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<h3><a name="s03_06_02">3.6.2 </a>Media</h3>
<a name="s03_06_02_i1"><a name="atmosphere"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i2">
<p>
The <code>media</code> statement is used to specify particulate matter suspended in a medium such air or water. It
can be used to specify smoke, haze, fog, gas, fire, dust etc. Previous versions of POV-Ray had two incompatible
systems for generating such effects. One was <code>halo</code> for effects enclosed in a transparent or
semi-transparent object. The other was <code>atmosphere</code> for effects that permeated the entire scene. This
duplication of systems was complex and unnecessary. Both <code> halo</code> and <code>atmosphere</code> have been
eliminated. See "<a href="s_128.html#s03_06_01_01">Why are Interior and Media Necessary?</a>" for further
details on this change. See "<a href="s_128.html#s03_06_01_08">Object Media</a>" for details on how to use <code>media</code>
with objects. See "<a href="s_101.html#s03_03_02_01">Atmospheric Media</a>" for details on using <code>media</code>
for atmospheric effects outside of objects. This section and the sub-sections which follow explains the details of the
various <code> media</code> options which are useful for either object media or atmospheric media.
</p>
<p>
Media works by sampling the density of particles at some specified number of points along the ray's path.
Sub-samples are also taken until the results reach a specified confidence level. POV-Ray provides three methods of
sampling. When used in an object's <code> interior</code> statement, sampling only occurs inside the object. When used
for atmospheric media, the samples run from the camera location until the ray strikes an object. Therefore for
localized effects, it is best to use an enclosing object even though the density pattern might only produce results in
a small area whether the media was enclosed or not.
</p>
<p>
The complete syntax for a <code>media</code> statement is as follows:<a name="s03_06_02_i3"><a name="media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i4"><a name="media, keyword"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i5"><a name="s03_06_02_i6"><a name="method, media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i7"><a name="s03_06_02_i8"><a name="intervals, media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i9"><a name="s03_06_02_i10"><a name="samples, media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i11"><a name="s03_06_02_i12"><a name="confidence, media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i13"><a name="s03_06_02_i14"><a name="variance, media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i15"><a name="s03_06_02_i16"><a name="ratio, media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i17"><a name="s03_06_02_i18"><a name="absorption, media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i19"><a name="s03_06_02_i20"><a name="emission, media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i21"><a name="s03_06_02_i22"><a name="aa_threshold, media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i23"><a name="s03_06_02_i24"><a name="aa_level, media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i25"><a name="s03_06_02_i26"><a name="scattering, media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i27"><a name="s03_06_02_i28"><a name="eccentricity, media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i29"><a name="s03_06_02_i30"><a name="extinction, media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i31"><a name="s03_06_02_i32"><a name="density, media"></a><a name="s03_06_02_i33">
</p>
<pre>
MEDIA:
media { [MEDIA_IDENTIFIER] [MEDIA_ITEMS...] }
MEDIA_ITEMS:
method Number | intervals Number | samples Min, Max |
confidence Value | variance Value | ratio Value |
absorption COLOR | emission COLOR | aa_threshold Value |
aa_level Value |
scattering {
Type, COLOR [ eccentricity Value ] [ extinction Value ]
} |
density {
[DENSITY_IDENTIFIER] [PATTERN_TYPE] [DENSITY_MODIFIER...]
} |
TRANSFORMATIONS
DENSITY_MODIFIER:
PATTERN_MODIFIER | DENSITY_LIST | COLOR_LIST |
color_map { COLOR_MAP_BODY } | colour_map { COLOR_MAP_BODY } |
density_map { DENSITY_MAP_BODY }
</pre>
<p>
Media default values: <a name="s03_06_02_i34">
</p>
<pre>
aa_level : 4
aa_threshold : 0.1
absorption : <0,0,0>
confidence : 0.9
emission : <0,0,0>
intervals : 10
method : 3
ratio : 0.9
samples : Min 1, Max 1
variance : 1/128
SCATTERING
COLOR : <0,0,0>
eccentricity : 0.0
extinction : 1.0
</pre>
<p>
If a media identifier is specified, it must be the first item. All other media items may be specified in any order.
