Date : 15-Jan-2004
Last update: 20071229
Authors: Adam Fedor <fedor@gnu.org>
         Quentin Mathé <qmathe@club-internet.fr>
         Lars S.-Helldorf <lars.sonchocky-helldorf@hamburg.de>

PURPOSE
-------

This document is intended to provide a step by step instruction on how to get 
the GNUstep installed on Mac OS X and Darwin.

COMMONLY USED SYMBOLS
---------------------

<> denotes a variable depending on your preferences. To be replaced with the
actual values from your system. For instance, if you installed GCC in /opt/local
   
     ./configure CC=<gcc install dir>/bin/gcc
   
will become:
   
     ./configure CC=/opt/local/bin/gcc
   
[] denotes an optional parameter. For instance:

     ./configure [--enable-graphics=art]
  
can be either:
  
     ./configure

or:

     ./configure --enable-graphics=art

PRELIMINAIRES
-------------

For all targets, get the following software. I'd recommend installing
Fink (and FinkCommander on Mac OS X) or MacPorts to get all this
software. Make sure that Fink or MacPorts is in your path; newer
versions do a good job of doing this for you. It's quite possible for
libraries installed via Fink/Macports to conflict with Apple
libraries, which cause strange errors running GNUstep apps (like odd
crashes and seg faults).  In that cause you might want to hand-compile
the libraries you need (only the tiff and libffi libraries are REALLY needed,
everything else is basically optional).

Remember you usually need root access to install software. That means when you 
see an instruction like 'make install', you usually need to use sudo 
('sudo make install') or be logged in as root (not recommended).

     libxml2  (Optional, highly recommended, already in 
               Mac OS X 10.3 / Darwin 7 and later)
     libxslt  (Optional)
     libtiff  (Required)
     libjpeg  (Optional, highly recommended - don't get from fink!)
     libpng   (Optional, highly recommended)
     
     libffi   (Required, from ftp.gnustep.org/pub/gnustep/libs)
     ffcall   (On Darwin x86 - use instead of libffi)

     Xfree86  (Required, already in Mac OS X 10.3/Darwin 7 and later)

     libart2   (Required for art backend)
     freetype2 (Required for art backend)

     dlcompat (Required, already in Mac OS X 10.3 or later)

Obtaining GNUstep
-----------------

The main GNUstep project pages tell you how to get hold of this. You
can get the latest release of the following libraries.  You need these
gnustep packages:

     GNUstep-make
     GNUstep-base
     GNUstep-gui
     GNUstep-back

Targets
-------

For GNUstep, there are several combinations of Objective-C runtime, Foundation
library and Application Kit library possible, called library combos. The usual
notation is:

     objcruntime-foundation-applicationkit

Theoretically possible are:

     gnu-gnu-gnu       # gnu-objc runtime with gnustep-base and gnustep-gui.
                       # Most widely tested.
     apple-gnu-gnu     # apple-objc runtime with gnustep libraries. Does
                       # not work.
     apple-apple-gnu   # Apple Foundation with gnustep-gui on the top. Only of
                       # academic interest.
     apple-apple-apple # Cocoa with GNUstep additions. For porting GNUstep apps
                       # to Cocoa.

All gnu-*-apple library combos are purely theoretical and only available to the 
folks inside Apple since no mortal person ever saw the Cocoa source code. ;-) 
You can use either the Apple compiler or compile your own FSF compiler. This 
potentially gives two different targets:

     Apple GCC, gnu-gnu-gnu
     FSF   GCC, gnu-gnu-gnu

In addition, if you are on Mac OS X, you can also use the Apple
Foundation and AppKit frameworks to do GNUstep development with Cocoa,
but this only works with the Apple compiler:

     Apple GCC, apple-apple-apple

GNUstep on Darwin x86 
---------------------

For GNUstep on Darwin x86, Apple GCC compiles GNUstep-base, but causes strange 
problems when running programs (e.g. the program hangs while allocating memory
or executes methods multiple times). So we have to use FSF GCC.  Additionally,
libffi has not been ported to Darwin x86, so you will need to install ffcall 
instead. NOTE: Has not been tested in a long time...

