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<div class="section" id="module-operator">
<h1>10.9. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt> — Standard operators as functions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-operator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt> module exports a set of functions implemented in C
corresponding to the intrinsic operators of Python. For example,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator.add(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></tt> is equivalent to the expression <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x+y</span></tt>. The function
names are those used for special class methods; variants without leading and
trailing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__</span></tt> are also provided for convenience.</p>
<p>The functions fall into categories that perform object comparisons, logical
operations, mathematical operations, sequence operations, and abstract type
tests.</p>
<p>The object comparison functions are useful for all objects, and are named after
the rich comparison operators they support:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.lt">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">lt</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.lt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.le">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">le</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.le" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.eq">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">eq</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.eq" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.ne">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ne</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ne" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.ge">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ge</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ge" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.gt">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">gt</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.gt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__lt__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__lt__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__lt__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__le__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__le__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__le__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__eq__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__eq__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__eq__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ne__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ne__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ne__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ge__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ge__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ge__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__gt__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__gt__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__gt__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Perform “rich comparisons” between <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>. Specifically, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is
equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">le(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">eq(a,</span>
<span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ne(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">></span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ge(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span>
<span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>. Note that unlike the built-in <a title="cmp" class="reference external" href="functions.html#cmp"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmp()</span></tt></a>, these functions can
return any value, which may or may not be interpretable as a Boolean value.
See <a class="reference external" href="../reference/expressions.html#comparisons"><em>Comparisons</em></a> for more information about rich comparisons.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The logical operations are also generally applicable to all objects, and support
truth tests, identity tests, and boolean operations:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.not_">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">not_</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.not_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__not__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__not__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__not__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the outcome of <a class="reference external" href="../reference/expressions.html#not"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">not</span></tt></a> <em>obj</em>. (Note that there is no
<a title="operator.__not__" class="reference internal" href="#operator.__not__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__not__()</span></tt></a> method for object instances; only the interpreter core defines
this operation. The result is affected by the <a title="object.__nonzero__" class="reference external" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__nonzero__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__nonzero__()</span></tt></a> and
<a title="object.__len__" class="reference external" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__len__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__len__()</span></tt></a> methods.)</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.truth">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">truth</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.truth" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <a title="True" class="reference external" href="constants.html#True"><tt class="xref xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt></a> if <em>obj</em> is true, and <a title="False" class="reference external" href="constants.html#False"><tt class="xref xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt></a> otherwise. This is
equivalent to using the <a title="bool" class="reference external" href="functions.html#bool"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">bool</span></tt></a> constructor.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.is_">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">is_</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.is_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>. Tests object identity.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.is_not">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">is_not</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.is_not" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>. Tests object identity.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The mathematical and bitwise operations are the most numerous:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.abs">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">abs</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.abs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__abs__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__abs__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__abs__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the absolute value of <em>obj</em>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.add">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">add</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.add" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__add__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__add__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__add__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.and_">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">and_</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.and_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__and__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__and__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__and__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the bitwise and of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.div">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">div</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.div" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__div__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__div__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__div__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt> is not in effect. This is
also known as “classic” division.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.floordiv">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">floordiv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.floordiv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__floordiv__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__floordiv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__floordiv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.inv">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">inv</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.inv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.invert">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">invert</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.invert" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__inv__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__inv__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__inv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__invert__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__invert__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__invert__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the bitwise inverse of the number <em>obj</em>. This is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">~obj</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.0: </span>The names <a title="operator.invert" class="reference internal" href="#operator.invert"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">invert()</span></tt></a> and <a title="operator.__invert__" class="reference internal" href="#operator.__invert__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__invert__()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.lshift">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">lshift</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.lshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__lshift__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__lshift__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__lshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <em>a</em> shifted left by <em>b</em>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.mod">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">mod</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.mod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__mod__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__mod__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__mod__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.mul">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">mul</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.mul" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__mul__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__mul__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__mul__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.neg">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">neg</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.neg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__neg__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__neg__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__neg__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <em>obj</em> negated.