out
of <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest.DocTestCase</span></tt> instances, and <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestCase</span></tt> is a
subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.TestCase</span></tt></a>. <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestCase</span></tt> isn’t documented
here (it’s an internal detail), but studying its code can answer questions about
the exact details of <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> integration.</p>
<p>Similarly, <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocFileSuite" title="doctest.DocFileSuite"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocFileSuite()</span></tt></a> creates a <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.TestSuite</span></tt></a> out of
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest.DocFileCase</span></tt> instances, and <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocFileCase</span></tt> is a subclass
of <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestCase</span></tt>.</p>
<p>So both ways of creating a <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.TestSuite</span></tt></a> run instances of
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestCase</span></tt>. This is important for a subtle reason: when you run
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> functions yourself, you can control the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> options in
use directly, by passing option flags to <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> functions. However, if
you’re writing a <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> framework, <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> ultimately controls
when and how tests get run. The framework author typically wants to control
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> reporting options (perhaps, e.g., specified by command line
options), but there’s no way to pass options through <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> to
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> test runners.</p>
<p>For this reason, <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> also supports a notion of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a>
reporting flags specific to <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> support, via this function:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="doctest.set_unittest_reportflags">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">set_unittest_reportflags</tt><big>(</big><em>flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.set_unittest_reportflags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> reporting flags to use.</p>
<p>Argument <em>flags</em> or’s together option flags. See section
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest-options"><em>Option Flags and Directives</em></a>. Only “reporting flags” can be used.</p>
<p>This is a module-global setting, and affects all future doctests run by module
<a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a>: the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">runTest()</span></tt> method of <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestCase</span></tt> looks at
the option flags specified for the test case when the <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestCase</span></tt>
instance was constructed. If no reporting flags were specified (which is the
typical and expected case), <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a>‘s <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> reporting flags are
or’ed into the option flags, and the option flags so augmented are passed to the
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a> instance created to run the doctest. If any reporting
flags were specified when the <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestCase</span></tt> instance was constructed,
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a>‘s <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> reporting flags are ignored.</p>
<p>The value of the <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> reporting flags in effect before the function
was called is returned by the function.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="advanced-api">
<span id="doctest-advanced-api"></span><h2>25.2.6. Advanced API<a class="headerlink" href="#advanced-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The basic API is a simple wrapper that’s intended to make doctest easy to use.
It is fairly flexible, and should meet most users’ needs; however, if you
require more fine-grained control over testing, or wish to extend doctest’s
capabilities, then you should use the advanced API.</p>
<p>The advanced API revolves around two container classes, which are used to store
the interactive examples extracted from doctest cases:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.Example" title="doctest.Example"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Example</span></tt></a>: A single Python <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-statement"><em class="xref std std-term">statement</em></a>, paired with its expected
output.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a>: A collection of <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.Example" title="doctest.Example"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Example</span></tt></a>s, typically extracted
from a single docstring or text file.</li>
</ul>
<p>Additional processing classes are defined to find, parse, and run, and check
doctest examples:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestFinder" title="doctest.DocTestFinder"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestFinder</span></tt></a>: Finds all docstrings in a given module, and uses a
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestParser" title="doctest.DocTestParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestParser</span></tt></a> to create a <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> from every docstring that
contains interactive examples.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestParser" title="doctest.DocTestParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestParser</span></tt></a>: Creates a <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> object from a string (such
as an object’s docstring).</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a>: Executes the examples in a <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a>, and uses
an <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.OutputChecker" title="doctest.OutputChecker"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">OutputChecker</span></tt></a> to verify their output.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.OutputChecker" title="doctest.OutputChecker"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">OutputChecker</span></tt></a>: Compares the actual output from a doctest example with
the expected output, and decides whether they match.</li>
</ul>
<p>The relationships among these processing classes are summarized in the following
diagram:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="nb">list</span> <span class="n">of</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">+------+</span> <span class="o">+---------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">DocTestFinder</span><span class="o">-></span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">DocTest</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">DocTestRunner</span><span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">results</span>
<span class="o">+------+</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">^</span> <span class="o">+---------+</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">^</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">printed</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Example</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">|</span>
<span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">|</span>
<span class="n">DocTestParser</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Example</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">OutputChecker</span>
<span class="o">+---------+</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="doctest-objects">
<span id="doctest-doctest"></span><h3>25.2.6.1. DocTest Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#doctest-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="doctest.DocTest">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">DocTest</tt><big>(</big><em>examples</em>, <em>globs</em>, <em>name</em>, <em>filename</em>, <em>lineno</em>, <em>docstring</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A collection of doctest examples that should be run in a single namespace. The
