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<H1> 5. Shell Grammar </H1>
<!--docid::SEC18::-->
<A NAME="IDX22"></A>
<A NAME="IDX23"></A>
<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0">
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="zsh_5.html#SEC19">5.1 Simple Commands & Pipelines</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="zsh_5.html#SEC20">5.2 Precommand Modifiers</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="zsh_5.html#SEC21">5.3 Complex Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="zsh_5.html#SEC22">5.4 Alternate Forms For Complex Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="zsh_5.html#SEC23">5.5 Reserved Words</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="zsh_5.html#SEC24">5.6 Comments</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="zsh_5.html#SEC25">5.7 Aliasing</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="zsh_5.html#SEC26">5.8 Quoting</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<A NAME="Simple Commands & Pipelines"></A>
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<H2> 5.1 Simple Commands & Pipelines </H2>
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<A NAME="IDX24"></A>
<A NAME="IDX25"></A>
A <EM>simple command</EM> is a sequence of optional parameter
assignments followed by blank-separated words,
with optional redirections interspersed.
The first word is the command to be executed, and the remaining
words, if any, are arguments to the command.
If a command name is given, the parameter assignments modify
the environment of the command when it is executed.
The value of a simple command is its exit status,
or 128 plus the signal number if terminated by a signal.
For example,
<P>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>echo foo
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
is a simple command with arguments.
</P>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX26"></A>
A <EM>pipeline</EM> is either a simple command, or a sequence of two or more
simple commands where each command is separated from the next by `<TT>|</TT>'
or `<TT>|&</TT>'. Where commands are separated by `<TT>|</TT>', the standard
output of the first command is connected to the
standard input of the next. `<TT>|&</TT>' is shorthand for `<TT>2>&1 |</TT>', which
connects both the standard output and the standard error of the
command to the standard input of the next. The value of a pipeline
is the value of the last command, unless the pipeline is preceded by
`<TT>!</TT>' in which case the value is the logical inverse of the value of the
last command.
For example,
</P>
<P>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>echo foo | sed 's/foo/bar/'
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
is a pipeline, where the output (`<TT>foo</TT>' plus a newline) of the first
command will be passed to the input of the second.
</P>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX27"></A>
<A NAME="IDX28"></A>
If a pipeline is preceded by `<TT>coproc</TT>', it is executed as a coprocess;
a two-way pipe is established between it and the parent shell. The
shell can read from or write to the coprocess by means of the `<TT>>&p</TT>'
and `<TT><&p</TT>' redirection operators or with `<TT>print -p</TT>' and `<TT>read -p</TT>'.
A pipeline cannot be preceded by both `<TT>coproc</TT>' and `<TT>!</TT>'.
If job control is active, the coprocess can be treated in other than input
and output as an ordinary background job.
</P>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX29"></A>
A <EM>sublist</EM> is either a single pipeline, or a sequence of two or more
pipelines separated by `<TT>&&</TT>' or `<TT>||</TT>'. If two pipelines are separated
by `<TT>&&</TT>', the second pipeline is executed only if the first succeeds
(returns a zero value). If two pipelines are separated by `<TT>||</TT>', the
second is executed only if the first fails (returns a nonzero value).
Both operators have equal precedence and are left associative.
The value of the sublist is the value of the last pipeline executed.
For example,
</P>
<P>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>dmesg | grep panic && print yes
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
is a sublist consisting of two pipelines, the second just a simple command
which will be executed if and only if the <TT>grep</TT> command returns a zero
value. If it does not, the value of the sublist is that return value, else
it is the value returned by the <TT>print</TT> (almost certainly zero).
</P>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX30"></A>
A <EM>list</EM> is a sequence of zero or more sublists, in which each sublist
is terminated by `<TT>;</TT>', `<TT>&</TT>', `<TT>&|</TT>', `<TT>&!</TT>', or a newline.
This terminator
may optionally be omitted from the last sublist in the list when the
list appears as a complex command inside `<TT>(</TT>...<TT>)</TT>'
or `<TT>{</TT>...<TT>}</TT>'. When a
sublist is terminated by `<TT>;</TT>' or newline, the shell waits for it to
finish before executing the next sublist. If a sublist is terminated
by a `<TT>&</TT>', `<TT>&|</TT>', or `<TT>&!</TT>',
the shell executes the last pipeline in it in the background, and
does not wait for it to finish (note the difference from other shells
which execute the whole sublist in the background).