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.or_">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">or_</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.or_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__or__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__or__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__or__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the bitwise or of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.pos">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">pos</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.pos" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__pos__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__pos__</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__pos__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <em>obj</em> positive.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.pow">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">pow</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.pow" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__pow__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__pow__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__pow__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.rshift">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">rshift</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.rshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__rshift__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__rshift__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__rshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <em>a</em> shifted right by <em>b</em>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.sub">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">sub</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.sub" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__sub__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__sub__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__sub__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.truediv">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">truediv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.truediv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__truediv__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__truediv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__truediv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt> is in effect. This is also
known as “true” division.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.xor">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">xor</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.xor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__xor__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__xor__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__xor__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the bitwise exclusive or of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.index">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">index</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.index" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__index__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__index__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__index__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <em>a</em> converted to an integer. Equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a.__index__()</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Operations which work with sequences include:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.concat">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">concat</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.concat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__concat__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__concat__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__concat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> sequences.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.contains">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">contains</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.contains" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__contains__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__contains__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__contains__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the outcome of the test <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">a</span></tt>. Note the reversed operands.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.0: </span>The name <a title="operator.__contains__" class="reference internal" href="#operator.__contains__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__contains__()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.countOf">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">countOf</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.countOf" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the number of occurrences of <em>b</em> in <em>a</em>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.delitem">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">delitem</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.delitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__delitem__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__delitem__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__delitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Remove the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.delslice">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">delslice</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.delslice" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__delslice__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__delslice__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__delslice__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Delete the slice of <em>a</em> from index <em>b</em> to index <em>c-1</em>.</p>
<p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.0. Use <a title="operator.delitem" class="reference internal" href="#operator.delitem"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">delitem()</span></tt></a> with a slice
index.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.getitem">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">getitem</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.getitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__getitem__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__getitem__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.getslice">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">getslice</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.getslice" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__getslice__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__getslice__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__getslice__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the slice of <em>a</em> from index <em>b</em> to index <em>c-1</em>.</p>
<p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.0. Use <a title="operator.getitem" class="reference internal" href="#operator.getitem"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">getitem()</span></tt></a> with a slice
index.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.indexOf">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">indexOf</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.indexOf" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the index of the first of occurrence of <em>b</em> in <em>a</em>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.repeat">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">repeat</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.repeat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__repeat__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__repeat__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__repeat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.0. Use <a title="operator.__mul__" class="reference internal" href="#operator.__mul__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__mul__()</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
<p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> where <em>a</em> is a sequence and <em>b</em> is an integer.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.sequenceIncludes">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">sequenceIncludes</tt><big>(</big><em>...</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.sequenceIncludes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.0: </span>Use <a title="operator.contains" class="reference internal" href="#operator.contains"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">contains()</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
<p>Alias for <a title="operator.contains" class="reference internal" href="#operator.contains"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">contains()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.setitem">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">setitem</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.setitem" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__setitem__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__setitem__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__setitem__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Set the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em> to <em>c</em>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.setslice">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">setslice</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em>, <em>v</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.setslice" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__setslice__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__setslice__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>c</em>, <em>v</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__setslice__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the slice of <em>a</em> from index <em>b</em> to index <em>c-1</em> to the sequence <em>v</em>.</p>
<p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.0. Use <a title="operator.setitem" class="reference internal" href="#operator.setitem"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">setitem()</span></tt></a> with a slice
index.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>Example use of operator functions:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Elementwise multiplication</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mul</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="go">[0, 20, 60, 120]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c"># Dot product</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mul</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">]))</span>
<span class="go">200</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Many operations have an “in-place” version. The following functions provide a
more primitive access to in-place operators than the usual syntax does; for
