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<font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Statements</b></font>
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<a name="lazy_statements"></a><h2>Lazy statements</h2><p>
The primitives and composite building blocks presented before are sufficiently powerful to construct quite elaborate structures and facilities. We have presented lazy-functions and lazy-operators. How about lazy-statements? First, an appetizer:</p>
<p>
Print all odd-numbered contents of an STL container using std::for_each (sample4.cpp):</p>
<code><pre>
<span class=identifier>for_each</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>begin</span><span class=special>(), </span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>end</span><span class=special>(),
</span><span class=identifier>if_</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>arg1 </span><span class=special>% </span><span class=number>2 </span><span class=special>== </span><span class=number>1</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>[
</span><span class=identifier>cout </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=identifier>arg1 </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=literal>' '
</span><span class=special>]
</span><span class=special>);
</span></pre></code>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Huh? Is that valid C++? Read on...</p>
<p>
Yes, it is valid C++. The sample code above is as close as you can get to the syntax of C++. This stylized C++ syntax differs from actual C++ code. First, the if has a trailing underscore. Second, the block uses square brackets [] instead of the familiar curly braces {}.</p>
<p>
Here are more examples with annotations. The code almost speaks for itself.</p>
<p>
<b>1) block statement:</b></p>
<code><pre>
<span class=identifier>statement</span><span class=special>,
</span><span class=identifier>statement</span><span class=special>,
</span><span class=special>....
</span><span class=identifier>statement
</span></pre></code>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Basically, these are comma separated statements. Take note that unlike the C/C++ semicolon, the comma is a separator put *in-between* statements. This is like Pascal's semicolon separator, rather than C/C++'s semicolon terminator. For example:</p>
<code><pre>
<span class=identifier>statement</span><span class=special>,
</span><span class=identifier>statement</span><span class=special>,
</span><span class=identifier>statement</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=comment>// ERROR!
</span></pre></code>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Is an error. The last statement should not have a comma. Block statements can be grouped using the parentheses. Again, the last statement in a group should not have a trailing comma.</p>
<code><pre>
<span class=identifier>statement</span><span class=special>,
</span><span class=identifier>statement</span><span class=special>,
</span><span class=special>(
</span><span class=identifier>statement</span><span class=special>,
</span><span class=identifier>statement
</span><span class=special>),
</span><span class=identifier>statement
</span></pre></code>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Outside the square brackets, block statements should be grouped. For example:</p>
<code><pre>
<span class=identifier>for_each</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>begin</span><span class=special>(), </span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>end</span><span class=special>(),
</span><span class=special>(
</span><span class=identifier>do_this</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>arg1</span><span class=special>),
</span><span class=identifier>do_that</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>arg1</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>);
</span></pre></code>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<b>2) if_ statement:</b></p>
<p>
We have seen the if_ statement. The syntax is:</p>
<code><pre>
<span class=identifier>if_</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>conditional_expression</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>[
</span><span class=identifier>sequenced_statements
</span><span class=special>]
</span></pre></code>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<b>3) if_ else_ statement:</b></p>
<p>
The syntax is</p>
<code><pre>
<span class=identifier>if_</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>conditional_expression</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>[
</span><span class=identifier>sequenced_statements
</span><span class=special>]
</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>else_
</span><span class=special>[
</span><span class=identifier>sequenced_statements
</span><span class=special>]
</span></pre></code>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Take note that else has a prefix dot and a trailing underscore: .else_</p>
<p>
Example: This code prints out all the elements and appends " > 5", " == 5" or " < 5" depending on the element's actual value:</p>
<code><pre>
<span class=identifier>for_each</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>begin</span><span class=special>(), </span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>end</span><span class=special>(),
</span><span class=identifier>if_</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>arg1 </span><span class=special>> </span><span class=number>5</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>[
</span><span class=identifier>cout </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=identifier>arg1 </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=string>" > 5\n"
</span><span class=special>]
</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>else_
</span><span class=special>[
</span><span class=identifier>if_</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>arg1 </span><span class=special>== </span><span class=number>5</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>[
</span><span class=identifier>cout </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=identifier>arg1 </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=string>" == 5\n"
</span><span class=special>]
</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>else_
</span><span class=special>[
