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<title>.:: The Converted Virtual Machine Instruction Set ::.</title>
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<h1 align="center"> Miscellaneous instructions </h1><br><hr><p>
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<a href="#break"><b>break</b></a></td><td>
<a href="#ldtoken"><b>ldtoken</b></a></td><td>
<a href="#memcpy"><b>memcpy</b></a></td><td>
<a href="#memmove"><b>memmove</b></a></td></tr><tr><td>
<a href="#memset"><b>memset</b></a></td><td>
<a href="#memzero"><b>memzero</b></a></td><td>
<a href="#nop"><b>nop</b></a></td><td>
<a href="#prefix"><b>prefix</b></a></td></tr><tr><td>
<a href="#unroll_method"><b>unroll_method</b></a></td><td>
<a href="#wide"><b>wide</b></a></td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table><p><hr><p><table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
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<a name="break">
<font color="#FFFFFF" size="+5">
break</font></a></td><td align="right" border="0"> </td></tr><tr border="1"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Operation</b></td><td border="0">Mark the position of a breakpoint</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>break</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>subcode</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Direct Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>{break}</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>subcode</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Forms </b></td><td border="0"><i>break</i> = 254 (0xFE)<br></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Description </b></td><td border="0">This instruction marks a position in the
CVM bytecode that may be used as a breakpoint in
debug versions of the runtime engine.<p>
Every potentional position for a breakpoint is marked,
even if those positions will never have active breakpoints
set on them. The runtime engine keeps a list of active
breakpoints, which is inspected at each potentional
breakpoint.</td></tr></table><br><br><table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
bordercolor="#000000" border="
1" align="center" width="80%">
<tr bgcolor="#7F7F7F" border="2"><td border="0"
width="30%">
<a name="ldtoken">
<font color="#FFFFFF" size="+5">
ldtoken</font></a></td><td align="right" border="0"> </td></tr><tr border="1"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Operation</b></td><td border="0">Load a token pointer onto the stack</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>ldtoken</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>pointer</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Direct Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>{ldtoken}</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>pointer</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Forms </b></td><td border="0"><i>ldtoken</i> = 234 (0xEA)<br></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Stack</b></td><td border="0"><i>...</i> => <i>..., pointer</i></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Description </b></td><td border="0">Push <i>pointer</i> onto the stack as a
<code>ptr</code> value.</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Notes </b></td><td border="0">The <i>pointer</i> value is a native pointer to the token
descriptor, which may 32 or 64 bits in size.<p>
This instruction is used to load type, field, and method
descriptors onto the stack as handle instances.</td></tr></table><br><br><table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
bordercolor="#000000" border="
1" align="center" width="80%">
<tr bgcolor="#7F7F7F" border="2"><td border="0"
width="30%">
<a name="memcpy">
<font color="#FFFFFF" size="+5">
memcpy</font></a></td><td align="right" border="0"> </td></tr><tr border="1"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Operation</b></td><td border="0">Copy a fixed-size block of non-overlapping memory</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>memcpy</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>N[1]</i></td></tr></table></td><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>wide</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>memcpy</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>N[4]</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Direct Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>{memcpy}</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>N</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Forms </b></td><td border="0"><i>memcpy</i> = 237 (0xED)<br></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Stack</b></td><td border="0"><i>..., dest, src</i> => <i>...</i></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Description </b></td><td border="0">Pop <i>dest</i> and <i>src</i> from the stack as type
<code>ptr</code>. Copy <i>N</i> bytes of memory from <i>src</i>
to <i>dest</i>.</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Notes </b></td><td border="0">It is assumed that the source and destination regions do
not overlap.<p>
This instruction is typically used to copy value type instances
from one location to another.<p>
Use <i>memmove</i> for overlapping memory regions, and for regions
that do not have a fixed size.</td></tr></table><br><br><table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
bordercolor="#000000" border="
1" align="center" width="80%">
<tr bgcolor="#7F7F7F" border="2"><td border="0"
width="30%">
<a name="memmove">
<font color="#FFFFFF" size="+5">
memmove</font></a></td><td align="right" border="0"> </td></tr><tr border="1"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Operation</b></td><td border="0">Move a block of memory</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>memmove</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Direct Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>{memmove}</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Forms </b></td><td border="0"><i>memmove</i> = 238 (0xEE)<br></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Stack</b></td><td border="0"><i>..., dest, src, length</i> => <i>...</i></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Description </b></td><td border="0">Pop <i>dest</i>, <i>src</i>, and <i>length</i>
from the stack as the types <code>ptr</code>, <code>ptr</code>,
and <code>uint32</code> respectively. Move <i>length</i> bytes
of memory from <i>src</i> to <i>dest</i>.</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Notes </b></td><td border="0">If the source and destination regions overlap, this instruction
will guarantee to produce the correct result.</td></tr></table><br><br><table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
bordercolor="#000000" border="
1" align="center" width="80%">
<tr bgcolor="#7F7F7F" border="2"><td border="0"
width="30%">
<a name="memset">
<font color="#FFFFFF" size="+5">
memset</font></a></td><td align="right" border="0"> </td></tr><tr border="1"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Operation</b></td><td border="0">Fill a block of memory with a byte value</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>memset</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Direct Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>{memset}</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Forms </b></td><td border="0"><i>memset</i> = 240 (0xF0)<br></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Stack</b></td><td border="0"><i>..., dest, value, length</i> => <i>...</i></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Description </b></td><td border="0">Pop <i>dest</i>, <i>value</i>, and <i>length</i>
