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Zoom Manual - Introduction to IF
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<h1>
An Introduction to IF
</h1>
<p>
Interactive Fiction is a fancy name for 'text adventures', thought
up by a company called called 'Infocom' circa 1979. Text
adventures themselves probably started with 'Colossal cave' by
William Crowther. Modern IF is
still largely a text medium: you type your order to the game, and
it responds. However, the format of IF has changed since the
1980s - modern innovations include games without puzzles
(<i>Photopia</i>, <i>The Cove</i>), where the aim is much more to
explore the world the author created than to 'win' a game. Of
course, more traditional works still exist and are being created.
</p>
<p>
While games can vary widely, even the ones that Zoom can run, they
usually have a few things in common. Commands are usually entered
at a '>' prompt. Many verbs and commands are common through all
games. The <i>parser</i>, the part of the game that tries to
understand your input, can usually understand fairly complicated
commands and can help you with complex aspects of the virtual
world.
</p>
<h2>
Common verbs
</h2>
<p>
Probably the three most used verbs in a game are
<code>LOOK</code>, <code>INVENTORY</code> and
<code>EXAMINE</code>. You can <code>LOOK</code> to get a
description of the location you are currently in, take an
<code>INVENTORY</code> to see what you are carrying, and
<code>EXAMINE</code> things to discover more details. Often a game
will mention important objects in the room description as well as
separately: examine everything you can to find these.
Movement in IF is usually through the 8 compass directions, so you
can, for instance, <code>GO NORTH</code> to try to leave a
location to the north. Some games use different systems, however
this is still sufficiently rare that the game should give you fair
warning about this.
</p>
<p>
Other common actions include <code>SEARCH</code>, <code>LOOK
UNDER</code>, <code>LOOK INSIDE</code>, <code>TAKE</code> and
<code>DROP</code>. Kleptomania is usually mandatory in IF, so grab
all you can. Any given game will certainly allow you to do more
than just this: part of the fun of IF is working out what you can
do in a game. It's common to be able to <code>LOOK UP</code>
things in books; <code>TALK TO</code> other characters;
<code>PUT</code> items on, in or under other items;
<code>OPEN</code> or <code>CLOSE</code> bags, boxes and doors;
<code>PUSH</code> things around; <code>SWITCH</code> things on and
off; and more. You will almost certainly have to experiment: try
to phrase what you want to do as a command, and see if the game
understands you.
</p>
<p>
You may encounter other characters in a game - you can usually
interact with these. The conventional methods are <code>Character,
COMMAND</code> (which orders a character to do something),
<code>ASK Character ABOUT Subject</code> (which consults a
character about something), <code>TELL Character ABOUT
Subject</code> and <code>ANSWER Something TO Character</code> (which
responds to a question). <code>TALK TO Character</code> has also
become popular in recent times: usually this will give you a
menu-based conversation system.
</p>
<p>
Some very common commands can be abbreviated. In particular,
<code>LOOK</code> can usually be abbreviated to <code>L</code>,
<code>INVENTORY</code> to <code>I</code> and you should be able to
move around by typing abbreviating the directions to <code>N, E,
S, W, NE, NW, SE, SE</code> - so <code>NORTH</code> or
<code>N</code> will move you north.
</p>
<p>
Usually there are some 'meta' commands, which don't actually
affect the player character in the game, but rather provide you
information, or control particular aspects of the game. Games will
usually provide a <code>QUIT</code> command to leave the game, a
<code>SAVE</code> command to save the game state, a
<code>RESTORE</code> command to restore it again, an
<code>UNDO</code> command to undo your last move, a
<code>SCORE</code> and <code>FULL</code> command to check your
progress and <code>RESTART</code> to give up on your current game and
start again. A good game will also provide a command that will
provide access to an online manual or description of the game. The
name of this command varies and is not always present, but common
choices are <code>HELP</code>, <code>ABOUT</code> or
<code>MANUAL</code>. Some games provide an on-line hint system
with the <code>HINTS</code> or <code>HINT</code> command.
</p>
<h2>
Example game
</h2>
<p>
This is a transcript from a made-up game. It illustrates possible
single scene in a science fiction work. Commentary is in
<i>italics</i>.
</p>
<p class=example>
<b>Tundra</b><br>
While StarCommand were typically vague of the details, you imagine the
strange blue rocks and pink sky might have something to do with the
research station you're supposed to be investigating. Most of the
planets you visit seem to have odd colour schemes, though.<br>
<br>
A dragon is chewing on the remains of your security team.
