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<div class="section" id="module-email">
<h1>19.1. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> — An email and MIME handling package<a class="headerlink" href="#module-email" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
<p>The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> package is a library for managing email messages, including
MIME and other <span class="target" id="index-278"></span><a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a>-based message documents. It subsumes most of the
functionality in several older standard modules such as <a title="Parse 2822 style mail messages. (deprecated)" class="reference external" href="rfc822.html#module-rfc822"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">rfc822</span></tt></a>,
<a title="Tools for parsing MIME-style message bodies. (deprecated)" class="reference external" href="mimetools.html#module-mimetools"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimetools</span></tt></a>, <a title="Support for reading files which contain distinct parts, such as some MIME data. (deprecated)" class="reference external" href="multifile.html#module-multifile"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">multifile</span></tt></a>, and other non-standard packages such as
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimecntl</span></tt>. It is specifically <em>not</em> designed to do any sending of email
messages to SMTP (<span class="target" id="index-279"></span><a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2821.html"><strong>RFC 2821</strong></a>), NNTP, or other servers; those are functions of
modules such as <a title="SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)." class="reference external" href="smtplib.html#module-smtplib"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></tt></a> and <a title="NNTP protocol client (requires sockets)." class="reference external" href="nntplib.html#module-nntplib"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></tt></a>. The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> package
attempts to be as RFC-compliant as possible, supporting in addition to
<span class="target" id="index-280"></span><a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a>, such MIME-related RFCs as <span class="target" id="index-281"></span><a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045.html"><strong>RFC 2045</strong></a>, <span class="target" id="index-282"></span><a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2046.html"><strong>RFC 2046</strong></a>, <span class="target" id="index-283"></span><a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2047.html"><strong>RFC 2047</strong></a>,
and <span class="target" id="index-284"></span><a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231.html"><strong>RFC 2231</strong></a>.</p>
<p>The primary distinguishing feature of the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> package is that it splits
the parsing and generating of email messages from the internal <em>object model</em>
representation of email. Applications using the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> package deal
primarily with objects; you can add sub-objects to messages, remove sub-objects
from messages, completely re-arrange the contents, etc. There is a separate
parser and a separate generator which handles the transformation from flat text
to the object model, and then back to flat text again. There are also handy
subclasses for some common MIME object types, and a few miscellaneous utilities
that help with such common tasks as extracting and parsing message field values,
creating RFC-compliant dates, etc.</p>
<p>The following sections describe the functionality of the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> package.
The ordering follows a progression that should be common in applications: an
email message is read as flat text from a file or other source, the text is
parsed to produce the object structure of the email message, this structure is
manipulated, and finally, the object tree is rendered back into flat text.</p>
<p>It is perfectly feasible to create the object structure out of whole cloth —
i.e. completely from scratch. From there, a similar progression can be taken as
above.</p>
<p>Also included are detailed specifications of all the classes and modules that
the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> package provides, the exception classes you might encounter
while using the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> package, some auxiliary utilities, and a few
examples. For users of the older <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimelib</span></tt> package, or previous versions
of the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> package, a section on differences and porting is provided.</p>
<p>Contents of the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> package documentation:</p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="email.message.html">19.1.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Representing an email message</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="email.parser.html">19.1.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Parsing email messages</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="email.parser.html#feedparser-api">19.1.2.1. FeedParser API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="email.parser.html#parser-class-api">19.1.2.2. Parser class API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference external" href="email.parser.html#additional-notes">19.1.2.3. Additional notes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="email.generator.html">19.1.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Generating MIME documents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="email.mime.html">19.1.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="email.header.html">19.1.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Internationalized headers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="email.charset.html">19.1.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Representing character sets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="email.encoders.html">19.1.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Encoders</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="email.errors.html">19.1.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Exception and Defect classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="email.util.html">19.1.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Miscellaneous utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="email.iterators.html">19.1.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Iterators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference external" href="email-examples.html">19.1.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Examples</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt>Module <a title="SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)." class="reference external" href="smtplib.html#module-smtplib"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>SMTP protocol client</dd>
<dt>Module <a title="NNTP protocol client (requires sockets)." class="reference external" href="nntplib.html#module-nntplib"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>NNTP protocol client</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="package-history">
<span id="email-pkg-history"></span><h2>19.1.12. Package History<a class="headerlink" href="#package-history" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This table describes the release history of the email package, corresponding to