A backgrounded pipeline returns a status of zero.
</P>
<P>
More generally, a list can be seen as a set of any shell commands
whatsoever, including the complex commands below; this is implied wherever
the word `list' appears in later descriptions. For example, the commands
in a shell function form a special sort of list.
<A NAME="Precommand Modifiers"></A>
</P>
<P>
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<H2> 5.2 Precommand Modifiers </H2>
<!--docid::SEC20::-->
<A NAME="IDX31"></A>
<A NAME="IDX32"></A>
A simple command may be preceded by a <EM>precommand modifier</EM>,
which will alter how the command is interpreted. These modifiers are
shell builtin commands with the exception of <TT>nocorrect</TT> which is
a reserved word.
<P>
</P>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><TT>-</TT>
<DD>The command is executed with a `<TT>-</TT>' prepended to its
<TT>argv[0]</TT> string.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>noglob</TT>
<DD>Filename generation (globbing) is not performed on any of
the words.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>nocorrect</TT>
<DD>Spelling correction is not done on any of the words. This must appear
before any other precommand modifier, as it is interpreted immediately,
before any parsing is done. It has no effect in non-interactive shells.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>exec</TT>
<DD>The command is executed in the parent shell without forking.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>command</TT>
<DD>The command word is taken to be the name of an external command,
rather than a shell function or builtin.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>builtin</TT>
<DD>The command word is taken to be the name of a builtin command,
rather than a shell function or external command.
<P>
</DL>
<A NAME="Complex Commands"></A>
<P>
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<H2> 5.3 Complex Commands </H2>
<!--docid::SEC21::-->
<A NAME="IDX33"></A>
<A NAME="IDX34"></A>
A <EM>complex command</EM> in zsh is one of the following:
<P>
</P>
<DL COMPACT>
<A NAME="IDX35"></A>
<A NAME="IDX36"></A>
<DT><TT>if</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>then</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> [ <TT>elif</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>then</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> ] ... [ <TT>else</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> ] <TT>fi</TT>
<DD>The <TT>if</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> is executed, and if it returns a zero exit status,
the <TT>then</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> is executed.
Otherwise, the <TT>elif</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> is executed and if its value is zero,
the <TT>then</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> is executed.
If each <TT>elif</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> returns nonzero, the <TT>else</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> is executed.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX37"></A>
<A NAME="IDX38"></A>
<A NAME="IDX39"></A>
</P>
<DT><TT>for</TT> <VAR>name</VAR> [ <TT>in</TT> <VAR>word</VAR> ... <VAR>term</VAR> ] <TT>do</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>done</TT>
<DD>where <VAR>term</VAR> is at least one newline or <TT>;</TT>.
Expand the list of <VAR>word</VAR>s, and set the parameter
<VAR>name</VAR> to each of them in turn, executing
<VAR>list</VAR> each time. If the <TT>in</TT> <VAR>word</VAR> is omitted,
use the positional parameters instead of the <VAR>word</VAR>s.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>for ((</TT> [<VAR>expr1</VAR>] <TT>;</TT> [<VAR>expr2</VAR>] <TT>;</TT> [<VAR>expr3</VAR>] <TT>)) do</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>done</TT>
<DD>The arithmetic expression <VAR>expr1</VAR> is evaluated first (see
<A HREF="zsh_10.html#SEC37">10. Arithmetic Evaluation</A>). The arithmetic expression
<VAR>expr2</VAR> is repeatedly evaluated until it evaluates to zero and
when non-zero, <VAR>list</VAR> is executed and the arithmetic expression
<VAR>expr3</VAR> evaluated. If any expression is omitted, then it behaves
as if it evaluated to 1.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX40"></A>
<A NAME="IDX41"></A>
<A NAME="IDX42"></A>
</P>
<DT><TT>while</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>do</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>done</TT>
<DD>Execute the <TT>do</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> as long as the <TT>while</TT> <VAR>list</VAR>
returns a zero exit status.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX43"></A>
<A NAME="IDX44"></A>
<A NAME="IDX45"></A>
</P>
<DT><TT>until</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>do</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>done</TT>
<DD>Execute the <TT>do</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> as long as <TT>until</TT> <VAR>list</VAR>
returns a nonzero exit status.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX46"></A>
<A NAME="IDX47"></A>
<A NAME="IDX48"></A>
</P>
<DT><TT>repeat</TT> <VAR>word</VAR> <TT>do</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>done</TT>
<DD><VAR>word</VAR> is expanded and treated as an arithmetic expression,
which must evaluate to a number <VAR>n</VAR>.