All are optional. You may have multiple <code>density</code> statements in a single <code>media</code> statement. See
"<a href="s_129.html#s03_06_02_03_04">Multiple Density vs. Multiple Media</a>" for details. Transformations
apply only the <code>density</code> statements which have been already specified. Any <code>density</code> after a
transformation is not affected. If the <code>media</code> has no <code>density</code> statements and none was
specified in any media identifier, then the transformation has no effect. All other media items except for <code>
density</code> and transformations override default values or any previously set values for this <code>media</code>
statement.
</p>
<p class="Note">
<strong>Note:</strong> some media effects depend upon light sources. However the participation of a
light source depends upon the <code>media_interaction</code> and <code>media_attenuation</code> keywords. See "<a href="s_111.html#s03_04_07_10">Atmospheric
Media Interaction</a>" and "<a href="s_111.html#s03_04_07_11">Atmospheric Attenuation</a>" for details.
</p>
<p class="Note">
<strong>Note:</strong> In the POV-Ray 3.1 documentation it said: "Note a strange design
side-effect was discovered during testing and it was too difficult to fix. If the enclosing object uses <code><a href="s_97.html#s03_02_01_05">transmit</a></code>
rather than <code><a href="s_97.html#s03_02_01_05">filter</a></code> for transparency, then the <code>media</code>
casts no shadows." This is not the case anymore since POV-Ray 3.5. Whether you specify <code>transmit</code> or <code>filter</code>
to create a transparent container object, the <code>media</code> will always cast a shadow. If a shadow is not
desired, use the <code>no_shadow</code> keyword for the container object.
</p>
<h4><a name="s03_06_02_01">3.6.2.1 </a>Media Types</h4>
<a name="s03_06_02_01_i1">
<p>
There are three types of particle interaction in <code>media</code>: absorbing, emitting, and scattering. All three
activities may occur in a single media. Each of these three specifications requires a color. Only the red, green, and
blue components of the color are used. The filter and transmit values are ignored. For this reason it is permissible
to use one float value to specify an intensity of white color. For example the following two lines are legal and
produce the same results:
</p>
<pre>
emission 0.75
emission rgb<0.75,0.75,0.75>
</pre>
<h5><a name="s03_06_02_01_01">3.6.2.1.1 </a>Absorption</h5>
<p>
The <code>absorption</code> keyword specifies a color of light which is absorbed when looking through the media.
For example <code>absorption rgb<0,1,0></code> blocks the green light but permits red and blue to get through.
Therefore a white object behind the media will appear magenta.
</p>
<p>
The default value is <code>rgb<0,0,0></code> which means no light is absorbed -- all light passes through
normally.
</p>
<h5><a name="s03_06_02_01_02">3.6.2.1.2 </a>Emission</h5>
<a name="s03_06_02_01_02_i1"><a name="emission"></a>
<p>
The <code>emission</code> keyword specifies a color of the light emitted from the particles. Although we say they
"emit" light, this only means that they are visible without any illumination shining on them. They do not
really emit light that is cast on to nearby objects. This is similar to an object with high <code>ambient</code>
values. The default value is <code> rgb<0,0,0></code> which means no light is emitted.
</p>
<h5><a name="s03_06_02_01_03">3.6.2.1.3 </a>Scattering</h5>
<a name="s03_06_02_01_03_i1"><a name="scattering"></a>
<p>
The syntax of a <code>scattering</code> statement is:
</p>
<pre>
SCATTERING:
scattering {
Type, COLOR [ eccentricity Value ] [ extinction Value ]
}
</pre>
<p>
The first float value specifies the type of scattering. This is followed by the color of the scattered light. The
default value if no <code> scattering</code> statement is given is <code>rgb<0,0,0></code> which means no
scattering occurs.
</p>
<p>
<a name="s03_06_02_01_03_i2"><a name="extinction"></a> <a name="s03_06_02_01_03_i3"><a name="absorption"></a> The
scattering effect is only visible when light is shining on the media from a light source. This is similar to <code>diffuse</code>
reflection off of an object. In addition to reflecting light, a scattering media also absorbs light like an <code>
absorption</code> media. The balance between how much absorption occurs for a given amount of scattering is controlled
by the optional <code> extinction</code> keyword and a single float value. The default value of 1.0 gives an
extinction effect that matches the scattering. Values such as <code>extinction 0.25</code> give 25% the normal amount.
