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<div class="section" id="top-level-components">
<span id="top-level"></span><h1>8. Top-level components<a class="headerlink" href="#top-level-components" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p id="index-1062">The Python interpreter can get its input from a number of sources: from a script
passed to it as standard input or as program argument, typed in interactively,
from a module source file, etc. This chapter gives the syntax used in these
cases.</p>
<div class="section" id="complete-python-programs">
<span id="programs"></span><h2>8.1. Complete Python programs<a class="headerlink" href="#complete-python-programs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<span class="target" id="index-1063"></span><p id="index-1064">While a language specification need not prescribe how the language interpreter
is invoked, it is useful to have a notion of a complete Python program. A
complete Python program is executed in a minimally initialized environment: all
built-in and standard modules are available, but none have been initialized,
except for <a title="Access system-specific parameters and functions." class="reference external" href="../library/sys.html#module-sys"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys</span></tt></a> (various system services), <a title="The module that provides the built-in namespace." class="reference external" href="../library/__builtin__.html#module-__builtin__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__builtin__</span></tt></a> (built-in
functions, exceptions and <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>) and <a title="The environment where the top-level script is run." class="reference external" href="../library/__main__.html#module-__main__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></tt></a>. The latter is used to
provide the local and global namespace for execution of the complete program.</p>
<p>The syntax for a complete Python program is that for file input, described in
the next section.</p>
<p id="index-1065">The interpreter may also be invoked in interactive mode; in this case, it does
not read and execute a complete program but reads and executes one statement
(possibly compound) at a time. The initial environment is identical to that of
a complete program; each statement is executed in the namespace of
<a title="The environment where the top-level script is run." class="reference external" href="../library/__main__.html#module-__main__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p id="index-1066">Under Unix, a complete program can be passed to the interpreter in three forms:
with the <a class="reference external" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-c"><em class="xref">-c</em></a> <em>string</em> command line option, as a file passed as the
first command line argument, or as standard input. If the file or standard input
is a tty device, the interpreter enters interactive mode; otherwise, it executes
the file as a complete program.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="file-input">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>8.2. File input<a class="headerlink" href="#file-input" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>All input read from non-interactive files has the same form:</p>
<pre>
<strong id="grammar-token-file_input">file_input</strong> ::= (NEWLINE | <a class="reference external" href="compound_stmts.html#grammar-token-statement"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">statement</span></tt></a>)*
</pre>
<p>This syntax is used in the following situations:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>when parsing a complete Python program (from a file or from a string);</li>
<li>when parsing a module;</li>
<li>when parsing a string passed to the <a class="reference external" href="simple_stmts.html#exec"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec</span></tt></a> statement;</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="interactive-input">
<span id="interactive"></span><h2>8.3. Interactive input<a class="headerlink" href="#interactive-input" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Input in interactive mode is parsed using the following grammar:</p>
<pre>
<strong id="grammar-token-interactive_input">interactive_input</strong> ::= [<a class="reference external" href="compound_stmts.html#grammar-token-stmt_list"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">stmt_list</span></tt></a>] NEWLINE | <a class="reference external" href="compound_stmts.html#grammar-token-compound_stmt"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">compound_stmt</span></tt></a> NEWLINE
</pre>
<p>Note that a (top-level) compound statement must be followed by a blank line in
interactive mode; this is needed to help the parser detect the end of the input.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="expression-input">
<span id="id2"></span><h2>8.4. Expression input<a class="headerlink" href="#expression-input" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<span class="target" id="index-1067"></span><p id="index-1068">There are two forms of expression input. Both ignore leading whitespace. The
string argument to <a title="eval" class="reference external" href="../library/functions.html#eval"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">eval()</span></tt></a> must have the following form:</p>
<pre>
<strong id="grammar-token-eval_input">eval_input</strong> ::= <a class="reference external" href="expressions.html#grammar-token-expression_list"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">expression_list</span></tt></a> NEWLINE*
</pre>
<p id="index-1069">The input line read by <a title="input" class="reference external" href="../library/functions.html#input"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">input()</span></tt></a> must have the following form:</p>
<pre>
<strong id="grammar-token-input_input">input_input</strong> ::= <a class="reference external" href="expressions.html#grammar-token-expression_list"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">expression_list</span></tt></a> NEWLINE
</pre>
<p id="index-1070">Note: to read ‘raw’ input line without interpretation, you can use the built-in
function <a title="raw_input" class="reference external" href="../library/functions.html#raw_input"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">raw_input()</span></tt></a> or the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline()</span></tt> method of file objects.</p>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#">8. Top-level components</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#complete-python-programs">8.1. Complete Python programs</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#file-input">8.2. File input</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#interactive-input">8.3. Interactive input</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#expression-input">8.4. Expression input</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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