GNUstep on Darwin PowerPC
-------------------------

You can use either the Apple compiler of the FSF compiler. For the Apple
compiler, you need at least Mac OS X 10.4 with XCode 2.5 release.

Building FSF-GCC
----------------

The easiest way to get FSF GCC is through Fink or MacPorts. If you
would like to compile by hand, follow these directions:

Darwin x86:

FSF GCC is difficult to compile here. The only way I could do it was like this:

     ln -s /usr/bin/c++filt /usr/bin/c++filt3          # Missing on Darwin 7.0.1
                                                       # x86 but not necessary 
                                                       # on OpenDarwin 7.2.1
                                                       
and then configure GCC with:

     mkdir build                                       # Create a sibling to the
                                                       # toplevel source dir
     cd build
     <dir>/gcc-X.X.X/configure \                       # Don't try to build c++
      --enable-languages=c,objc

     make bootstrap
     make install
     cd /usr/local/lib
     ln -s libobjc.a libobjc.dylib                     # So the linker sees us

(Replace X.X.X with the actual distribution you have).

GCC on Darwin doesn't appear to support threads.

Darwin PowerPC:

Configure and build as follows (tested using gcc-3.3.2 on Mac OS X 10.2 and 
10.3):

     mkdir build
     cd build
     <dir>/gcc-x.x.x/configure \                       # The first option
     [--prefix=<gcc install dir>] \                    # permits to change the
     [--enable-languages=c,objc]                       # fact GCC installs by     
                                                       # default in /usr/local
                                                       # The second option 
                                                       # permits to speed the 
                                                       # GCC compilation in the
                                                       # case you will not use 
                                                       # languages other than c 
                                                       # and objc
                                           
     make bootstrap
     make install
     cd <gcc install dir>/lib
     ln -s libobjc.a libobjc.dylib                     # So the linker sees us
     # Note when using gcc 4 or greater, make sure this is libobjc-gnu.dylib

Setting up the GNUstep make environment
---------------------------------------

In the GNUstep-make (core/make) package, do with bourne shell like bash 
(Mac OS X 10.3):

     echo 'export CC=<gcc install dir>/bin/gcc' >> ~/.profile

with c shell like tcsh (Mac OS X 10.2):

     echo 'setenv CC <gcc install dir>/bin/gcc' >> ~/.tcshrc

else use [CC=<gcc install dir>/bin/gcc] option when running configure.

then:

     ./configure --with-library-combo=gnu-gnu-gnu \
     [--prefix=<GNUstep install dir>] [CC=<gcc install dir>/bin/gcc]

(apple-apple-apple is the default if you don't specify
gnu-gnu-gnu). If you want to be able to compile for different
targets/platforms together. Do this:

     ./configure --with-library-combo=gnu-gnu-gnu --disable-flattened \
     --enable-multi-platform [--prefix=<GNUstep install dir>] \
     [CC=<gcc install dir>/bin/gcc]

Now:

     make
     make install

Source GNUstep.sh
-----------------

If you are using bourne shell like bash, type:

     . <GNUstep install dir>/System/Library/Makefiles/GNUstep.sh

If you are using c shell like tcsh, type:

     source <GNUstep install dir>/System/Library/Makefiles/GNUstep.csh

Building and installing libobjc (target Apple GCC, gnu-gnu-gnu only !!!)
-------------------------------

Warning ! Don't compile libobjc if you are using FSF GCC.  Go to gnustep-objc
(or from CVS, into dev-libs/libobjc), and type:

     make install
     cd $GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Libraries
     ln -s libobjc.dylib libobjc-gnu.dylib

This should build and install the GNU Objective-C runtime and headers for you.