constructor arguments are used to initialize the attributes of the same names.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> defines the following attributes. They are initialized by
the constructor, and should not be modified directly.</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.DocTest.examples">
<tt class="descname">examples</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTest.examples" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A list of <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.Example" title="doctest.Example"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Example</span></tt></a> objects encoding the individual interactive Python
examples that should be run by this test.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.DocTest.globs">
<tt class="descname">globs</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTest.globs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The namespace (aka globals) that the examples should be run in. This is a
dictionary mapping names to values. Any changes to the namespace made by the
examples (such as binding new variables) will be reflected in <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest.globs" title="doctest.DocTest.globs"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">globs</span></tt></a>
after the test is run.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.DocTest.name">
<tt class="descname">name</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTest.name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A string name identifying the <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a>. Typically, this is the name
of the object or file that the test was extracted from.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.DocTest.filename">
<tt class="descname">filename</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTest.filename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the file that this <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> was extracted from; or
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if the filename is unknown, or if the <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> was not
extracted from a file.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.DocTest.lineno">
<tt class="descname">lineno</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTest.lineno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The line number within <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest.filename" title="doctest.DocTest.filename"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">filename</span></tt></a> where this <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> begins, or
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if the line number is unavailable. This line number is zero-based
with respect to the beginning of the file.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.DocTest.docstring">
<tt class="descname">docstring</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTest.docstring" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The string that the test was extracted from, or ‘None’ if the string is
unavailable, or if the test was not extracted from a string.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="example-objects">
<span id="doctest-example"></span><h3>25.2.6.2. Example Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#example-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="doctest.Example">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">Example</tt><big>(</big><em>source</em>, <em>want</em>, <em>exc_msg=None</em>, <em>lineno=0</em>, <em>indent=0</em>, <em>options=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.Example" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A single interactive example, consisting of a Python statement and its expected
output. The constructor arguments are used to initialize the attributes of
the same names.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.Example" title="doctest.Example"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Example</span></tt></a> defines the following attributes. They are initialized by
the constructor, and should not be modified directly.</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.Example.source">
<tt class="descname">source</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.Example.source" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A string containing the example’s source code. This source code consists of a
single Python statement, and always ends with a newline; the constructor adds
a newline when necessary.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.Example.want">
<tt class="descname">want</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.Example.want" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The expected output from running the example’s source code (either from
stdout, or a traceback in case of exception). <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.Example.want" title="doctest.Example.want"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">want</span></tt></a> ends with a
newline unless no output is expected, in which case it’s an empty string. The
constructor adds a newline when necessary.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.Example.exc_msg">
<tt class="descname">exc_msg</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.Example.exc_msg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The exception message generated by the example, if the example is expected to
generate an exception; or <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if it is not expected to generate an
exception. This exception message is compared against the return value of
<a class="reference internal" href="traceback.html#traceback.format_exception_only" title="traceback.format_exception_only"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">traceback.format_exception_only()</span></tt></a>. <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.Example.exc_msg" title="doctest.Example.exc_msg"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">exc_msg</span></tt></a> ends with a newline
unless it’s <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>. The constructor adds a newline if needed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.Example.lineno">
<tt class="descname">lineno</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.Example.lineno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The line number within the string containing this example where the example
begins. This line number is zero-based with respect to the beginning of the
containing string.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.Example.indent">
<tt class="descname">indent</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.Example.indent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The example’s indentation in the containing string, i.e., the number of space
characters that precede the example’s first prompt.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.Example.options">
<tt class="descname">options</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.Example.options" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A dictionary mapping from option flags to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> or <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, which is used
to override default options for this example. Any option flags not contained
in this dictionary are left at their default value (as specified by the
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a>‘s <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">optionflags</span></tt>). By default, no options are set.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="doctestfinder-objects">
<span id="doctest-doctestfinder"></span><h3>25.2.6.3. DocTestFinder objects<a class="headerlink" href="#doctestfinder-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestFinder">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">DocTestFinder</tt><big>(</big><em>verbose=False</em>, <em>parser=DocTestParser()</em>, <em>recurse=True</em>, <em>exclude_empty=True</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestFinder" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A processing class used to extract the <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a>s that are relevant to
a given object, from its docstring and the docstrings of its contained objects.