the version of Python that the package was released with. For purposes of this
document, when you see a note about change or added versions, these refer to the
Python version the change was made in, <em>not</em> the email package version. This
table also describes the Python compatibility of each version of the package.</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="22%" />
<col width="44%" />
<col width="34%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head">email version</th>
<th class="head">distributed with</th>
<th class="head">compatible with</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">1.x</span></tt></td>
<td>Python 2.2.0 to Python 2.2.1</td>
<td><em>no longer supported</em></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.5</span></tt></td>
<td>Python 2.2.2+ and Python 2.3</td>
<td>Python 2.1 to 2.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">3.0</span></tt></td>
<td>Python 2.4</td>
<td>Python 2.3 to 2.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">4.0</span></tt></td>
<td>Python 2.5</td>
<td>Python 2.3 to 2.5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Here are the major differences between <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> version 4 and version 3:</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">All modules have been renamed according to <span class="target" id="index-285"></span><a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008"><strong>PEP 8</strong></a> standards. For example,
the version 3 module <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.Message</span></tt> was renamed to <a title="The base class representing email messages." class="reference external" href="email.message.html#module-email.message"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.message</span></tt></a> in
version 4.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">A new subpackage <a title="Build MIME messages." class="reference external" href="email.mime.html#module-email.mime"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.mime</span></tt></a> was added and all the version 3
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.MIME*</span></tt> modules were renamed and situated into the <a title="Build MIME messages." class="reference external" href="email.mime.html#module-email.mime"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.mime</span></tt></a>
subpackage. For example, the version 3 module <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.MIMEText</span></tt> was renamed
to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.mime.text</span></tt>.</p>
<p><em>Note that the version 3 names will continue to work until Python 2.6</em>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.mime.application</span></tt> module was added, which contains the
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">MIMEApplication</span></tt> class.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Methods that were deprecated in version 3 have been removed. These include
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator.__call__()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message.get_type()</span></tt>,
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message.get_main_type()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message.get_subtype()</span></tt>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Fixes have been added for <span class="target" id="index-286"></span><a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231.html"><strong>RFC 2231</strong></a> support which can change some of the
return types for <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message.get_param()</span></tt> and friends. Under some
circumstances, values which used to return a 3-tuple now return simple strings
(specifically, if all extended parameter segments were unencoded, there is no
language and charset designation expected, so the return type is now a simple
string). Also, %-decoding used to be done for both encoded and unencoded
segments; this decoding is now done only for encoded segments.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Here are the major differences between <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> version 3 and version 2:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt> class was introduced, and the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt> class
was implemented in terms of the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">FeedParser</span></tt>. All parsing therefore is
non-strict, and parsing will make a best effort never to raise an exception.
Problems found while parsing messages are stored in the message’s <em>defect</em>
attribute.</li>
<li>All aspects of the API which raised <a title="exceptions.DeprecationWarning" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.DeprecationWarning"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">DeprecationWarning</span></tt></a>s in version 2
have been removed. These include the <em>_encoder</em> argument to the
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">MIMEText</span></tt> constructor, the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message.add_payload()</span></tt> method, the
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Utils.dump_address_pair()</span></tt> function, and the functions <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Utils.decode()</span></tt>
and <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Utils.encode()</span></tt>.</li>
<li>New <a title="exceptions.DeprecationWarning" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.DeprecationWarning"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">DeprecationWarning</span></tt></a>s have been added to:
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator.__call__()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message.get_type()</span></tt>,
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message.get_main_type()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message.get_subtype()</span></tt>, and the <em>strict</em>
argument to the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt> class. These are expected to be removed in
future versions.</li>
<li>Support for Pythons earlier than 2.3 has been removed.</li>
</ul>
<p>Here are the differences between <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> version 2 and version 1:</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.Header</span></tt> and <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.Charset</span></tt> modules have been added.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The pickle format for <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt> instances has changed. Since this was
never (and still isn’t) formally defined, this isn’t considered a backward
incompatibility. However if your application pickles and unpickles
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt> instances, be aware that in <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> version 2,
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt> instances now have private variables <em>_charset</em> and
<em>_default_type</em>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Several methods in the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt> class have been deprecated, or their
signatures changed. Also, many new methods have been added. See the
documentation for the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt> class for details. The changes should be