example, the <a class="reference external" href="../glossary.html#term-statement"><em class="xref">statement</em></a> <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">y</span></tt> is equivalent to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">operator.iadd(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></tt>. Another way to put it is to say that
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">operator.iadd(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></tt> is equivalent to the compound statement
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">x;</span> <span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">y</span></tt>.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.iadd">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">iadd</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iadd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__iadd__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__iadd__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iadd__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iadd(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.iand">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">iand</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iand" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__iand__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__iand__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iand__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iand(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.iconcat">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">iconcat</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iconcat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__iconcat__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__iconcat__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iconcat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iconcat(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> sequences.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.idiv">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">idiv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.idiv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__idiv__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__idiv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__idiv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">idiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt> is
not in effect.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ifloordiv">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ifloordiv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ifloordiv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ifloordiv__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ifloordiv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ifloordiv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ifloordiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ilshift">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ilshift</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ilshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ilshift__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ilshift__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ilshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ilshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><</span></tt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.imod">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">imod</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__imod__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__imod__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imod__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">imod(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.imul">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">imul</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imul" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__imul__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__imul__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imul__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">imul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ior">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ior</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ior" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ior__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ior__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ior__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ior(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">|=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ipow">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ipow</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ipow" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ipow__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ipow__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ipow__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ipow(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.irepeat">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">irepeat</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.irepeat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__irepeat__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__irepeat__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__irepeat__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.0. Use <a title="operator.__imul__" class="reference internal" href="#operator.__imul__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__imul__()</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">irepeat(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> where <em>a</em> is a sequence and
<em>b</em> is an integer.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.irshift">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">irshift</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.irshift" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__irshift__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__irshift__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__irshift__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">irshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">>>=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isub">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isub</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isub" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__isub__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__isub__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__isub__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">isub(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.itruediv">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">itruediv</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.itruediv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__itruediv__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__itruediv__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__itruediv__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itruediv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt> when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt>
is in effect.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.ixor">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">ixor</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ixor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="operator.__ixor__">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">__ixor__</tt><big>(</big><em>a</em>, <em>b</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ixor__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ixor(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">^=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt> module also defines a few predicates to test the type of
objects; however, these are not all reliable. It is preferable to test
abstract base classes instead (see <a title="High-performance datatypes" class="reference external" href="collections.html#module-collections"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections</span></tt></a> and
<a title="Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.)." class="reference external" href="numbers.html#module-numbers"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">numbers</span></tt></a> for details).</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isCallable">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isCallable</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isCallable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.0: </span>Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">collections.Callable)</span></tt> instead.</p>
<p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> can be called like a function, otherwise it
returns false. True is returned for functions, bound and unbound methods, class
objects, and instance objects which support the <a title="object.__call__" class="reference external" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__call__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__call__()</span></tt></a> method.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isMappingType">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isMappingType</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isMappingType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.0. Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">collections.Mapping)</span></tt> instead.</p>
<p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> supports the mapping interface. This is true for
dictionaries and all instance objects defining <a title="operator.__getitem__" class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isNumberType">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isNumberType</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isNumberType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.0. Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">numbers.Number)</span></tt> instead.</p>
<p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> represents a number. This is true for all
numeric types implemented in C.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.isSequenceType">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">isSequenceType</tt><big>(</big><em>obj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isSequenceType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p class="deprecated">
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>This function is removed in Python 3.0. Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isinstance(x,</span> <span class="pre">collections.Sequence)</span></tt> instead.</p>
<p>Returns true if the object <em>obj</em> supports the sequence protocol. This returns true
for all objects which define sequence methods in C, and for all instance objects
defining <a title="operator.__getitem__" class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt> module also defines tools for generalized attribute and item
lookups. These are useful for making fast field extractors as arguments for
<a title="map" class="reference external" href="functions.html#map"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">map()</span></tt></a>, <a title="sorted" class="reference external" href="functions.html#sorted"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">sorted()</span></tt></a>, <a title="itertools.groupby" class="reference external" href="itertools.html#itertools.groupby"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">itertools.groupby()</span></tt></a>, or other functions that
