<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <head> <title>Postfix Lookup Table Overview</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"> </head> <body> <h1><img src="postfix-logo.jpg" width="203" height="98" ALT="">Postfix Lookup Table Overview</h1> <hr> <h2>Overview </h2> This document covers the following topics: <ul> <li><a href="#intro">The Postfix lookup table model</a> <li><a href="#lists">Postfix lists versus tables </a> <li><a href="#preparing">Preparing Postfix for LDAP or SQL lookups</a> <li><a href="#detect">Maintaining Postfix lookup table files</a> <li><a href="#safe_db">Updating Berkeley DB files safely</a> <li><a href="#types">Postfix lookup table types</a> </ul> <h2><a name="intro">The Postfix lookup table model</a></h2> <p> Postfix uses lookup tables to store and look up information for access control, address rewriting and even for content filtering. All Postfix lookup tables are specified as "<a href="DATABASE_README.html">type:table</a>", where "type" is one of the database types described under "<a href="#types">Postfix lookup table types</a>" at the end of this document, and where "table" is the lookup table name. The Postfix documentation uses the terms "database" and "lookup table" for the same thing. </p> <p> Examples of lookup tables that appear often in the Postfix documentation: </p> <blockquote> <pre> /etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>: <a href="postconf.5.html#alias_maps">alias_maps</a> = hash:/etc/postfix/aliases (local aliasing) <a href="postconf.5.html#header_checks">header_checks</a> = <a href="regexp_table.5.html">regexp</a>:/etc/postfix/header_checks (content filtering) <a href="postconf.5.html#transport_maps">transport_maps</a> = hash:/etc/postfix/transport (routing table) <a href="postconf.5.html#virtual_alias_maps">virtual_alias_maps</a> = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual (address rewriting) </pre> </blockquote> <p> All Postfix lookup tables store information as (key, value) pairs. This interface may seem simplistic at first, but it turns out to be very powerful. The (key, value) query interface completely hides the complexities of LDAP or SQL from Postfix. This is a good example of connecting complex systems with simple interfaces. </p> <p> Benefits of the Postfix (key, value) query interface:</p> <ul> <li> You can implement Postfix lookup tables first with local Berkeley DB files and then switch to LDAP or MySQL without any impact on the Postfix configuration itself, as described under "<a href="#preparing">Preparing Postfix for LDAP or SQL lookups</a>" below. <li> You can use Berkeley DB files with fixed lookup strings for simple address rewriting operations and you can use regular expression tables for the more complicated work. In other words, you don't have to put everything into the same table. </ul> <h2><a name="lists">Postfix lists versus tables </a></h2> <p> Most Postfix lookup tables are used to look up information. Examples are address rewriting (the lookup string is the old address, and the result is the new address) or access control (the lookup string is the client, sender or recipient, and the result is an action such as "reject"). </p> <p> With some tables, however, Postfix needs to know only if the lookup key exists. The lookup result itself is not used. Examples are the <a href="postconf.5.html#local_recipient_maps">local_recipient_maps</a> that determine what local recipients Postfix accepts in mail from the network, the <a href="postconf.5.html#mydestination">mydestination</a> parameter that specifies what domains Postfix delivers locally, or the <a href="postconf.5.html#mynetworks">mynetworks</a> parameter that specifies the IP addresses of trusted clients or client networks. Technically, these are lists, not tables. Despite the difference, Postfix lists are described here because they use the same underlying infrastructure as Postfix lookup tables. </p> <h2><a name="preparing">Preparing Postfix for LDAP or SQL lookups</a> </h2> <p> LDAP and SQL are complex systems. Trying to set up both Postfix and LDAP or SQL at the same time is definitely not a good idea. You can save yourself a lot of time by implementing Postfix first with local files such as Berkeley DB. Local files have few surprises, and are easy to debug with the <a href="postmap.1.html">postmap(1)</a> command: </p> <blockquote> <pre> % <b>postmap -q info@example.com hash:/etc/postfix/virtual </b> </pre> </blockquote> <p> Once you have local files working properly you can follow the instructions in <a href="ldap_table.5.html">ldap_table(5)</a>, <a href="mysql_table.5.html">mysql_table(5)</a> or <a href="pgsql_table.5.html">pgsql_table(5)</a> and replace local file lookups with LDAP or SQL lookups. When you do this, you should use the <a href="postmap.1.html">postmap(1)</a> command again, to verify that database lookups still produce the exact same results as local file lookup: </p> <blockquote> <pre> % <b>postmap -q info@example.com <a href="ldap_table.5.html">ldap</a>:/etc/postfix/virtual.cf </b> </pre> </blockquote> <p> Be sure to exercise all the partial address or parent domain queries that are documented under "table search