Using <code> extinction 0.0</code> turns it off completely. Any value other than the 1.0 default is contrary to the
real physical model but decreasing extinction can give you more artistic flexibility.
</p>
<p>
The integer value <em><code> Type</code></em> specifies one of five different scattering phase functions
representing the different models: isotropic, Mie (haze and murky atmosphere), Rayleigh, and Henyey-Greenstein.
</p>
<p>
Type 1, <em>isotropic scattering</em> is the simplest form of scattering because it is independent of direction.
The amount of light scattered by particles in the atmosphere does not depend on the angle between the viewing
direction and the incoming light.
</p>
<p>
Types 2 and 3 are <em>Mie haze</em> and <em>Mie murky</em> scattering which are used for relatively small particles
such as minuscule water droplets of fog, cloud particles, and particles responsible for the polluted sky. In this
model the scattering is extremely directional in the forward direction i.e. the amount of scattered light is largest
when the incident light is anti-parallel to the viewing direction (the light goes directly to the viewer). It is
smallest when the incident light is parallel to the viewing direction. The haze and murky atmosphere models differ in
their scattering characteristics. The murky model is much more directional than the haze model.
</p>
<p>
<br><center><img alt="The Mie haze scattering function" src="images/reference/miehaze.png"></center>
</p>
<p>
<br><center><img alt="The Mie murky scattering function." src="images/reference/miemurky.png"></center>
</p>
<p>
Type 4 <em>Rayleigh scattering</em> models the scattering for extremely small particles such as molecules of the
air. The amount of scattered light depends on the incident light angle. It is largest when the incident light is
parallel or anti-parallel to the viewing direction and smallest when the incident light is perpendicular to the
viewing direction. You should note that the Rayleigh model used in POV-Ray does not take the dependency of scattering
on the wavelength into account.
</p>
<p>
<br><center><img alt="The Rayleigh scattering function." src="images/reference/raylscat.png"></center> <a name="s03_06_02_01_03_i4"><a name="eccentricity"></a>
</p>
<p>
Type 5 is the <em>Henyey-Greenstein scattering</em> model. It is based on an analytical function and can be used to
model a large variety of different scattering types. The function models an ellipse with a given eccentricity e. This
eccentricity is specified by the optional keyword <code> eccentricity</code> which is only used for scattering type
five. The default eccentricity value of zero defines isotropic scattering while positive values lead to scattering in
the direction of the light and negative values lead to scattering in the opposite direction of the light. Larger
values of e (or smaller values in the negative case) increase the directional property of the scattering.
</p>
<p>
<br><center><img alt="The Henyey-Greenstein scattering function for different eccentricity values." src="images/reference/hgscatt.png"></center>
</p>
<h4><a name="s03_06_02_02">3.6.2.2 </a>Sampling Parameters & Methods</h4>
<a name="s03_06_02_02_i1"><a name="intervals"></a>
<p>
Media effects are calculated by sampling the media along the path of the ray. It uses a method called <em>Monte
Carlo integration.</em> The <code>intervals</code> keyword may be used to specify the integer number of intervals used
to sample the ray. The default number of intervals is 10. For object media the intervals are spread between the entry
and exit points as the ray passes through the container object. For atmospheric media, the intervals spans the entire
length of the ray from its start until it hits an object. For media types which interact with spotlights or cylinder
lights, the intervals which are not illuminated by these light types are weighted differently than the illuminated
intervals when distributing samples.<a name="s03_06_02_02_i2"><a name="ratio"></a>
</p>
<p>
The <code>ratio</code> keyword distributes intervals differently between lit and unlit areas. The default value of <code>ratio
0.9</code> means that lit intervals get more samples than unlit intervals. Note that the total number of intervals
must exceed the number of illuminated intervals. If a ray passes in and out of 8 spotlights but you have only
specified 5 intervals then an error occurs.<a name="s03_06_02_02_i3"><a name="samples"></a>
</p>
<p>
The <code>samples</code> <em><code>Min</code></em>, <em><code> Max</code></em> keyword specifies the minimum and
maximum number of samples taken per interval. The default values are <code>samples 1,1</code>. <a name="s03_06_02_02_i4"><a name="s03_06_02_02_i5">
</p>
<p>
As each interval is sampled, the variance is computed. If the variance is below a threshold value, then no more
samples are needed. The <code>variance</code> and <code>confidence</code> keywords specify the permitted variance
allowed and the confidence that you are within that variance. The exact calculations are quite complex and involve
chi-squared tests and other statistical principles too messy to describe here. The default values are <code>variance
1.0/128</code> and <code>confidence 0.9</code>. For slower more accurate results, decrease the variance and increase
the confidence.