</span><span class=identifier>cout </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=identifier>arg1 </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=string>" < 5\n"
</span><span class=special>]
</span><span class=special>]
</span><span class=special>);
</span></pre></code>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Notice how the if_ else_ statement is nested.</p>
<p>
<b>4) while_ statement:</b></p>
<p>
The syntax is:</p>
<code><pre>
<span class=identifier>while_</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>conditional_expression</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>[
</span><span class=identifier>sequenced_statements
</span><span class=special>]
</span></pre></code>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Example: This code decrements each element until it reaches zero and prints out the number at each step. A newline terminates the printout of each value.</p>
<code><pre>
<span class=identifier>for_each</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>begin</span><span class=special>(), </span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>end</span><span class=special>(),
</span><span class=special>(
</span><span class=identifier>while_</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>arg1</span><span class=special>--)
</span><span class=special>[
</span><span class=identifier>cout </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=identifier>arg1 </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=string>", "
</span><span class=special>],
</span><span class=identifier>cout </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=identifier>val</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>"\n"</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>);
</span></pre></code>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<b>5) do_ while_ statement:</b></p>
<p>
The syntax is:</p>
<code><pre>
<span class=identifier>do_
</span><span class=special>[
</span><span class=identifier>sequenced_statements
</span><span class=special>]
</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>while_</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>conditional_expression</span><span class=special>)
</span></pre></code>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Again, take note that while has a prefix dot and a trailing underscore: .while_</p>
<p>
Example: This code is almost the same as the previous example above with a slight twist in logic.</p>
<code><pre>
<span class=identifier>for_each</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>begin</span><span class=special>(), </span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>end</span><span class=special>(),
</span><span class=special>(
</span><span class=identifier>do_
</span><span class=special>[
</span><span class=identifier>cout </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=identifier>arg1 </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=string>", "
</span><span class=special>]
</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>while_</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>arg1</span><span class=special>--),
</span><span class=identifier>cout </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=identifier>val</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>"\n"</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>);
</span></pre></code>
<p>
</p>
<p>
<b>6) for_ statement:</b></p>
<p>
The syntax is:</p>
<code><pre>
<span class=identifier>for_</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>init_statement</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>conditional_expression</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>step_statement</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>[
</span><span class=identifier>sequenced_statements
</span><span class=special>]
</span></pre></code>
<p>
</p>
<p>
It is again almost similar to C++ for statement. Take note that the init_statement, conditional_expression and step_statement are separated by the comma instead of the semi- colon and each must be present (i.e. for_(,,) is invalid).</p>
<p>
Example: This code prints each element N times where N is the element's value. A newline terminates the printout of each value.</p>
<code><pre>
<span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>iii</span><span class=special>;
</span><span class=identifier>for_each</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>begin</span><span class=special>(), </span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>end</span><span class=special>(),
</span><span class=special>(
</span><span class=identifier>for_</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>var</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>iii</span><span class=special>) </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=number>0</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>var</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>iii</span><span class=special>) </span><span class=special>< </span><span class=identifier>arg1</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=special>++</span><span class=identifier>var</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>iii</span><span class=special>))
</span><span class=special>[
</span><span class=identifier>cout </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=identifier>arg1 </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=string>", "
</span><span class=special>],
</span><span class=identifier>cout </span><span class=special><< </span><span class=identifier>val</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>"\n"</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>)
</span><span class=special>);
</span></pre></code>
<p>
</p>
<p>
As before, all these are lazily evaluated. The result of such statements are in fact composites that are passed on to STL's for_each function. In the viewpoint of for_each, what was passed is just a functor, no more, no less.</p>
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Unlike lazy functions and lazy operators, lazy statements always return void. </td>
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<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2001-2002 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with
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