order" in the relevant manual page: <a href="access.5.html">access(5)</a>, <a href="canonical.5.html">canonical(5)</a>, <a href="virtual.5.html">virtual(5)</a>, <a href="transport.5.html">transport(5)</a>, or under the relevant configuration parameter: <a href="postconf.5.html#mynetworks">mynetworks</a>, <a href="postconf.5.html#relay_domains">relay_domains</a>, <a href="postconf.5.html#parent_domain_matches_subdomains">parent_domain_matches_subdomains</a>. </p> <h2><a name="detect">Maintaining Postfix lookup table files</a></h2> <p> When you make changes to a database while the mail system is running, it would be desirable if Postfix avoids reading information while that information is being changed. It would also be nice if you can change a database without having to execute "postfix reload", in order to force Postfix to use the new information. Each time you do "postfix reload" Postfix loses a lot of performance. </p> <ul> <li> <p> If you change a network database such as LDAP, NIS or SQL, there is no need to execute "postfix reload". The LDAP, NIS or SQL server takes care of read/write access conflicts and gives the new data to Postfix once that data is available. </p> <li> <p> If you change a <a href="regexp_table.5.html">regexp</a>: or <a href="pcre_table.5.html">pcre</a>: file then Postfix may or may not pick up the file changes immediately. This is because a Postfix process reads the entire file into memory once and never examines the file again. </p> <ul> <li> <p> If the file is used by a short-running process such as <a href="smtpd.8.html">smtpd(8)</a>, <a href="cleanup.8.html">cleanup(8)</a> or <a href="local.8.html">local(8)</a>, there is no need to execute "postfix reload" after making a change. </p> <li> <p> If the file is being used by a long-running process such as <a href="trivial-rewrite.8.html">trivial-rewrite(8)</a> on a busy server it may be necessary to execute "postfix reload". </p> </ul> <li> <p> If you change a local file based database such as DBM or Berkeley DB, there is no need to execute "postfix reload". Postfix uses file locking to avoid read/write access conflicts, and whenever a Postfix daemon process notices that a file has changed it will terminate before handling the next client request, so that a new process can initialize with the new database. </p> </ul> <h2><a name="safe_db">Updating Berkeley DB files safely</a></h2> <p> Although Postfix uses file locking to avoid access conflicts while updating Berkeley DB or other local database files, you still have a problem when the update fails because the disk is full or because something else happens. This is because commands such as <a href="postmap.1.html">postmap(1)</a> or <a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a> overwrite existing files. If the update fails in the middle then you have no usable database, and Postfix will stop working. This is not an issue with the CDB database type available with Postfix 2.2 and later: <a href="CDB_README.html">CDB</a> creates a new file, and renames the file upon successful completion. </p> <p> With multi-file databases such as DBM, there is no simple solution. With Berkeley DB and other "one file" databases, it is possible to add some extra robustness by using "mv" to REPLACE an existing database file instead of overwriting it: </p> <blockquote> <pre> # <b>postmap access.in && mv access.in.db access.db</b> </pre> </blockquote> <p> This converts the input file "access.in" into the output file "access.in.db", and replaces the file "access.db" only when the <a href="postmap.1.html">postmap(1)</a> command was successful. Of course typing such commands becomes boring quickly, and this is why people use "make" instead, as shown below. User input is shown in bold font. </p> <blockquote> <pre> # <b>cat Makefile</b> all: aliases.db access.db virtual.db ...etcetera... # Note 1: commands are specified after a TAB character. # Note 2: use <a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a> for local aliases, <a href="postmap.1.html">postmap(1)</a> for the rest. aliases.db: aliases.in postalias aliases.in mv aliases.in.db aliases.db access.db: access.in postmap access.in mv access.in.db access.db virtual.db: virtual.in postmap virtual.in mv virtual.in.db virtual.db ...etcetera... # <b>vi access.in</b> ...editing session not shown... # <b>make</b> postmap access.in mv access.in.db access.db # </pre> </blockquote> <p> The "make" command updates only the files that have changed. In case of error, the "make" command will stop and will not invoke the "mv" command, so that Postfix will keep using the existing database file as if nothing happened. </p> <h2><a name="types">Postfix lookup table types</a> </h2> <p> To find out what database types your Postfix system supports, use the "<b>postconf -m</b>" command. Here is a list of database types that are often supported: </p> <blockquote> <dl> <dt> <b>btree</b> </dt> <dd> A sorted, balanced tree structure. This is available only on systems with support for Berkeley DB databases. Database files are created with the <a href="postmap.1.html">postmap(1)</a> or <a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a> command. The lookup table name as