Your No'I'Tal science officer is cowering behind a rock.<br>
</p>
<p class=exampledesc>
[ Well, here we are on a fairly standard planet. As per tradition,
your security team has been killed by a monster. I suppose we
should try and do something about it. ]
</p>
<p class=example>
> x dragon<br>
Not the cliched fire-breathing beast of myth, but a large reptile
indigenous to this planet. The No'I'Tal assures you that this species
is herbivorous and harmless. Those large teeth are merely for chewing
up the tough bark of the native trees.<br>
<br>
This is certainly an impressive beast: its silver hide glitters
despite the dim sunshine, and the point of each of its dorsal spines
is a miniature nova. Its dark brown eyes contrast markedly to its
brilliant skin.<br>
<br>
Thorough research is vital to the success of any mission, or so says
the StarCommand leadership manual. You really must press this point
home to your science officer one day. Right after you've reprimanded
him for cowardice.<br>
<p class=exampledesc>
[ Dragons are a bit of a cliche in IF. Fortunately, this is merely
a native of this particular planet... It seems your science officer
isn't much good at his job. 'x' is a common abbreviation for
'examine' - descriptions of things are often important and can
contain vital clues. Sometimes you can 'look further' into an
object - inspecting its parts. ]
</p>
<p class=example>
> x science officer<br>
You can't presently get a good look at him, because he's cowering
behind a rock and making whimpering noises. Good crewmen are so hard to
find.<br>
<br>
The dragon happily crunches its way through a bone.<br>
<br>
> i<br>
You are carrying:<br>
A SureKil MkII blaster<br>
A yellow jumper (ripped) (worn)<br>
A communicator (smashed)<br>
</p>
<p class=exampledesc>
[ Your inventory... Maybe we could just shoot our way out of this
one... ]
</p>
<p class=example>
> shoot dragon<br>
(with the SureKil MkII blaster)<br>
Well, it's always worth a second go. As before, the dragon's thick
mirror hide reflects the gun's particle beam, which bounces off and
demolishes a rock. Coincidentally, this is the rock that your
good-for-nothing science officer is hiding behind. At least you didn't
get your shirt ripped this time around.<br>
<br>
The dragon purrs contentedly and warms itself on the remains of the
rock, as your science officer dances around looking for another rock
to hide behind.<br>
</p>
<p class=exampledesc>
[ Oh dear, this dragon is laser-proofed. Well, particle-beam
proofed, but it's all the same to you. No easy answers here... ]
</p>
<p class=example>
> x blaster<br>
Standard StarCommand issue, made of cheap plastic. A small dial on top
allows you to set the power level of the blaster.
The dial is currently set to 8 - Kill with Extreme Prejudice.<br>
<br>
Your science officer climbs a tree, and attempts to conceal himself in
the foliage.<br>
</p>
<p class=exampledesc>
[ Aha! The blaster has different power levels... Maybe if we
increase the power ]
</p>
<p class=example>
> set dial to 11<br>
You've always wanted a blaster that goes to 11. But StarCommand
believe in cost cutting, and your salary is not enough to buy
one. This blaster only goes to 9.<br>
<br>
A squadron of bat-like creatures barrel out of the tree, closely
followed by your science officer (who lands on his head, damaging
nothing important).<br>
<br>
> set dial to 9<br>
You set the dial to 9, overload.<br>
<br>
> shoot dragon with blaster<br>
The blaster overloads and explodes, detonating it's antimatter
core. This kills the dragon, and for an extra bonus, all the
potentially hostile wildlife within a mile. In a final
buy-two-get-one-free offer, it also vapourises you. SureKil really do
give very good value.<br>
<br>
<b>*** You have died ***</b><br>
<br>
In that game you scored 20 out of a possible 500, in 94 turns, giving
you the rank of Aberrant Astronaut.<br>
</p>
<p class=exampledesc>
[ Oh dear, it blew up in our face. Oh well, we can always undo a
turn... ]
</p>
<p class=example>
Would you like to RESTART, RESTORE a saved game, give the FULL score
for that game, or QUIT?<br>
> undo<br>
<b>Tundra</b><br>
[Previous turn undone.]<br>
<br>
> x science officer<br>
Ah yes, your esteemed colleague. He is a No'I'Tal, a green biped with
an exceptionally large head. This is his first mission on your ship -
he joined as part of an exchange scheme - your regular science officer
is currently serving on a No'I'Tal ship. The No'I'Tal have a
reputation for their photographic memories, which has not been borne
out by your science officer's recent performance.<br>
<br>
The dragon gulps down the remainder of your security team, and starts
to sniff around. You sidle around to its rear end and hope it can't
smell you.<br>
<br>
> ask science officer about dragon<br>
"I-I-I w-was sure that it was harmless", he stammers, "M-maybe our
records are i-incorrect. It's s-strange that its skin is able to