</p>
<p class="Note">
<strong>Note:</strong> the maximum number of samples limits the calculations even if the proper
variance and confidence are never reached.<a name="s03_06_02_02_i6"><a name="method"></a>
</p>
<p>
The <code>method</code> keyword lets you specify what sampling method is used, POV-Ray provides three. <code>Method
1</code> is the method described above.
</p>
<p>
Sample <code>method 2</code> distributes samples evenly along the viewing ray or light ray. The latter can make
things look smoother sometimes. If you specify a max samples higher than the minimum samples, POV will take additional
samples, but they will be random, just like in method 1. Therefore, it is suggested you set the max samples equal to
the minimum samples. <code>jitter</code> will cause method 2 to look similar to method 1. It should be followed by a
float, and a value of 1 will stagger the samples in the full range between samples.<a name="s03_06_02_02_i7"><a name="aa_level"></a><a name="s03_06_02_02_i8"><a name="aa_threshold"></a>
</p>
<p>
Sample <code>method 3</code> uses adaptive sampling (similar to adaptive anti-aliasing) which is very much like the
sampling method used in POV-Ray 3.0's atmosphere. This code was written from the ground-up to work with media,
however. Adaptive sampling works by taking another sample between two existing samples if there is too much variance
in the original two samples. This leads to fewer samples being taken in areas where the effect from the media remains
constant. The adaptive sampling is only performed if the minimum samples are set to 3 or more.
</p>
<p>
You can specify the anti-aliasing recursion depth using the <code>aa_level</code> keyword followed by an integer.
You can specify the anti-aliasing threshold by using the <code>aa_threshold</code> followed by a float. The default
for <code>aa_level</code> is 4 and the default <code>aa_threshold</code> is 0.1. <code>jitter</code> also works with
method 3. Sample method 3 ignores the maximum samples value. It is usually best to only use one interval with method
3. Too many intervals can lead to artefacts, and POV will create more intervals if it needs them.
</p>
<h4><a name="s03_06_02_03">3.6.2.3 </a>Density</h4>
<a name="s03_06_02_03_i1">
<p>
Particles of media are normally distributed in constant density throughout the media. However the <code>density</code>
statement allows you to vary the density across space using any of POV-Ray's pattern functions such as those used in
textures. If no <code>density</code> statement is given then the density remains a constant value of 1.0 throughout
the media. More than one <code>density</code> may be specified per <code>media</code> statement. See "<a href="s_129.html#s03_06_02_03_04">Multiple
Density vs. Multiple Media</a>". The syntax for <code>density</code> is:
</p>
<pre>
DENSITY:
density
{
[DENSITY_IDENTIFIER]
[DENSITY_TYPE]
[DENSITY_MODIFIER...]
}
DENSITY_TYPE:
PATTERN_TYPE | COLOR
DENSITY_MODIFIER:
PATTERN_MODIFIER | DENSITY_LIST | color_map { COLOR_MAP_BODY } |
colour_map { COLOR_MAP_BODY } | density_map { DENSITY_MAP_BODY }
</pre>
<p>
The <code>density</code> statement may begin with an optional density identifier. All subsequent values modify the
defaults or the values in the identifier. The next item is a pattern type. This is any one of POV-Ray's pattern
functions such as <code><a href="s_125.html#s03_05_11_04">bozo</a></code>, <code><a href="#l160">wood</a></code>, <code><a href="#l161">gradient</a></code>,
<code><a href="s_125.html#s03_05_11_35">waves</a></code>, etc. Of particular usefulness are the <code><a href="s_125.html#s03_05_11_31">spherical</a></code>,
<code><a href="s_125.html#s03_05_11_26">planar</a></code>, <code> <a href="s_125.html#s03_05_11_10">cylindrical</a></code>,
and <code><a href="s_125.html#s03_05_11_03">boxed</a></code> patterns which were previously available only for use
with our discontinued <code>halo</code> feature. All patterns return a value from 0.0 to 1.0. This value is
interpreted as the density of the media at that particular point. See "<a href="s_125.html#s03_05_11">Patterns</a>"
for details on particular pattern types. Although a solid <em>COLOR</em> pattern is legal, in general it is used only
when the <code>density</code> statement is inside a <code>density_map</code>.