Building and installing libffi (on Darwin PowerPC only !!!)
------------------------------

There's no official libffi release. Get the one from the GNUstep ftp site

     ./configure --prefix=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT \
     --libdir=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Libraries \
     --includedir=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Headers
     make
     make install

Building and installing ffcall (on Darwin x86 only (may work on PPC))
------------------------------

     ./configure --prefix=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT \
     --libdir=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Libraries \
     --includedir=$GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Headers
     make
     make install

Building and installing GNUstep-base
------------------------------------

     ./configure [--with-xml-prefix=/usr] [--disable-xmltest] [--disable-do] \
     [LDFLAGS=-L/sw/lib] [CPPFLAGS=-I/sw/include] [CC=<gcc install dir>/bin/gcc] \
     [CPPFLAGS=-fnested-functions]

To know which options you need to use with your environment:
     
     --disable-xmltest is needed with Mac OS X 10.3 / Darwin 7 
     versions xml2-config tool and libxml2 headers reports differents versions, 
     because of this versions conflict the GNUstep xmltest fails.
     
     --with-xml-prefix=/usr is needed with Mac OS X 10.3 / Darwin 7 when you
     want to build the base library with xslt support and you have installed
     libxslt with Fink (because Fink installs lixml2 without the headers when 
     you install lixslt, and by default the base library tries to link Fink
     libxml2 first, then the configuration fails because configure looks for 
     the libxml2 headers).
     
     --disable-do is needed when you decide to not build libffi or ffcall. You
     probably do not want to do this.
     
     LDFLAGS=-L/sw/lib is needed when you installed libxslt with Fink and you
     want to compile the base library with libxslt support.
     
     CPPFLAGS=-I/sw/include is needed when you installed libxslt with Fink and 
     you want to compile the base library with libxslt support.

     CPPFLAGS=-fnested-functions is required when using Apple gcc

followed by:

     make
     make install
  
On the apple-apple-apple target, it will only build the GNUstep additions 
library that adds extra stuff to Foundation. If you are using the
apple-apple-apple target, there currently is no reason to go on and compile
GNUstep-gui.

Building and installing GNUstep-gui
-----------------------------------

Go to GNUstep-gui (or from CVS into the core/gui directory).

     ./configure --disable-gsnd
  
followed by:

     make
     make install

Note: The gsnd server hasn't been ported to Mac OS X / Darwin yet.

Some other configure options:
    --with-jpeg-library=<jpeg libdir> 
    --with-jpeg-include=<jpeg include dir> 
      to have the libjpeg detected.
    --disable-jpeg

Building and installing GNUstep-back
------------------------------------

Warning !  You must have installed X11User.pkg from the Panther
install disc and also X11SDK.pkg from the xCode Tools install disc to
be able to compile GNUstep-back under Mac OS X 10.3.

If you aren't installing GNUstep under Mac OS X 10.3 / Darwin 7, you can use
XDarwin (ftp://ftp.xfree86.org/pub/XFree86/4.3.0/binaries/Darwin-ppc-6.x/) for
the X server, take a look at http://www.xdarwin.org

In the back directory, type:

     ./configure
     make
     make install

In the case, you choose to use the art backend, you will need to have the
freetype2 and libart2 libraries installed, first be sure to have libart2 in your
path, for example, with Fink installation type:

     export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=/sw/lib:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH

NOTE: I found also that even though the X11SDK.pkg package has freetype2,
it is missing a crucial include file and also has some undefined symbols. I
had to install the freetype2-dev package from fink and add this to my path
so that it could be found:
PATH=/sw/lib/freetype/bin:$PATH
make sure in config.make that -L/sw/lib/freetype2/lib is included before -L/usr/X11R6/lib (Adam Fedor <fedor@gnu.org>) Mac OS X 10.4 doesn't have this problem.