from the stack as the types <code>ptr</code>, <code>int32</code>,
and <code>uint32</code>. Fill <i>length</i> bytes of memory at
<i>dest</i> with <i>value</i>.</td></tr></table><br><br><table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
bordercolor="#000000" border="
1" align="center" width="80%">
<tr bgcolor="#7F7F7F" border="2"><td border="0"
width="30%">
<a name="memzero">
<font color="#FFFFFF" size="+5">
memzero</font></a></td><td align="right" border="0"> </td></tr><tr border="1"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Operation</b></td><td border="0">Fill a fixed-size block of memory with zeroes</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>memzero</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>N[1]</i></td></tr></table></td><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>wide</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>memzero</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>N[4]</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Direct Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>{memzero}</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>N</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Forms </b></td><td border="0"><i>memzero</i> = 239 (0xEF)<br></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Stack</b></td><td border="0"><i>..., dest</i> => <i>...</i></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Description </b></td><td border="0">Pop <i>dest</i> from the stack as type
<code>ptr</code>. Fill <i>N</i> bytes of memory at <i>dest</i>
with zero bytes.</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Notes </b></td><td border="0">This instruction is typically used to initialize value type
instances.<p>
Use <i>memset</i> if the region does not have a fixed size, or the
fill value is something other than zero.</td></tr></table><br><br><table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
bordercolor="#000000" border="
1" align="center" width="80%">
<tr bgcolor="#7F7F7F" border="2"><td border="0"
width="30%">
<a name="nop">
<font color="#FFFFFF" size="+5">
nop</font></a></td><td align="right" border="0"> </td></tr><tr border="1"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Operation</b></td><td border="0">Do nothing</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>nop</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Direct Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>{nop}</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Forms </b></td><td border="0"><i>nop</i> = 0 (0x00)<br></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Description </b></td><td border="0">Do nothing.</td></tr></table><br><br><table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
bordercolor="#000000" border="
1" align="center" width="80%">
<tr bgcolor="#7F7F7F" border="2"><td border="0"
width="30%">
<a name="prefix">
<font color="#FFFFFF" size="+5">
prefix</font></a></td><td align="right" border="0"> </td></tr><tr border="1"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Operation</b></td><td border="0">Prefix an alternative instruction</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>prefix</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>opcode</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>...</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Forms </b></td><td border="0"><i>prefix</i> = 255, 255 (0xFF, 0xFF)<br></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Description </b></td><td border="0">The <i>prefix</i> instruction is used to
switch the runtime engine into an alternative instruction
set. The alternative instruction is <i>opcode</i>.
Prefixing is necessary because the VM has more than
256 distinct instructions.</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Notes </b></td><td border="0">There is no direct format for this instruction,
because <i>prefix</i> is not required for the direct
encoding.</td></tr></table><br><br><table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
bordercolor="#000000" border="
1" align="center" width="80%">
<tr bgcolor="#7F7F7F" border="2"><td border="0"
width="30%">
<a name="unroll_method">
<font color="#FFFFFF" size="+5">
unroll_method</font></a></td><td align="right" border="0"> </td></tr><tr border="1"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Operation</b></td><td border="0">Mark a method for unrolling</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Direct Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>{unroll_method}</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Forms </b></td><td border="0"><i>unroll_method</i> = 255, 79 (0xFF, 0x4F)<br></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Description </b></td><td border="0">The <i>unroll_method</i> instruction is
used in direct code to trigger native code unrolling.
<p>
Unrolling converts fragments of the method into
native code for the underlying CPU, to speed up
execution.</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Notes </b></td><td border="0">There is no bytecode format for this
instruction, because unrolling is not possible
with the bytecode encoding.<p>
In a method that can support unrolling, the
<i>nop</i> instruction is used to mark
a label, so that the unroller can process labels
in a single translation pass. The <i>prefix</i>
instruction is used to mark the end of the method's
code, so that the unroller knows where to stop.
</td></tr></table><br><br><table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
bordercolor="#000000" border="
1" align="center" width="80%">
<tr bgcolor="#7F7F7F" border="2"><td border="0"
width="30%">
<a name="wide">
<font color="#FFFFFF" size="+5">
wide</font></a></td><td align="right" border="0"> </td></tr><tr border="1"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Operation</b></td><td border="0">Modify an instruction to its wide form</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Format </b></td><td border="0"><table border="0" bordercolor="#AAAAAA" cellpadding="6"
cellspacing="0"><tr><td><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>wide</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>opcode</i></td></tr><tr><td align="center" width="100"><i>...</i></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0"> ·
<b>Forms </b></td><td border="0"><i>wide</i> = 253 (0xFD)<br></td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Description </b></td><td border="0">The <i>wide</i> instruction modifies another
instruction to take longer operands. The format of the
operands depends upon the <i>opcode</i>.</td></tr><tr border="0"><td border="0" valign="top">
· <b>Notes </b></td><td border="0">The documentation for other instructions includes
information on their wide forms where appropriate.<p>
There is no direct format for this instruction,
because <i>wide</i> is not required for the direct
encoding.</td></tr></table><br><br><p align="center"> <font size="-2">Copyright © Southern
Storm Software Pty Ltd 2002 <br> Licensed under GNU FDL </font></p></body></html>