</p>
<h5><a name="s03_06_02_03_01">3.6.2.3.1 </a>General Density Modifiers</h5>
<p>
A <code>density</code> statement may be modified by any of the general pattern modifiers such as transformations, <code>turbulence</code>
and <code> warp</code>. See "<a href="#l162">Pattern Modifiers</a>" for details. In addition there are
several density-specific modifiers which can be used.
</p>
<h5><a name="s03_06_02_03_02">3.6.2.3.2 </a>Density with color_map</h5>
<a name="s03_06_02_03_02_i1">
<p>
Typically a <code>media</code> uses just one constant color throughout. Even if you vary the density, it is usually
just one color which is specified by the <code>absorption</code>, <code>emission</code>, or <code> scattering</code>
keywords. However when using <code>emission</code> to simulate fire or explosions, the center of the flame (high
density area) is typically brighter and white or yellow. The outer edge of the flame (less density) fades to orange,
red, or in some cases deep blue. To model the density-dependent change in color which is visible, you may specify a <code>
color_map</code>. The pattern function returns a value from 0.0 to 1.0 and the value is passed to the color map to
compute what color or blend of colors is used. See "<a href="s_115.html#s03_05_01_03">Color Maps</a>" for
details on how pattern values work with <code>color_map</code>. This resulting color is multiplied by the <code>
absorption</code>, <code>emission</code> and <code> scattering</code> color. Currently there is no way to specify
different color maps for each media type within the same <code>media</code> statement.
</p>
<p>
Consider this example:
</p>
<pre>
media{
emission 0.75
scattering {1, 0.5}
density { spherical
color_map {
[0.0 rgb <0,0,0.5>]
[0.5 rgb <0.8, 0.8, 0.4>]
[1.0 rgb <1,1,1>]
}
}
}
</pre>
<p>
The color map ranges from white at density 1.0 to bright yellow at density 0.5 to deep blue at density 0. Assume we
sample a point at density 0.5. The emission is 0.75*<0.8,0.8,0.4> or <0.6,0.6,0.3>. Similarly the
scattering color is 0.5*<0.8,0.8,0.4> or <0.4,0.4,0.2>.
</p>
<p>
For block pattern types <code>checker</code>, <code> hexagon</code>, and <code> brick</code> you may specify a
color list such as this:
</p>
<pre>
density{
checker
density {rgb<1,0,0>}
density {rgb<0,0,0>}
}
</pre>
<p>
See "<a href="s_115.html#s03_05_01_02">Color List Pigments</a>" which describes how <code>pigment</code>
uses a color list. The same principles apply when using them with <code>density</code>.
</p>
<h5><a name="s03_06_02_03_03">3.6.2.3.3 </a>Density Maps and Density Lists</h5>
<a name="s03_06_02_03_03_i1"><a name="density_map"></a>
<p>
In addition to specifying blended colors with a color map you may create a blend of densities using a <code>density_map</code>.
The syntax for a density map is identical to a color map except you specify a density in each map entry (and not a
color).
</p>
<p>
The syntax for <code>density_map</code> is as follows:
</p>
<pre>
DENSITY_MAP:
density_map { DENSITY_MAP_BODY }
DENSITY_MAP_BODY:
DENSITY_MAP_IDENTIFIER | DENSITY_MAP_ENTRY...
DENSITY_MAP_ENTRY:
[ Value DENSITY_BODY ]
</pre>
<p>
Where <em><code>Value</code></em> is a float value between 0.0 and 1.0 inclusive and each <em>DENSITY_BODY</em> is
anything which can be inside a <code>density{...}</code> statement. The <code>density</code> keyword and <code>{}</code>
braces need not be specified.
</p>
<p class="Note">
<strong>Note:</strong> the <code>[]</code> brackets are part of the actual <em> DENSITY_MAP_ENTRY</em>.
