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><H1
><A
NAME="SQL-SET-CONSTRAINTS"
></A
>SET CONSTRAINTS</H1
><DIV
CLASS="REFNAMEDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN67375"
></A
><H2
>Name</H2
>SET CONSTRAINTS -- set constraint checking modes for the current transaction</DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSYNOPSISDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN67380"
></A
><H2
>Synopsis</H2
><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>name</I
></TT
> [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }</PRE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN67383"
></A
><H2
>Description</H2
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET CONSTRAINTS</TT
> sets the behavior of constraint
checking within the current transaction. <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>IMMEDIATE</TT
>
constraints are checked at the end of each
statement. <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFERRED</TT
> constraints are not checked until
transaction commit. Each constraint has its own
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>IMMEDIATE</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFERRED</TT
> mode.
</P
><P
> Upon creation, a constraint is given one of three
characteristics: <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFERRABLE INITIALLY IMMEDIATE</TT
>, or
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NOT DEFERRABLE</TT
>. The third
class is always <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>IMMEDIATE</TT
> and is not affected by the
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET CONSTRAINTS</TT
> command. The first two classes start
every transaction in the indicated mode, but their behavior can be changed
within a transaction by <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET CONSTRAINTS</TT
>.
</P
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET CONSTRAINTS</TT
> with a list of constraint names changes
the mode of just those constraints (which must all be deferrable). The
current schema search path is used to find the first matching name if
no schema name is specified. <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET CONSTRAINTS ALL</TT
>
changes the mode of all deferrable constraints.
</P
><P
> When <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET CONSTRAINTS</TT
> changes the mode of a constraint
from <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFERRED</TT
>
to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>IMMEDIATE</TT
>, the new mode takes effect
retroactively: any outstanding data modifications that would have
been checked at the end of the transaction are instead checked during the
execution of the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET CONSTRAINTS</TT
> command.
If any such constraint is violated, the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET CONSTRAINTS</TT
>
fails (and does not change the constraint mode). Thus, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET
CONSTRAINTS</TT
> can be used to force checking of constraints to
occur at a specific point in a transaction.
</P
><P
> Currently, only <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UNIQUE</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>PRIMARY KEY</TT
>, and
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>REFERENCES</TT
> (foreign key) constraints are affected by this
setting. <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NOT NULL</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CHECK</TT
> constraints are
always checked immediately when a row is inserted or modified
(<SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>not</I
></SPAN
> at the end of the statement).
Uniqueness constraints that have not been declared <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFERRABLE</TT
>
are also checked immediately.
</P
><P
> The firing of triggers that are declared as <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"constraint triggers"</SPAN
>
is also controlled by this setting — they fire at the same time
that the associated constraint should be checked.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN67418"
></A
><H2
>Notes</H2
><P
> This command only alters the behavior of constraints within the
current transaction. Thus, if you execute this command outside of a
transaction block
(<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>BEGIN</TT
>/<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COMMIT</TT
> pair), it will
not appear to have any effect.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN67423"
></A
><H2
>Compatibility</H2
><P
> This command complies with the behavior defined in the SQL
standard, except for the limitation that, in
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>, it only applies to
foreign-key and uniqueness constraints.
</P
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