used in "btree:table" is the database file name without the ".db" suffix. </dd> <dt> <b>cdb</b> </dt> <dd> A read-optimized structure with no support for incremental updates. Database files are created with the <a href="postmap.1.html">postmap(1)</a> or <a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a> command. The lookup table name as used in "<a href="CDB_README.html">cdb</a>:table" is the database file name without the ".cdb" suffix. This feature is available with Postfix 2.2 and later. </dd> <dt> <b>cidr</b> </dt> <dd> A table that associates values with Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) patterns. The table format is described in <a href="cidr_table.5.html">cidr_table(5)</a>. </dd> <dt> <b>dbm</b> </dt> <dd> An indexed file type based on hashing. This is available only on systems with support for DBM databases. Database files are created with the <a href="postmap.1.html">postmap(1)</a> or <a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a> command. The lookup table name as used in "dbm:table" is the database file name without the ".dir" or ".pag" suffix. </dd> <dt> <b>environ</b> </dt> <dd> The UNIX process environment array. The lookup key is the variable name. The lookup table name in "environ:table" is ignored. </dd> <dt> <b>hash</b> </dt> <dd> An indexed file type based on hashing. This is available only on systems with support for Berkeley DB databases. Database files are created with the <a href="postmap.1.html">postmap(1)</a> or <a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a> command. The database name as used in "hash:table" is the database file name without the ".db" suffix. </dd> <dt> <b>internal</b> </dt> <dd> A non-shared, in-memory hash table. Its content are lost when a process terminates. </dd> <dt> <b>ldap</b> (read-only) </dt> <dd> Perform lookups using the LDAP protocol. Configuration details are given in the <a href="ldap_table.5.html">ldap_table(5)</a>. </dd> <dt> <b>mysql</b> (read-only) </dt> <dd> Perform MySQL database lookups. Configuration details are given in <a href="mysql_table.5.html">mysql_table(5)</a>. </dd> <dt> <b>netinfo</b> (read-only) </dt> <dd> Perform Netinfo database lookups. </dd> <dt> <b>nis</b> (read-only) </dt> <dd> Perform NIS database lookups. </dd> <dt> <b>nisplus</b> (read-only) </dt> <dd> Perform NIS+ database lookups. Configuration details are given in <a href="nisplus_table.5.html">nisplus_table(5)</a>. </dd> <dt> <b>pcre</b> (read-only) </dt> <dd> A lookup table based on Perl Compatible Regular Expressions. The file format is described in <a href="pcre_table.5.html">pcre_table(5)</a>. The lookup table name as used in "<a href="pcre_table.5.html">pcre</a>:table" is the name of the regular expression file. </dd> <dt> <b>pgsql</b> (read-only) </dt> <dd> Perform PostgreSQL database lookups. Configuration details are given in <a href="pgsql_table.5.html">pgsql_table(5)</a>. </dd> <dt> <b>proxy</b> (read-only) </dt> <dd> Access information via the Postfix <a href="proxymap.8.html">proxymap(8)</a> service. The lookup table name syntax is "<a href="proxymap.8.html">proxy</a>:<a href="DATABASE_README.html">type:table</a>". </dd> <dt> <b>regexp</b> (read-only) </dt> <dd> A lookup table based on regular expressions. The file format is described in <a href="regexp_table.5.html">regexp_table(5)</a>. The lookup table name as used in "<a href="regexp_table.5.html">regexp</a>:table" is the name of the regular expression file. </dd> <dt> <b>sdbm</b> </dt> <dd> An indexed file type based on hashing. This is available only on systems with support for SDBM databases. Database files are created with the <a href="postmap.1.html">postmap(1)</a> or <a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a> command. The lookup table name as used in "sdbm:table" is the database file name without the ".dir" or ".pag" suffix. </dd> <dt> <b>static</b> (read-only) </dt> <dd> Always returns its lookup table name as lookup result. For example, the lookup table "static:foobar" always returns the string "foobar" as lookup result. </dd> <dt> <b>tcp</b> </dt> <dd> Access information through a TCP/IP server. The protocol is described in <a href="tcp_table.5.html">tcp_table(5)</a>. The lookup table name is "<a href="tcp_table.5.html">tcp</a>:host:port" where "host" specifies a symbolic hostname or a numeric IP address, and "port" specifies a symbolic service name or a numeric port number. </dd> <dt> <b>unix</b> (read-only) </dt> <dd> A limited way to query the UNIX authentication database. The following tables are implemented: <dl> <dt> <b>unix:passwd.byname</b> </dt> <dd>The table is the UNIX password database. The key is a login name. The result is a password file entry in passwd(5) format. </dd> <dt> <b>unix:group.byname</b> </dt> <dd> The table is the UNIX group database. The key is a group name. The result is a group file entry in group(5) format. </dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> </blockquote> <p> Other lookup table types may be available depending on how Postfix was built. With some Postfix distributions the list is dynamically extensible as support for lookup tables is dynamically linked into Postfix. </p> </body> </html>