They are not notational symbols denoting optional parts. The brackets surround each entry in the density map.
</p>
<p>
There may be from 2 to 256 entries in the map.
</p>
<p>
Density maps may be nested to any level of complexity you desire. The densities in a map may have color maps or
density maps or any type of density you want.
</p>
<p>
Entire densities may also be used with the block patterns such as <code> checker</code>, <code>hexagon</code> and <code>brick</code>.
For example...
</p>
<pre>
density {
checker
density { Flame scale .8 }
density { Fire scale .5 }
}
</pre>
<p class="Note">
<strong>Note:</strong> in the case of block patterns the <code>density</code> wrapping is required
around the density information.
</p>
<p>
A density map is also used with the <code>average</code> density type. See "<a href="s_125.html#s03_05_11_02">Average</a>"
for details.
</p>
<p>
You may declare and use density map identifiers but the only way to declare a density block pattern list is to
declare a density identifier for the entire density.
</p>
<h5><a name="s03_06_02_03_04">3.6.2.3.4 </a>Multiple Density vs. Multiple Media</h5>
<p>
It is possible to have more than one <code>media</code> specified per object and it is legal to have more than one <code>density</code>
per <code> media</code>. The effects are quite different. Consider this example:
</p>
<pre>
object {
MyObject
pigment { rgbf 1 }
interior {
media {
density { Some_Density }
density { Another_Density }
}
}
}
</pre>
<p>
As the media is sampled, calculations are performed for each density pattern at each sample point. The resulting
samples are multiplied together. Suppose one density returned <code>rgb<.8,.8,.4></code> and the other returned <code>rgb<.25,.25,0></code>.
The resulting color is <code> rgb<.2,.2,0></code>.
</p>
<p class="Note">
<strong>Note:</strong> in areas where one density returns zero, it will wipe out the other density.
The end result is that only density areas which overlap will be visible. This is similar to a CSG intersection
operation. Now consider
</p>
<pre>
object {
MyObject
pigment { rgbf 1 }
interior {
media {
density { Some_Density }
}
media {
density { Another_Density }
}
}
}
</pre>
<p>
In this case each media is computed independently. The resulting colors are added together. Suppose one density and
media returned <code> rgb<.8,.8,.4></code> and the other returned <code> rgb<.25,.25,0></code>. The
resulting color is <code> rgb<1.05,1.05,.4></code>. The end result is that density areas which overlap will be
especially bright and all areas will be visible. This is similar to a <a href="#l163">CSG</a> <a href="s_110.html#s03_04_06_02">union</a>
operation. See the sample scene <code>scenes\interior\media\media4.pov</code> for an example which illustrates this.
</p>
<p>
<a name="l160">
<small><strong>More about "wood"</strong></small>
</a>
<ul>
<li><small>
<a href="s_125.html#s03_05_11_36">3.5.11.36 Wood</a> in 3.5.11 Patterns
</small>
<li><small>
<a href="s_148.html#s03_07_17_03">3.7.17.3 Woods</a> in 3.7.17 textures.inc
</small>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<a name="l161">
<small><strong>More about "gradient"</strong></small>
</a>
<ul>
<li><small>
<a href="s_125.html#s03_05_11_17">3.5.11.17 Gradient</a> in 3.5.11 Patterns
</small>
<li><small>
<a href="s_140.html#s03_07_09_03">3.7.9.3 Vector Analysis</a> in 3.7.9 math.inc
</small>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<a name="l162">
<small><strong>More about "Pattern Modifiers"</strong></small>
</a>
<ul>
<li><small>
<a href="s_126.html#s03_05_12">3.5.12 Pattern Modifiers</a> in 3.5 Textures
</small>
<li><small>
<a href="s_162.html#s03_08_10_08">3.8.10.8 Pattern Modifiers</a> in 3.8.10 Texture
</small>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<a name="l163">
<small><strong>More about "CSG"</strong></small>
</a>
<ul>
<li><small>
<a href="s_110.html#s03_04_06">3.4.6 Constructive Solid Geometry</a> in 3.4 Objects
</small>
<li><small>
<a href="s_160.html#s03_08_08_06">3.8.8.6 CSG</a> in 3.8.8 Objects
</small>
</ul>
</p>
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