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a>s can currently be extracted from the following object types:
modules, functions, classes, methods, staticmethods, classmethods, and
properties.</p>
<p>The optional argument <em>verbose</em> can be used to display the objects searched by
the finder. It defaults to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> (no output).</p>
<p>The optional argument <em>parser</em> specifies the <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestParser" title="doctest.DocTestParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestParser</span></tt></a> object (or a
drop-in replacement) that is used to extract doctests from docstrings.</p>
<p>If the optional argument <em>recurse</em> is false, then <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestFinder.find" title="doctest.DocTestFinder.find"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestFinder.find()</span></tt></a>
will only examine the given object, and not any contained objects.</p>
<p>If the optional argument <em>exclude_empty</em> is false, then
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestFinder.find" title="doctest.DocTestFinder.find"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestFinder.find()</span></tt></a> will include tests for objects with empty docstrings.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestFinder" title="doctest.DocTestFinder"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestFinder</span></tt></a> defines the following method:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestFinder.find">
<tt class="descname">find</tt><big>(</big><em>obj[, name][, module][, globs][, extraglobs]</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestFinder.find" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a list of the <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a>s that are defined by <em>obj</em>‘s
docstring, or by any of its contained objects’ docstrings.</p>
<p>The optional argument <em>name</em> specifies the object’s name; this name will be
used to construct names for the returned <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a>s. If <em>name</em> is
not specified, then <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj.__name__</span></tt> is used.</p>
<p>The optional parameter <em>module</em> is the module that contains the given object.
If the module is not specified or is None, then the test finder will attempt
to automatically determine the correct module. The object’s module is used:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>As a default namespace, if <em>globs</em> is not specified.</li>
<li>To prevent the DocTestFinder from extracting DocTests from objects that are
imported from other modules. (Contained objects with modules other than
<em>module</em> are ignored.)</li>
<li>To find the name of the file containing the object.</li>
<li>To help find the line number of the object within its file.</li>
</ul>
<p>If <em>module</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, no attempt to find the module will be made. This is
obscure, of use mostly in testing doctest itself: if <em>module</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, or
is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> but cannot be found automatically, then all objects are considered
to belong to the (non-existent) module, so all contained objects will
(recursively) be searched for doctests.</p>
<p>The globals for each <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> is formed by combining <em>globs</em> and
<em>extraglobs</em> (bindings in <em>extraglobs</em> override bindings in <em>globs</em>). A new
shallow copy of the globals dictionary is created for each <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a>.
If <em>globs</em> is not specified, then it defaults to the module’s <em>__dict__</em>, if
specified, or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{}</span></tt> otherwise. If <em>extraglobs</em> is not specified, then it
defaults to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{}</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="doctestparser-objects">
<span id="doctest-doctestparser"></span><h3>25.2.6.4. DocTestParser objects<a class="headerlink" href="#doctestparser-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestParser">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">DocTestParser</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestParser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A processing class used to extract interactive examples from a string, and use
them to create a <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> object.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestParser" title="doctest.DocTestParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestParser</span></tt></a> defines the following methods:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestParser.get_doctest">
<tt class="descname">get_doctest</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em>, <em>globs</em>, <em>name</em>, <em>filename</em>, <em>lineno</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestParser.get_doctest" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Extract all doctest examples from the given string, and collect them into a
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> object.</p>
<p><em>globs</em>, <em>name</em>, <em>filename</em>, and <em>lineno</em> are attributes for the new
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> object. See the documentation for <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> for more
information.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestParser.get_examples">
<tt class="descname">get_examples</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em>, <em>name='<string>'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestParser.get_examples" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Extract all doctest examples from the given string, and return them as a list
of <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.Example" title="doctest.Example"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Example</span></tt></a> objects. Line numbers are 0-based. The optional argument
<em>name</em> is a name identifying this string, and is only used for error messages.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestParser.parse">
<tt class="descname">parse</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em>, <em>name='<string>'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestParser.parse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Divide the given string into examples and intervening text, and return them as
a list of alternating <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.Example" title="doctest.Example"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Example</span></tt></a>s and strings. Line numbers for the
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.Example" title="doctest.Example"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Example</span></tt></a>s are 0-based. The optional argument <em>name</em> is a name
identifying this string, and is only used for error messages.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="doctestrunner-objects">
<span id="doctest-doctestrunner"></span><h3>25.2.6.5. DocTestRunner objects<a class="headerlink" href="#doctestrunner-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestRunner">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">DocTestRunner</tt><big>(</big><em>checker=None</em>, <em>verbose=None</em>, <em>optionflags=0</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A processing class used to execute and verify the interactive examples in a