You also need to have /sw/lib in your library path before running GNUstep apps 
with the art backend, as it needs to find libart2, so put the above export 
DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH somewhere in your .profile (or do the export before launching 
an application). The backend architecture which GNUstep-gui is built upon, has 
been written to be used within X Windows, then you need to start up an X Server
(like Apple X11) to run the GNUstep-gui applications.

Warning ! With the art backend, before to launch applications based on 
GNUstep-gui, in the shell, don't forget to edit the defaults (no need it to redo
it later):

     defaults write NSGlobalDomain XWindowBufferUseXShm NO

because Apple X11 doesn't support well shared memory for buffering (which 
libart2 uses by default).

POTENTIAL ERRORS WHEN RUNNING MAKE ESPECIALLY WITH BACK AND GUI
---------------------------------------------------------------

If you get errors like below, just do:

     make clean
     make

The second or the third time, the errors should disappear. It's probably due to
some potential issues between FSF GCC and the libtool/ld Mac OS X / Darwin
versions.

     Linking subproject x11 ...
     /usr/bin/ld: shared_obj/xdnd.o bad magic number (not a Mach-O file)
     collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
     make[3]: *** [shared_obj/subproject.o] Error 1
     make[2]: *** [x11.all.subproject.variables] Error 2
     make[1]: *** [libgnustep-back.all.bundle.variables] Error 2
     make: *** [internal-all] Error 2

More informations on the art backend
------------------------------------

To have a working art backend... You will also need to download and install 
fonts, as it uses a specific font format. Use for example the file
http://w1.423.telia.com/~u42308495/alex/backart/ArtResources-0.1.2.tar.bz2 and
put the .nfont directories somewhere in $(GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT)/Library/Fonts

Other fonts are available on http://www.knuddel.org/Downloads/Fonts/

Window Maker
------------

Window Maker is the traditional window manager for GNUstep.

In the case you choose to use it, don't forget to execute wmaker.inst else
Window Maker will crash with signal 10.

Example with Fink, do:

     /sw/bin/wmaker.inst

GNUstep daemons
---------------

Refer to GNUstep-HOWTO to know how to launch GNUstep daemons.

Note: If you try to start GNUstep daemons by hand with 'sudo opentool dameon',
it won't work, because when you become root on Mac OS X / Darwin with sudo or
su, the DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable of your user isn't used, then to
start them in the shell, do:

     sudo opentool gdomap                              # gdomap doesn't rely on
                                                       # the GNUstep libraries 
                                                       # or other special 
                                                       # librairies.
     su root

then with bourne shell like bash (Mac OS X 10.3):

     . $GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Makesfiles/GNUstep.sh

or with c shell like tcsh (Mac OS X 10.2):

     source $GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Makesfiles/GNUstep.csh

and just do:

     opentool gdnc
     opentool gpbs

GNUstep applications
--------------------

Now you can install GNUstep applications like Gorm, ProjectCenter etc.
Remember the fact that when you do 'sudo make install', the $DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH 
variable of your user is not used by root. In that case, GNUstep-make could 
complain for the undefined library path, the solution is identical to the one we 
used to launch the GNUstep daemons above:

     su root

then with bourne shell like bash (Mac OS X 10.3):

     . $GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/MakeFiles/GNUstep.sh

or with c shell like tcsh (Mac OS X 10.2):

     . $GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/MakeFiles/GNUstep.sh

and just do:

     make install

Note: upon launching applications like Project Center which links a framework, 
you will probably get an error message about the library 
<Framework name>.framework/<Framework name> which cannot be found, to fix that, 
just create a symbolic link to the actual library file, which is installed 
deeper in the hierarchy:

     cd $GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Frameworks/<Framework name>.framework
     sudo ln -s Versions/<Current version>/lib<Framework name>.dylib <Framework name>

Example with the ProjectCenter framework (0.4.0 version):

     cd $GNUSTEP_SYSTEM_ROOT/Library/Frameworks/ProjectCenter.framework
     sudo ln -s Versions/0.4.0/libProjectCenter.dylib.0.4.0 ProjectCenter

---

That's all.