<VAR>list</VAR> is then executed <VAR>n</VAR> times.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX49"></A>
<A NAME="IDX50"></A>
<A NAME="IDX51"></A>
</P>
<DT><TT>case</TT> <VAR>word</VAR> <TT>in</TT> [ [<TT>(</TT>] <VAR>pattern</VAR> [ <TT>|</TT> <VAR>pattern</VAR> ] ... <TT>)</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> (<TT>;;</TT>|<TT>;&</TT>) ] ... <TT>esac</TT>
<DD>Execute the <VAR>list</VAR> associated with the first <VAR>pattern</VAR>
that matches <VAR>word</VAR>, if any. The form of the patterns
is the same as that used for filename generation. See
<A HREF="zsh_13.html#SEC55">13.8 Filename Generation</A>.
If the <VAR>list</VAR> that is executed is terminated with <TT>;&</TT> rather than
<TT>;;</TT>, the following list is also executed. This continues until either
a list is terminated with <TT>;;</TT> or the <TT>esac</TT> is reached.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX52"></A>
<A NAME="IDX53"></A>
<A NAME="IDX54"></A>
</P>
<DT><TT>select</TT> <VAR>name</VAR> [ <TT>in</TT> <VAR>word</VAR> ... <VAR>term</VAR> ] <TT>do</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>done</TT>
<DD>where <VAR>term</VAR> is one or more newline or <TT>;</TT> to terminate the <VAR>word</VAR>s.
<A NAME="IDX55"></A>
Print the set of <VAR>word</VAR>s, each preceded by a number.
If the <TT>in</TT> <VAR>word</VAR> is omitted, use the positional parameters.
The <TT>PROMPT3</TT> prompt is printed and a line is read from the line editor
if the shell is interactive and that is active, or else standard input.
If this line consists of the
number of one of the listed <VAR>word</VAR>s, then the parameter <VAR>name</VAR>
is set to the <VAR>word</VAR> corresponding to this number.
If this line is empty, the selection list is printed again.
Otherwise, the value of the parameter <VAR>name</VAR> is set to null.
The contents of the line read from standard input is saved
in the parameter <TT>REPLY</TT>. <VAR>list</VAR> is executed
for each selection until a break or end-of-file is encountered.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX56"></A>
</P>
<DT><TT>(</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>)</TT>
<DD>Execute <VAR>list</VAR> in a subshell. Traps set by the <TT>trap</TT> builtin
are reset to their default values while executing <VAR>list</VAR>.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>{</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>}</TT>
<DD>Execute <VAR>list</VAR>.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>function</TT> <VAR>word</VAR> ... [ <TT>()</TT> ] [ <VAR>term</VAR> ] <TT>{</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>}</TT>
<DD><DT><VAR>word</VAR> ... <TT>()</TT> [ <VAR>term</VAR> ] <TT>{</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>}</TT>
<DD><DT><VAR>word</VAR> ... <TT>()</TT> [ <VAR>term</VAR> ] <VAR>command</VAR>
<DD>where <VAR>term</VAR> is one or more newline or <TT>;</TT>.
Define a function which is referenced by any one of <VAR>word</VAR>.
Normally, only one <VAR>word</VAR> is provided; multiple <VAR>word</VAR>s
are usually only useful for setting traps.
The body of the function is the <VAR>list</VAR> between
the <TT>{</TT> and <TT>}</TT>. See <A HREF="zsh_8.html#SEC31">8. Functions</A>.
<P>
If the option <TT>SH_GLOB</TT> is set for compatibility with other shells, then
whitespace may appear between between the left and right parentheses when
there is a single <VAR>word</VAR>; otherwise, the parentheses will be treated as
forming a globbing pattern in that case.