reflect p-particle beams, though."<br>
<br>
The dragon snuffles on the ground, the sun sparkling from the scales
on its head.<br>
</p>
<p class=exampledesc>
[ Sometimes asking other characters ('NPCs') about things can give
you a clue. The science officer isn't much use while he's so
nervous, though ]
</p>
<p class=example>
> x tree<br>
The trees are pink, almost matching the sky. Their foliage (also pink)
is sparse, but the individual leaves are very large, presumably to
catch as much as possible of the little sun that filters through the
hazy sky.<br>
<br>
The dragon raises its head and sniffs the air, and slowly begins to
lumber around, a reflection from a dorsal spine briefly dazzling
you. You cautiously stay behind it.<br>
</p>
<p class=exampledesc>
[ Recall that our scientific friend tried to climb a tree earlier
on... Maybe that was a clue (but, maybe not). The dragon is
definitely getting restless, however. ]
</p>
<p class=example>
> x dragon<br>
Not the cliched fire-breathing beast of myth, but a large reptile
indigenous to this planet. The No'I'Tal once assured you that this species
is herbivourous and harmless. It turns out that those large teeth are
used for chewing bone.<br>
<br>
This is certainly an impressive beast: its silver hide glitters
despite the dim sunshine, and the point of each of its dorsal spines
is a miniature nova. Its dark brown eyes contrast markedly to its
brilliant skin.<br>
<br>
The dragon sniffs at a shard of rock.<br>
</p>
<p class=exampledesc>
[ Maybe there's a clue in the dragon's description... Hmm, it
specifically mentions spines, and the head was mentioned earlier on... ]
</p>
<p class=example>
> x dragon's spines<br>
Each spine is a foot long, and as reflective as the rest of the
beast's skin. They project from the creature's back and tail. Somehow,
a bright point of light appears to shine from the tip of each spine.<br>
<br>
The dragon nibbles the rock to see if it's edible. It's not.<br>
<br>
> x dragon's head<br>
Two dark eyes glower from a silver head. The eyes are well protected
from attack by ridges and spines. Any animal trying to claw this
creature's eyes out would probably impale its own claws.<br>
<br>
The dragon lifts it's head and peers around. You attempt to duck out
of sight, and hope it hasn't seen you.<br>
<br>
> x dragon's eyes<br>
The dragon has two dark brown eyes, positioned either side of its
snout. A spine projects above each eye, with ridges underneath to
prevent gouging.<br>
<br>
The dragon rubs against a tree, dislodging some loose scales.<br>
</p>
<p class=exampledesc>
[ Ah, its eyes - they aren't reflective... Maybe we could shoot
them out ]
</p>
<p class=example>
> set blaster to 6<br>
You set the dial to 6, Kill Politely<br>
</p>
<p class=exampledesc>
[ Don't want the blaster to blow up in our face again... ]
</p>
<p class=example>
> shoot dragon's eyes<br>
You carefully aim your blaster at one of the dragon's eyes and pull
the trigger. The creature roars in pain, and, aiming its one good eye
at you, begins to lumber around to swipe at you. Now the dragon is
moving, it's hard to aim the particle beam at its remaining eye. You
hold down the trigger and hope, the beam scattering across the
landscape and roasting assorted trees and rocks. The dragon eventually
completes it's turn and begins to charge, as your reflected beam
devastates the landscape around you. At the last minute, you step
aside, and aim the blaster square into the dragon's remaining eye; it
screams and charges headlong into the one remaining tree, knocking
itself out cold. Your blaster emits a final, pathetic noise and dies
in your hand.<br>
<br>
Glancing around, you see that your science officer has
disappeared. The low setting of your blaster wouldn't have vapourised
him, so he has probably run off somewhere. You sigh - you're going to
have to find him. You need him to swap back for your original
officer.<br>
</p>
<p class=exampledesc>
[ Woo, we have slain the dragon, or knocked it unconcious, at any
rate. The observant out there will have noticed that the dragon
lost a few of its scales earlier on, but we're not being
observant, so we're going straight to look for our missing science
officer ]
</p>
<p class=example>
>n<br>
<b>Tundra</b><br>
The landscape of this planet doesn't change much. Blue rocks and pink
trees seem to be just about all it has to look at. The ones around
here are covered in burn marks, apparently caused by a blaster.<br>
<br>
>
</p>
<p class=exampledesc>
[ Here is where our example ends... If this were an actual game,
you would now need to find the science officer, and at some point
get round to investigating that research lab ]
</p>
<hr>
<p class=titchy>
Zoom written by Andrew Hunter. Mail any suggestions, bug reports
or abuse to <a
href="mailto:andrew@logicalshift.demon.co.uk">andrew@logicalshift.demon.co.uk</a>
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