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>The comparison between expected outputs and actual outputs is done by an
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.OutputChecker" title="doctest.OutputChecker"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">OutputChecker</span></tt></a>. This comparison may be customized with a number of
option flags; see section <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest-options"><em>Option Flags and Directives</em></a> for more information. If the
option flags are insufficient, then the comparison may also be customized by
passing a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.OutputChecker" title="doctest.OutputChecker"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">OutputChecker</span></tt></a> to the constructor.</p>
<p>The test runner’s display output can be controlled in two ways. First, an output
function can be passed to <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestRunner.run()</span></tt>; this function will be called
with strings that should be displayed. It defaults to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout.write</span></tt>. If
capturing the output is not sufficient, then the display output can be also
customized by subclassing DocTestRunner, and overriding the methods
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner.report_start" title="doctest.DocTestRunner.report_start"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">report_start()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner.report_success" title="doctest.DocTestRunner.report_success"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">report_success()</span></tt></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner.report_unexpected_exception" title="doctest.DocTestRunner.report_unexpected_exception"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">report_unexpected_exception()</span></tt></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner.report_failure" title="doctest.DocTestRunner.report_failure"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">report_failure()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>The optional keyword argument <em>checker</em> specifies the <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.OutputChecker" title="doctest.OutputChecker"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">OutputChecker</span></tt></a>
object (or drop-in replacement) that should be used to compare the expected
outputs to the actual outputs of doctest examples.</p>
<p>The optional keyword argument <em>verbose</em> controls the <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a>‘s
verbosity. If <em>verbose</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, then information is printed about each
example, as it is run. If <em>verbose</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, then only failures are
printed. If <em>verbose</em> is unspecified, or <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, then verbose output is used
iff the command-line switch <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-v</span></tt> is used.</p>
<p>The optional keyword argument <em>optionflags</em> can be used to control how the test
runner compares expected output to actual output, and how it displays failures.
For more information, see section <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest-options"><em>Option Flags and Directives</em></a>.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestParser" title="doctest.DocTestParser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestParser</span></tt></a> defines the following methods:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestRunner.report_start">
<tt class="descname">report_start</tt><big>(</big><em>out</em>, <em>test</em>, <em>example</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner.report_start" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Report that the test runner is about to process the given example. This method
is provided to allow subclasses of <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a> to customize their
output; it should not be called directly.</p>
<p><em>example</em> is the example about to be processed. <em>test</em> is the test
<em>containing example</em>. <em>out</em> is the output function that was passed to
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner.run" title="doctest.DocTestRunner.run"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner.run()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestRunner.report_success">
<tt class="descname">report_success</tt><big>(</big><em>out</em>, <em>test</em>, <em>example</em>, <em>got</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner.report_success" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Report that the given example ran successfully. This method is provided to
allow subclasses of <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a> to customize their output; it
should not be called directly.</p>
<p><em>example</em> is the example about to be processed. <em>got</em> is the actual output
from the example. <em>test</em> is the test containing <em>example</em>. <em>out</em> is the
output function that was passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner.run" title="doctest.DocTestRunner.run"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner.run()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestRunner.report_failure">
<tt class="descname">report_failure</tt><big>(</big><em>out</em>, <em>test</em>, <em>example</em>, <em>got</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner.report_failure" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Report that the given example failed. This method is provided to allow
subclasses of <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a> to customize their output; it should not
be called directly.</p>
<p><em>example</em> is the example about to be processed. <em>got</em> is the actual output
from the example. <em>test</em> is the test containing <em>example</em>. <em>out</em> is the
output function that was passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner.run" title="doctest.DocTestRunner.run"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner.run()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestRunner.report_unexpected_exception">
<tt class="descname">report_unexpected_exception</tt><big>(</big><em>out</em>, <em>test</em>, <em>example</em>, <em>exc_info</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner.report_unexpected_exception" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Report that the given example raised an unexpected exception. This method is
provided to allow subclasses of <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a> to customize their
output; it should not be called directly.</p>
<p><em>example</em> is the example about to be processed. <em>exc_info</em> is a tuple
containing information about the unexpected exception (as returned by
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.exc_info()</span></tt></a>). <em>test</em> is the test containing <em>example</em>. <em>out</em> is the
output function that was passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner.run" title="doctest.DocTestRunner.run"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner.run()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestRunner.run">