</P>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX57"></A>
</P>
<DT><TT>time</TT> [ <VAR>pipeline</VAR> ]
<DD>The <VAR>pipeline</VAR> is executed, and timing statistics are
reported on the standard error in the form specified
by the <TT>TIMEFMT</TT> parameter.
If <VAR>pipeline</VAR> is omitted, print statistics about the
shell process and its children.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX58"></A>
</P>
<DT><TT>[[</TT> <VAR>exp</VAR> <TT>]]</TT>
<DD>Evaluates the conditional expression <VAR>exp</VAR>
and return a zero exit status if it is true.
See <A HREF="zsh_11.html#SEC38">11. Conditional Expressions</A>
for a description of <VAR>exp</VAR>.
<P>
</DL>
<A NAME="Alternate Forms For Complex Commands"></A>
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<H2> 5.4 Alternate Forms For Complex Commands </H2>
<!--docid::SEC22::-->
<A NAME="IDX59"></A>
<A NAME="IDX60"></A>
Many of zsh's complex commands have alternate forms. These particular
versions of complex commands should be considered deprecated and may be
removed in the future. The versions in the previous section should be
preferred instead.
<P>
The short versions below only work if <VAR>sublist</VAR> is of the form `<TT>{</TT>
<VAR>list</VAR> <TT>}</TT>' or if the <TT>SHORT_LOOPS</TT> option is set. For the <TT>if</TT>,
<TT>while</TT> and <TT>until</TT> commands, in both these cases the test part of the
loop must also be suitably delimited, such as by `<TT>[[ ... ]]</TT>' or `<TT>((
... ))</TT>', else the end of the test will not be recognized. For the
<TT>for</TT>, <TT>repeat</TT>, <TT>case</TT> and <TT>select</TT> commands no such special form
for the arguments is necessary, but the other condition (the special form
of <VAR>sublist</VAR> or use of the <TT>SHORT_LOOPS</TT> option) still applies.
</P>
<P>
</P>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><TT>if</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>{</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>}</TT> [ <TT>elif</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>{</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>}</TT> ] ... [ <TT>else {</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>}</TT> ]
<DD>An alternate form of <TT>if</TT>. The rules mean that
<P>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>if [[ -o ignorebraces ]] {
print yes
}
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
works, but
</P>
<P>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>if true { # Does not work!
print yes
}
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
does <EM>not</EM>, since the test is not suitably delimited.
</P>
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>if</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <VAR>sublist</VAR>
<DD>A short form of the alternate `if'. The same limitations on the form of
<VAR>list</VAR> apply as for the previous form.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>for</TT> <VAR>name</VAR> <TT>(</TT> <VAR>word</VAR> ... <TT>)</TT> <VAR>sublist</VAR>
<DD>A short form of <TT>for</TT>.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>for</TT> <VAR>name</VAR> [ <TT>in</TT> <VAR>word</VAR> ... <VAR>term</VAR> ] <VAR>sublist</VAR>
<DD>where <VAR>term</VAR> is at least one newline or <TT>;</TT>.
Another short form of <TT>for</TT>.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>for ((</TT> [<VAR>expr1</VAR>] <TT>;</TT> [<VAR>expr2</VAR>] <TT>;</TT> [<VAR>expr3</VAR>] <TT>))</TT> <VAR>sublist</VAR>
<DD>A short form of the arithmetic <TT>for</TT> command.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>foreach</TT> <VAR>name</VAR> <TT>(</TT> <VAR>word</VAR> ... <TT>)</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>end</TT>
<DD>Another form of <TT>for</TT>.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>while</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>{</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>}</TT>
<DD>An alternative form of <TT>while</TT>. Note the limitations on the form of
<VAR>list</VAR> mentioned above.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>until</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>{</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> <TT>}</TT>
<DD>An alternative form of <TT>until</TT>. Note the limitations on the form of
<VAR>list</VAR> mentioned above.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>repeat</TT> <VAR>word</VAR> <VAR>sublist</VAR>
<DD>This is a short form of <TT>repeat</TT>.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>case</TT> <VAR>word</VAR> <TT>{</TT> [ [<TT>(</TT>] <VAR>pattern</VAR> [ <TT>|</TT> <VAR>pattern</VAR> ] ... <TT>)</TT> <VAR>list</VAR> (<TT>;;</TT>|<TT>;&</TT>) ] ... <TT>}</TT>
<DD>An alternative form of <TT>case</TT>.