expect a function argument.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.attrgetter">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">attrgetter</tt><big>(</big><em>attr</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>args...</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.attrgetter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a callable object that fetches <em>attr</em> from its operand. If more than one
attribute is requested, returns a tuple of attributes. After,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name')</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b.name</span></tt>. After,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name',</span> <span class="pre">'date')</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(b.name,</span>
<span class="pre">b.date)</span></tt>.</p>
<p>The attribute names can also contain dots; after <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('date.month')</span></tt>,
the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b.date.month</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>Added support for multiple attributes.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.6: </span>Added support for dotted attributes.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.itemgetter">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">itemgetter</tt><big>(</big><em>item</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>args...</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.itemgetter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a callable object that fetches <em>item</em> from its operand using the
operand’s <a title="operator.__getitem__" class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></tt></a> method. If multiple items are specified,
returns a tuple of lookup values. Equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">item</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The items can be any type accepted by the operand’s <a title="operator.__getitem__" class="reference internal" href="#operator.__getitem__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></tt></a>
method. Dictionaries accept any hashable value. Lists, tuples, and
strings accept an index or a slice:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="s">'ABCDEFG'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'B'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="s">'ABCDEFG'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">('B', 'D', 'F')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">slice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">))(</span><span class="s">'ABCDEFG'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'CDEFG'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>Added support for multiple item extraction.</p>
<p>Example of using <a title="operator.itemgetter" class="reference internal" href="#operator.itemgetter"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">itemgetter()</span></tt></a> to retrieve specific fields from a
tuple record:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">inventory</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">'apple'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'banana'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'pear'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'orange'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">getcount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getcount</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inventory</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[3, 2, 5, 1]</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inventory</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">getcount</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[('orange', 1), ('banana', 2), ('apple', 3), ('pear', 5)]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="operator.methodcaller">
<tt class="descclassname">operator.</tt><tt class="descname">methodcaller</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>args...</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.methodcaller" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a callable object that calls the method <em>name</em> on its operand. If
additional arguments and/or keyword arguments are given, they will be given
to the method as well. After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">methodcaller('name')</span></tt>, the call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt>
returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b.name()</span></tt>. After <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">methodcaller('name',</span> <span class="pre">'foo',</span> <span class="pre">bar=1)</span></tt>, the
call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></tt> returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b.name('foo',</span> <span class="pre">bar=1)</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="section" id="mapping-operators-to-functions">
<span id="operator-map"></span><h2>10.9.1. Mapping Operators to Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This table shows how abstract operations correspond to operator symbols in the
Python syntax and the functions in the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt> module.</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="28%" />
<col width="31%" />
<col width="41%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head">Operation</th>
<th class="head">Syntax</th>
<th class="head">Function</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td>Addition</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Concatenation</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">seq1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">seq2</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">concat(seq1,</span> <span class="pre">seq2)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Containment Test</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">seq</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">contains(seq,</span> <span class="pre">obj)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Division</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">div(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> (without
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt>)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Division</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">truediv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt> (with
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__.division</span></tt>)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Division</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">floordiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Bitwise And</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">and_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Bitwise Exclusive Or</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xor(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Bitwise Inversion</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">~</span> <span class="pre">a</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">invert(a)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Bitwise Or</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Exponentiation</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pow(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Identity</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Identity</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_not(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Indexed Assignment</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj[k]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">v</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k,</span> <span class="pre">v)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Indexed Deletion</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">obj[k]</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Indexing</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj[k]</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Left Shift</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><<</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Modulo</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mod(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Multiplication</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Negation (Arithmetic)</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">a</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">neg(a)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Negation (Logical)</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">a</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">not_(a)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Right Shift</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Sequence Repetition</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">seq</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">i</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">repeat(seq,</span> <span class="pre">i)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Slice Assignment</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">values</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">setslice(seq,</span> <span class="pre">i,</span> <span class="pre">j,</span> <span class="pre">values)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Slice Deletion</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">delslice(seq,</span> <span class="pre">i,</span> <span class="pre">j)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Slicing</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getslice(seq,</span> <span class="pre">i,</span> <span class="pre">j)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>String Formatting</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">obj</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mod(s,</span> <span class="pre">obj)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Subtraction</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sub(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Truth Test</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">obj</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">truth(obj)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Ordering</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Ordering</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">le(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Equality</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">eq(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Difference</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ne(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Ordering</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ge(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Ordering</td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">></span> <span class="pre">b</span></tt></td>
<td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></tt></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<li><a class="reference external" href="#">10.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt> — Standard operators as functions</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions">10.9.1. Mapping Operators to Functions</a></li>
</ul>
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title="previous chapter">10.8. <tt class="docutils literal docutils literal docutils literal"><span class="pre">functools</span></tt> — Higher order functions and operations on callable objects</a></p>
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