<tt class="descname">run</tt><big>(</big><em>test</em>, <em>compileflags=None</em>, <em>out=None</em>, <em>clear_globs=True</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner.run" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Run the examples in <em>test</em> (a <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> object), and display the
results using the writer function <em>out</em>.</p>
<p>The examples are run in the namespace <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test.globs</span></tt>. If <em>clear_globs</em> is
true (the default), then this namespace will be cleared after the test runs,
to help with garbage collection. If you would like to examine the namespace
after the test completes, then use <em>clear_globs=False</em>.</p>
<p><em>compileflags</em> gives the set of flags that should be used by the Python
compiler when running the examples. If not specified, then it will default to
the set of future-import flags that apply to <em>globs</em>.</p>
<p>The output of each example is checked using the <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a>‘s
output checker, and the results are formatted by the
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner.report_*()</span></tt> methods.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestRunner.summarize">
<tt class="descname">summarize</tt><big>(</big><em>verbose=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner.summarize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Print a summary of all the test cases that have been run by this DocTestRunner,
and return a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-named-tuple"><em class="xref std std-term">named tuple</em></a> <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TestResults(failed,</span> <span class="pre">attempted)</span></tt>.</p>
<p>The optional <em>verbose</em> argument controls how detailed the summary is. If the
verbosity is not specified, then the <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a>‘s verbosity is
used.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="outputchecker-objects">
<span id="doctest-outputchecker"></span><h3>25.2.6.6. OutputChecker objects<a class="headerlink" href="#outputchecker-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="doctest.OutputChecker">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">OutputChecker</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.OutputChecker" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A class used to check the whether the actual output from a doctest example
matches the expected output. <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.OutputChecker" title="doctest.OutputChecker"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">OutputChecker</span></tt></a> defines two methods:
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.OutputChecker.check_output" title="doctest.OutputChecker.check_output"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">check_output()</span></tt></a>, which compares a given pair of outputs, and returns true
if they match; and <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.OutputChecker.output_difference" title="doctest.OutputChecker.output_difference"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">output_difference()</span></tt></a>, which returns a string describing
the differences between two outputs.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.OutputChecker" title="doctest.OutputChecker"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">OutputChecker</span></tt></a> defines the following methods:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="doctest.OutputChecker.check_output">
<tt class="descname">check_output</tt><big>(</big><em>want</em>, <em>got</em>, <em>optionflags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.OutputChecker.check_output" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> iff the actual output from an example (<em>got</em>) matches the
expected output (<em>want</em>). These strings are always considered to match if
they are identical; but depending on what option flags the test runner is
using, several non-exact match types are also possible. See section
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest-options"><em>Option Flags and Directives</em></a> for more information about option flags.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="doctest.OutputChecker.output_difference">
<tt class="descname">output_difference</tt><big>(</big><em>example</em>, <em>got</em>, <em>optionflags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.OutputChecker.output_difference" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a string describing the differences between the expected output for a
given example (<em>example</em>) and the actual output (<em>got</em>). <em>optionflags</em> is the
set of option flags used to compare <em>want</em> and <em>got</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="debugging">
<span id="doctest-debugging"></span><h2>25.2.7. Debugging<a class="headerlink" href="#debugging" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Doctest provides several mechanisms for debugging doctest examples:</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">Several functions convert doctests to executable Python programs, which can be
run under the Python debugger, <a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">pdb</span></tt></a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DebugRunner" title="doctest.DebugRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DebugRunner</span></tt></a> class is a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a> that
raises an exception for the first failing example, containing information about
that example. This information can be used to perform post-mortem debugging on
the example.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt></a> cases generated by <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestSuite" title="doctest.DocTestSuite"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestSuite()</span></tt></a> support the
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.debug" title="doctest.debug"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">debug()</span></tt></a> method defined by <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#unittest.TestCase" title="unittest.TestCase"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.TestCase</span></tt></a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">You can add a call to <a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html#pdb.set_trace" title="pdb.set_trace"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">pdb.set_trace()</span></tt></a> in a doctest example, and you’ll
drop into the Python debugger when that line is executed. Then you can inspect
current values of variables, and so on. For example, suppose <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">a.py</span></tt>
contains just this module docstring:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="sd">"""</span>
<span class="sd">>>> def f(x):</span>
<span class="sd">... g(x*2)</span>
<span class="sd">>>> def g(x):</span>
<span class="sd">... print(x+3)</span>
<span class="sd">... import pdb; pdb.set_trace()</span>
<span class="sd">>>> f(3)</span>
<span class="sd">9</span>
<span class="sd">"""</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then an interactive Python session may look like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">a</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">doctest</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">doctest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">testmod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">--Return--</span>