completely backward compatible.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The object structure has changed in the face of <em>message/rfc822</em>
content types. In <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> version 1, such a type would be represented by a
scalar payload, i.e. the container message’s <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></tt> returned
false, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_payload()</span></tt> was not a list object, but a single <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt>
instance.</p>
<p>This structure was inconsistent with the rest of the package, so the object
representation for <em>message/rfc822</em> content types was changed. In
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> version 2, the container <em>does</em> return <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> from
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></tt>, and <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_payload()</span></tt> returns a list containing a single
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt> item.</p>
<p>Note that this is one place that backward compatibility could not be completely
maintained. However, if you’re already testing the return type of
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_payload()</span></tt>, you should be fine. You just need to make sure your code
doesn’t do a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_payload()</span></tt> with a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt> instance on a container
with a content type of <em>message/rfc822</em>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt> constructor’s <em>strict</em> argument was added, and its
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">parsestr()</span></tt> methods grew a <em>headersonly</em> argument. The
<em>strict</em> flag was also added to functions <a title="email.message_from_file" class="reference external" href="email.parser.html#email.message_from_file"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.message_from_file()</span></tt></a> and
<a title="email.message_from_string" class="reference external" href="email.parser.html#email.message_from_string"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.message_from_string()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator.__call__()</span></tt> is deprecated; use <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator.flatten()</span></tt>
instead. The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt> class has also grown the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">clone()</span></tt> method.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">DecodedGenerator</span></tt> class in the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.Generator</span></tt> module was
added.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The intermediate base classes <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">MIMENonMultipart</span></tt> and
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">MIMEMultipart</span></tt> have been added, and interposed in the class hierarchy
for most of the other MIME-related derived classes.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The <em>_encoder</em> argument to the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">MIMEText</span></tt> constructor has been
deprecated. Encoding now happens implicitly based on the <em>_charset</em> argument.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The following functions in the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.Utils</span></tt> module have been deprecated:
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">dump_address_pairs()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">decode()</span></tt>, and <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">encode()</span></tt>. The following
functions have been added to the module: <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">make_msgid()</span></tt>,
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">decode_rfc2231()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">encode_rfc2231()</span></tt>, and <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">decode_params()</span></tt>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The non-public function <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.Iterators._structure()</span></tt> was added.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="differences-from-mimelib">
<h2>19.1.13. Differences from <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimelib</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#differences-from-mimelib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> package was originally prototyped as a separate library called
<a class="reference external" href="http://mimelib.sf.net/">mimelib</a>. Changes have been made so that method names
are more consistent, and some methods or modules have either been added or
removed. The semantics of some of the methods have also changed. For the most
part, any functionality available in <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimelib</span></tt> is still available in the
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> package, albeit often in a different way. Backward compatibility
between the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimelib</span></tt> package and the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> package was not a
priority.</p>
<p>Here is a brief description of the differences between the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimelib</span></tt> and
the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> packages, along with hints on how to port your applications.</p>
<p>Of course, the most visible difference between the two packages is that the
package name has been changed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>. In addition, the top-level
package has the following differences:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">messageFromString()</span></tt> has been renamed to <a title="email.message_from_string" class="reference external" href="email.parser.html#email.message_from_string"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">message_from_string()</span></tt></a>.</li>
<li><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">messageFromFile()</span></tt> has been renamed to <a title="email.message_from_file" class="reference external" href="email.parser.html#email.message_from_file"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">message_from_file()</span></tt></a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt> class has the following differences:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">asString()</span></tt> was renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">as_string()</span></tt>.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ismultipart()</span></tt> was renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_multipart()</span></tt>.</li>
<li>The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_payload()</span></tt> method has grown a <em>decode</em> optional argument.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">getall()</span></tt> was renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_all()</span></tt>.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">addheader()</span></tt> was renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_header()</span></tt>.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettype()</span></tt> was renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_type()</span></tt>.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">getmaintype()</span></tt> was renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_main_type()</span></tt>.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">getsubtype()</span></tt> was renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_subtype()</span></tt>.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">getparams()</span></tt> was renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_params()</span></tt>. Also, whereas