<P>
</P>
<DT><TT>select</TT> <VAR>name</VAR> [ <TT>in</TT> <VAR>word</VAR> <VAR>term</VAR> ] <VAR>sublist</VAR>
<DD>where <VAR>term</VAR> is at least one newline or <TT>;</TT>.
A short form of <TT>select</TT>.
<P>
</DL>
<A NAME="Reserved Words"></A>
<P>
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<H2> 5.5 Reserved Words </H2>
<!--docid::SEC23::-->
<A NAME="IDX61"></A>
<A NAME="IDX62"></A>
The following words are recognized as reserved words when used as the first
word of a command unless quoted or disabled using <TT>disable -r</TT>:
<P>
<TT>do done esac then elif else fi for case
if while function repeat time until
select coproc nocorrect foreach end ! [[ { }</TT>
</P>
<P>
Additionally, `<TT>}</TT>' is recognized in any position if the <TT>IGNORE_BRACES</TT> option
is not set.
<A NAME="Comments"></A>
</P>
<P>
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<H2> 5.6 Comments </H2>
<!--docid::SEC24::-->
<A NAME="IDX63"></A>
<A NAME="IDX64"></A>
<A NAME="IDX65"></A>
In noninteractive shells, or in interactive shells with the
<TT>INTERACTIVE_COMMENTS</TT> option set, a word beginning
with the third character of the <TT>histchars</TT> parameter
(`<TT>#</TT>' by default) causes that word and all the following
characters up to a newline to be ignored.
<A NAME="Aliasing"></A>
<P>
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<H2> 5.7 Aliasing </H2>
<!--docid::SEC25::-->
<A NAME="IDX66"></A>
Every token in the shell input is checked to see if there
is an alias defined for it.
If so, it is replaced by the text of the alias if it is in command
position (if it could be the first word of a simple command),
or if the alias is global.
If the text ends with a space, the next word in the shell input
is treated as though it were in command position for purposes of alias
expansion.
<A NAME="IDX67"></A>
<A NAME="IDX68"></A>
An alias is defined using the <TT>alias</TT> builtin; global aliases
may be defined using the <TT>-g</TT> option to that builtin.
<P>
Alias expansion is done on the shell input before any
other expansion except history expansion. Therefore,
if an alias is defined for the word <TT>foo</TT>, alias expansion
may be avoided by quoting part of the word, e.g. <TT>\foo</TT>.
But there is nothing to prevent an alias being defined
for <TT>\foo</TT> as well.
<A NAME="Quoting"></A>
</P>
<P>
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<H2> 5.8 Quoting </H2>
<!--docid::SEC26::-->
<A NAME="IDX69"></A>
A character may be <VAR>quoted</VAR> (that is, made
to stand for itself) by preceding it with a `<TT>\</TT>'.
`<TT>\</TT>' followed by a newline is ignored.
<P>
A string enclosed between `<TT>$'</TT>' and `<TT>'</TT>' is
processed the same way as the string arguments of the
<TT>print</TT> builtin, and the resulting string is considered to be
entirely quoted. A literal `<TT>'</TT>' character can be included in the
string by using the `<TT>\'</TT>' escape.
</P>
<P>
All characters enclosed between a pair of single quotes (<TT>"</TT>) that
is not preceded by a `<TT>$</TT>' are quoted. A single quote cannot appear
within single quotes unless the option <TT>RC_QUOTES</TT> is set, in which case
a pair of single quotes are turned into a single quote. For example,
</P>
<P>
<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>print ''''
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
outputs nothing apart from a newline if <TT>RC_QUOTES</TT> is not set, but one
single quote if it is set.
</P>
<P>
Inside double quotes (<TT>""</TT>), parameter and
command substitution occur, and `<TT>\</TT>' quotes the characters
`<TT>\</TT>', `<TT>`</TT>', `<TT>"</TT>', and `<TT>$</TT>'.
<A NAME="Redirection"></A>
</P>
<P>
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