<span class="go">> <doctest a[1]>(3)g()->None</span>
<span class="go">-> import pdb; pdb.set_trace()</span>
<span class="go">(Pdb) list</span>
<span class="go"> 1 def g(x):</span>
<span class="go"> 2 print(x+3)</span>
<span class="go"> 3 -> import pdb; pdb.set_trace()</span>
<span class="go">[EOF]</span>
<span class="go">(Pdb) p x</span>
<span class="go">6</span>
<span class="go">(Pdb) step</span>
<span class="go">--Return--</span>
<span class="go">> <doctest a[0]>(2)f()->None</span>
<span class="go">-> g(x*2)</span>
<span class="go">(Pdb) list</span>
<span class="go"> 1 def f(x):</span>
<span class="go"> 2 -> g(x*2)</span>
<span class="go">[EOF]</span>
<span class="go">(Pdb) p x</span>
<span class="go">3</span>
<span class="go">(Pdb) step</span>
<span class="go">--Return--</span>
<span class="go">> <doctest a[2]>(1)?()->None</span>
<span class="go">-> f(3)</span>
<span class="go">(Pdb) cont</span>
<span class="go">(0, 3)</span>
<span class="go">>>></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Functions that convert doctests to Python code, and possibly run the synthesized
code under the debugger:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="doctest.script_from_examples">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">script_from_examples</tt><big>(</big><em>s</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.script_from_examples" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert text with examples to a script.</p>
<p>Argument <em>s</em> is a string containing doctest examples. The string is converted
to a Python script, where doctest examples in <em>s</em> are converted to regular code,
and everything else is converted to Python comments. The generated script is
returned as a string. For example,</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">doctest</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">doctest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">script_from_examples</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">r"""</span>
<span class="s"> Set x and y to 1 and 2.</span>
<span class="s"> >>> x, y = 1, 2</span>
<span class="s"> Print their sum:</span>
<span class="s"> >>> print(x+y)</span>
<span class="s"> 3</span>
<span class="s">"""</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>displays:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Set x and y to 1 and 2.</span>
<span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="c">#</span>
<span class="c"># Print their sum:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Expected:</span>
<span class="c">## 3</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This function is used internally by other functions (see below), but can also be
useful when you want to transform an interactive Python session into a Python
script.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="doctest.testsource">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">testsource</tt><big>(</big><em>module</em>, <em>name</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.testsource" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert the doctest for an object to a script.</p>
<p>Argument <em>module</em> is a module object, or dotted name of a module, containing the
object whose doctests are of interest. Argument <em>name</em> is the name (within the
module) of the object with the doctests of interest. The result is a string,
containing the object’s docstring converted to a Python script, as described for
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.script_from_examples" title="doctest.script_from_examples"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">script_from_examples()</span></tt></a> above. For example, if module <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">a.py</span></tt>
contains a top-level function <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">f()</span></tt>, then</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">a</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">doctest</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">doctest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">testsource</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"a.f"</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>prints a script version of function <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">f()</span></tt>‘s docstring, with doctests
converted to code, and the rest placed in comments.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="doctest.debug">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">debug</tt><big>(</big><em>module</em>, <em>name</em>, <em>pm=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.debug" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Debug the doctests for an object.</p>
<p>The <em>module</em> and <em>name</em> arguments are the same as for function
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testsource" title="doctest.testsource"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testsource()</span></tt></a> above. The synthesized Python script for the named object’s
docstring is written to a temporary file, and then that file is run under the
control of the Python debugger, <a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">pdb</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>A shallow copy of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">module.__dict__</span></tt> is used for both local and global
execution context.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>pm</em> controls whether post-mortem debugging is used. If <em>pm</em>
has a true value, the script file is run directly, and the debugger gets
involved only if the script terminates via raising an unhandled exception. If
it does, then post-mortem debugging is invoked, via <a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html#pdb.post_mortem" title="pdb.post_mortem"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">pdb.post_mortem()</span></tt></a>,
passing the traceback object from the unhandled exception. If <em>pm</em> is not
specified, or is false, the script is run under the debugger from the start, via
passing an appropriate <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#exec" title="exec"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec()</span></tt></a> call to <a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html#pdb.run" title="pdb.run"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">pdb.run()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="doctest.debug_src">
<tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">debug_src</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>pm=False</em>, <em>globs=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.debug_src" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Debug the doctests in a string.</p>
<p>This is like function <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.debug" title="doctest.debug"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">debug()</span></tt></a> above, except that a string containing
doctest examples is specified directly, via the <em>src</em> argument.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>pm</em> has the same meaning as in function <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.debug" title="doctest.debug"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">debug()</span></tt></a> above.</p>
<p>Optional argument <em>globs</em> gives a dictionary to use as both local and global
execution context. If not specified, or <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, an empty dictionary is used.