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">getparams()</span></tt> returned a list of strings, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_params()</span></tt> returns a list
of 2-tuples, effectively the key/value pairs of the parameters, split on the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'='</span></tt> sign.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">getparam()</span></tt> was renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_param()</span></tt>.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">getcharsets()</span></tt> was renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_charsets()</span></tt>.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">getfilename()</span></tt> was renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_filename()</span></tt>.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">getboundary()</span></tt> was renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_boundary()</span></tt>.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">setboundary()</span></tt> was renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_boundary()</span></tt>.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">getdecodedpayload()</span></tt> was removed. To get similar
functionality, pass the value 1 to the <em>decode</em> flag of the get_payload()
method.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">getpayloadastext()</span></tt> was removed. Similar functionality is
supported by the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">DecodedGenerator</span></tt> class in the <a title="Generate flat text email messages from a message structure." class="reference external" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></tt></a>
module.</li>
<li>The method <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">getbodyastext()</span></tt> was removed. You can get similar
functionality by creating an iterator with <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">typed_subpart_iterator()</span></tt> in the
<a title="Iterate over a message object tree." class="reference external" href="email.iterators.html#module-email.iterators"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.iterators</span></tt></a> module.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt> class has no differences in its public interface. It does
have some additional smarts to recognize <em>message/delivery-status</em>
type messages, which it represents as a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt> instance containing
separate <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt> subparts for each header block in the delivery status
notification <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id2" id="id1">[1]</a>.</p>
<p>The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt> class has no differences in its public interface. There
is a new class in the <a title="Generate flat text email messages from a message structure." class="reference external" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></tt></a> module though, called
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">DecodedGenerator</span></tt> which provides most of the functionality previously
available in the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message.getpayloadastext()</span></tt> method.</p>
<p>The following modules and classes have been changed:</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">MIMEBase</span></tt> class constructor arguments <em>_major</em> and <em>_minor</em> have
changed to <em>_maintype</em> and <em>_subtype</em> respectively.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Image</span></tt> class/module has been renamed to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MIMEImage</span></tt>. The <em>_minor</em>
argument has been renamed to <em>_subtype</em>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Text</span></tt> class/module has been renamed to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MIMEText</span></tt>. The <em>_minor</em>
argument has been renamed to <em>_subtype</em>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MessageRFC822</span></tt> class/module has been renamed to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MIMEMessage</span></tt>. Note
that an earlier version of <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimelib</span></tt> called this class/module <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">RFC822</span></tt>,
but that clashed with the Python standard library module <a title="Parse 2822 style mail messages. (deprecated)" class="reference external" href="rfc822.html#module-rfc822"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">rfc822</span></tt></a> on some
case-insensitive file systems.</p>
<p>Also, the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">MIMEMessage</span></tt> class now represents any kind of MIME message
with main type <em>message</em>. It takes an optional argument <em>_subtype</em>
which is used to set the MIME subtype. <em>_subtype</em> defaults to
<em>rfc822</em>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimelib</span></tt> provided some utility functions in its <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">address</span></tt> and
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">date</span></tt> modules. All of these functions have been moved to the
<a title="Miscellaneous email package utilities." class="reference external" href="email.util.html#module-email.utils"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.utils</span></tt></a> module.</p>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MsgReader</span></tt> class/module has been removed. Its functionality is most
closely supported in the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">body_line_iterator()</span></tt> function in the
<a title="Iterate over a message object tree." class="reference external" href="email.iterators.html#module-email.iterators"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.iterators</span></tt></a> module.</p>
<p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id2" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>Delivery Status Notifications (DSN) are defined in <span class="target" id="index-287"></span><a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1894.html"><strong>RFC 1894</strong></a>.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#">19.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> — An email and MIME handling package</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#package-history">19.1.12. Package History</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#differences-from-mimelib">19.1.13. Differences from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimelib</span></tt></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Previous topic</h4>
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<h4>Next topic</h4>
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title="next chapter">19.1.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Representing an email message</a></p>
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