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<h1>Python Tutorial</h1>
<p><b><font size="+2">Guido van Rossum
<BR>
Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor</font></b></p>
<p>
<b>PythonLabs</b>
<BR>
Email: <span class="email">python-docs@python.org</span>
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<p><strong>Release 2.2</strong><br>
<strong>December 21, 2001</strong></p>
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<LI><A href="node1.html">Front Matter</a>
<LI><A href="node2.html">Contents</a>
<LI><A href="node3.html">1. Whetting Your Appetite</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node3.html#SECTION003100000000000000000">1.1 Where From Here</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="node4.html">2. Using the Python Interpreter</a>
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<LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004100000000000000000">2.1 Invoking the Interpreter</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004110000000000000000">2.1.1 Argument Passing</a>
<LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004120000000000000000">2.1.2 Interactive Mode</a>
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<LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004200000000000000000">2.2 The Interpreter and Its Environment</a>
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<LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004210000000000000000">2.2.1 Error Handling</a>
<LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004220000000000000000">2.2.2 Executable Python Scripts</a>
<LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004230000000000000000">2.2.3 The Interactive Startup File</a>
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</ul>
<LI><A href="node5.html">3. An Informal Introduction to Python</a>
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<LI><A href="node5.html#SECTION005100000000000000000">3.1 Using Python as a Calculator</a>
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<LI><A href="node5.html#SECTION005110000000000000000">3.1.1 Numbers</a>
<LI><A href="node5.html#SECTION005120000000000000000">3.1.2 Strings</a>
<LI><A href="node5.html#SECTION005130000000000000000">3.1.3 Unicode Strings</a>
<LI><A href="node5.html#SECTION005140000000000000000">3.1.4 Lists</a>
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<LI><A href="node5.html#SECTION005200000000000000000">3.2 First Steps Towards Programming</a>
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<LI><A href="node6.html">4. More Control Flow Tools</a>
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<LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006100000000000000000">4.1 <tt class="keyword">if</tt> Statements</a>
<LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006200000000000000000">4.2 <tt class="keyword">for</tt> Statements</a>
<LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006300000000000000000">4.3 The <tt class="function">range()</tt> Function</a>
<LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006400000000000000000">4.4 <tt class="keyword">break</tt> and <tt class="keyword">continue</tt> Statements, and
<tt class="keyword">else</tt> Clauses on Loops</a>
<LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006500000000000000000">4.5 <tt class="keyword">pass</tt> Statements</a>
<LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006600000000000000000">4.6 Defining Functions</a>
<LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006700000000000000000">4.7 More on Defining Functions</a>
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<LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006710000000000000000">4.7.1 Default Argument Values</a>
<LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006720000000000000000">4.7.2 Keyword Arguments</a>
<LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006730000000000000000">4.7.3 Arbitrary Argument Lists</a>
<LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006740000000000000000">4.7.4 Lambda Forms</a>
<LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006750000000000000000">4.7.5 Documentation Strings</a>
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<LI><A href="node7.html">5. Data Structures</a>
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<LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007100000000000000000">5.1 More on Lists</a>
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<LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007110000000000000000">5.1.1 Using Lists as Stacks</a>
<LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007120000000000000000">5.1.2 Using Lists as Queues</a>
<LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007130000000000000000">5.1.3 Functional Programming Tools</a>
<LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007140000000000000000">5.1.4 List Comprehensions</a>
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<LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007200000000000000000">5.2 The <tt class="keyword">del</tt> statement</a>
<LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007300000000000000000">5.3 Tuples and Sequences</a>
<LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007400000000000000000">5.4 Dictionaries</a>
<LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007500000000000000000">5.5 More on Conditions</a>
<LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007600000000000000000">5.6 Comparing Sequences and Other Types</a>
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<LI><A href="node8.html">6. Modules</a>
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<LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008100000000000000000">6.1 More on Modules</a>
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<LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008110000000000000000">6.1.1 The Module Search Path</a>
<LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008120000000000000000">6.1.2 ``Compiled'' Python files</a>
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<LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008200000000000000000">6.2 Standard Modules</a>
<LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008300000000000000000">6.3 The <tt class="function">dir()</tt> Function</a>
<LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008400000000000000000">6.4 Packages</a>
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<LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008410000000000000000">6.4.1 Importing * From a Package</a>
<LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008420000000000000000">6.4.2 Intra-package References</a>
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<LI><A href="node9.html">7. Input and Output</a>
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<LI><A href="node9.html#SECTION009100000000000000000">7.1 Fancier Output Formatting</a>
<LI><A href="node9.html#SECTION009200000000000000000">7.2 Reading and Writing Files</a>
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<LI><A href="node9.html#SECTION009210000000000000000">7.2.1 Methods of File Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node9.html#SECTION009220000000000000000">7.2.2 The <tt class="module">pickle</tt> Module</a>
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<LI><A href="node10.html">8. Errors and Exceptions</a>
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<LI><A href="node10.html#SECTION0010100000000000000000">8.1 Syntax Errors</a>
<LI><A href="node10.html#SECTION0010200000000000000000">8.2 Exceptions</a>
<LI><A href="node10.html#SECTION0010300000000000000000">8.3 Handling Exceptions</a>
<LI><A href="node10.html#SECTION0010400000000000000000">8.4 Raising Exceptions</a>
<LI><A href="node10.html#SECTION0010500000000000000000">8.5 User-defined Exceptions</a>
<LI><A href="node10.html#SECTION0010600000000000000000">8.6 Defining Clean-up Actions</a>
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<LI><A href="node11.html">9. Classes</a>
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<LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011100000000000000000">9.1 A Word About Terminology</a>
<LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011200000000000000000">9.2 Python Scopes and Name Spaces</a>
<LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011300000000000000000">9.3 A First Look at Classes</a>
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<LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011310000000000000000">9.3.1 Class Definition Syntax</a>
<LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011320000000000000000">9.3.2 Class Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011330000000000000000">9.3.3 Instance Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011340000000000000000">9.3.4 Method Objects</a>
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<LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011400000000000000000">9.4 Random Remarks</a>
<LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011500000000000000000">9.5 Inheritance</a>
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<LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011510000000000000000">9.5.1 Multiple Inheritance</a>
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<LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011600000000000000000">9.6 Private Variables</a>
<LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011700000000000000000">9.7 Odds and Ends</a>
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<LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011710000000000000000">9.7.1 Exceptions Can Be Classes</a>
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<LI><A href="node12.html">10. What Now?</a>
<LI><A href="node13.html">A. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution</a>
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<LI><A href="node13.html#SECTION0013100000000000000000">A.1 Line Editing</a>
<LI><A href="node13.html#SECTION0013200000000000000000">A.2 History Substitution</a>
<LI><A href="node13.html#SECTION0013300000000000000000">A.3 Key Bindings</a>
<LI><A href="node13.html#SECTION0013400000000000000000">A.4 Commentary</a>
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<LI><A href="node14.html">B. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations</a>
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<LI><A href="node14.html#SECTION0014100000000000000000">B.1 Representation Error</a>
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<LI><A href="node15.html">C. History and License</a>
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<LI><A href="node15.html#SECTION0015100000000000000000">C.1 History of the software</a>
<LI><A href="node15.html#SECTION0015200000000000000000">C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python</a>
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<LI><A href="node16.html">About this document ...</a>
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<span class="release-info">Release 2.2, documentation updated on December 21, 2001.</span>
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