If specified, a shallow copy of the dictionary is used.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DebugRunner" title="doctest.DebugRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DebugRunner</span></tt></a> class, and the special exceptions it may raise, are of
most interest to testing framework authors, and will only be sketched here. See
the source code, and especially <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DebugRunner" title="doctest.DebugRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DebugRunner</span></tt></a>‘s docstring (which is a
doctest!) for more details:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="doctest.DebugRunner">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">DebugRunner</tt><big>(</big><em>checker=None</em>, <em>verbose=None</em>, <em>optionflags=0</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DebugRunner" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a> that raises an exception as soon as a
failure is encountered. If an unexpected exception occurs, an
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.UnexpectedException" title="doctest.UnexpectedException"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnexpectedException</span></tt></a> exception is raised, containing the test, the
example, and the original exception. If the output doesn’t match, then a
<a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestFailure" title="doctest.DocTestFailure"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestFailure</span></tt></a> exception is raised, containing the test, the example, and
the actual output.</p>
<p>For information about the constructor parameters and methods, see the
documentation for <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a> in section <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest-advanced-api"><em>Advanced API</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>There are two exceptions that may be raised by <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DebugRunner" title="doctest.DebugRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DebugRunner</span></tt></a> instances:</p>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestFailure">
<em class="property">exception </em><tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">DocTestFailure</tt><big>(</big><em>test</em>, <em>example</em>, <em>got</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestFailure" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>An exception raised by <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a> to signal that a doctest example’s
actual output did not match its expected output. The constructor arguments are
used to initialize the attributes of the same names.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestFailure" title="doctest.DocTestFailure"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestFailure</span></tt></a> defines the following attributes:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestFailure.test">
<tt class="descclassname">DocTestFailure.</tt><tt class="descname">test</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestFailure.test" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> object that was being run when the example failed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestFailure.example">
<tt class="descclassname">DocTestFailure.</tt><tt class="descname">example</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestFailure.example" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.Example" title="doctest.Example"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Example</span></tt></a> that failed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.DocTestFailure.got">
<tt class="descclassname">DocTestFailure.</tt><tt class="descname">got</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.DocTestFailure.got" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The example’s actual output.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="doctest.UnexpectedException">
<em class="property">exception </em><tt class="descclassname">doctest.</tt><tt class="descname">UnexpectedException</tt><big>(</big><em>test</em>, <em>example</em>, <em>exc_info</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.UnexpectedException" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>An exception raised by <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTestRunner" title="doctest.DocTestRunner"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTestRunner</span></tt></a> to signal that a doctest
example raised an unexpected exception. The constructor arguments are used
to initialize the attributes of the same names.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.UnexpectedException" title="doctest.UnexpectedException"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnexpectedException</span></tt></a> defines the following attributes:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.UnexpectedException.test">
<tt class="descclassname">UnexpectedException.</tt><tt class="descname">test</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.UnexpectedException.test" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocTest" title="doctest.DocTest"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocTest</span></tt></a> object that was being run when the example failed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.UnexpectedException.example">
<tt class="descclassname">UnexpectedException.</tt><tt class="descname">example</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.UnexpectedException.example" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.Example" title="doctest.Example"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Example</span></tt></a> that failed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="doctest.UnexpectedException.exc_info">
<tt class="descclassname">UnexpectedException.</tt><tt class="descname">exc_info</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#doctest.UnexpectedException.exc_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A tuple containing information about the unexpected exception, as returned by
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.exc_info()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="soapbox">
<span id="doctest-soapbox"></span><h2>25.2.8. Soapbox<a class="headerlink" href="#soapbox" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>As mentioned in the introduction, <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a> has grown to have three primary
uses:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Checking examples in docstrings.</li>
<li>Regression testing.</li>
<li>Executable documentation / literate testing.</li>
</ol>
<p>These uses have different requirements, and it is important to distinguish them.
In particular, filling your docstrings with obscure test cases makes for bad
documentation.</p>
<p>When writing a docstring, choose docstring examples with care. There’s an art to
this that needs to be learned—it may not be natural at first. Examples should
add genuine value to the documentation. A good example can often be worth many
words. If done with care, the examples will be invaluable for your users, and
will pay back the time it takes to collect them many times over as the years go
by and things change. I’m still amazed at how often one of my <a class="reference internal" href="#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt></a>
examples stops working after a “harmless” change.</p>
<p>Doctest also makes an excellent tool for regression testing, especially if you
don’t skimp on explanatory text. By interleaving prose and examples, it becomes
much easier to keep track of what’s actually being tested, and why. When a test
fails, good prose can make it much easier to figure out what the problem is, and
how it should be fixed. It’s true that you could write extensive comments in
code-based testing, but few programmers do. Many have found that using doctest
approaches instead leads to much clearer tests. Perhaps this is simply because
doctest makes writing prose a little easier than writing code, while writing
comments in code is a little harder. I think it goes deeper than just that:
the natural attitude when writing a doctest-based test is that you want to
explain the fine points of your software, and illustrate them with examples.
This in turn naturally leads to test files that start with the simplest
features, and logically progress to complications and edge cases. A coherent
narrative is the result, instead of a collection of isolated functions that test
isolated bits of functionality seemingly at random. It’s a different attitude,
and produces different results, blurring the distinction between testing and
explaining.</p>
<p>Regression testing is best confined to dedicated objects or files. There are
several options for organizing tests:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Write text files containing test cases as interactive examples, and test the
files using <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.testfile" title="doctest.testfile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">testfile()</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#doctest.DocFileSuite" title="doctest.DocFileSuite"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">DocFileSuite()</span></tt></a>. This is recommended,
although is easiest to do for new projects, designed from the start to use
doctest.</li>
<li>Define functions named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_regrtest_topic</span></tt> that consist of single docstrings,
containing test cases for the named topics. These functions can be included in
the same file as the module, or separated out into a separate test file.</li>
<li>Define a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__test__</span></tt> dictionary mapping from regression test topics to
docstrings containing test cases.</li>
</ul>
<p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id2" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>Examples containing both expected output and an exception are not supported.
Trying to guess where one ends and the other begins is too error-prone, and that
also makes for a confusing test.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">25.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt> — Test interactive Python examples</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-docstrings">25.2.1. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-a-text-file">25.2.2. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-it-works">25.2.3. How It Works</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#which-docstrings-are-examined">25.2.3.1. Which Docstrings Are Examined?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-are-docstring-examples-recognized">25.2.3.2. How are Docstring Examples Recognized?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-s-the-execution-context">25.2.3.3. What’s the Execution Context?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-about-exceptions">25.2.3.4. What About Exceptions?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#option-flags-and-directives">25.2.3.5. Option Flags and Directives</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#warnings">25.2.3.6. Warnings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-api">25.2.4. Basic API</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest-api">25.2.5. Unittest API</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#advanced-api">25.2.6. Advanced API</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest-objects">25.2.6.1. DocTest Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example-objects">25.2.6.2. Example Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#doctestfinder-objects">25.2.6.3. DocTestFinder objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#doctestparser-objects">25.2.6.4. DocTestParser objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#doctestrunner-objects">25.2.6.5. DocTestRunner objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#outputchecker-objects">25.2.6.6. OutputChecker objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#debugging">25.2.7. Debugging</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#soapbox">25.2.8. Soapbox</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<p class="topless"><a href="pydoc.html"
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title="next chapter">25.3. <tt class="docutils literal docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt> — Unit testing framework</a></p>
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