<HTML ><HEAD ><TITLE >The Linux System Administrator's Guide</TITLE ><META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.63 "><LINK REL="NEXT" TITLE="Source and pre-formatted versions available" HREF="f33.html"></HEAD ><BODY CLASS="BOOK" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0000FF" VLINK="#840084" ALINK="#0000FF" ><DIV CLASS="BOOK" ><A NAME="AEN1" ></A ><DIV CLASS="TITLEPAGE" ><H1 CLASS="TITLE" ><A NAME="AEN2" >The Linux System Administrator's Guide</A ></H1 ><H2 CLASS="SUBTITLE" >Version 0.7</H2 ><H3 CLASS="AUTHOR" ><A NAME="AEN6" >Lars Wirzenius</A ></H3 ><DIV CLASS="AFFILIATION" ><DIV CLASS="ADDRESS" ><P CLASS="ADDRESS" > liw@iki.fi<br> </P ></DIV ></DIV ><H3 CLASS="AUTHOR" ><A NAME="AEN12" >Joanna Oja</A ></H3 ><DIV CLASS="AFFILIATION" ><DIV CLASS="ADDRESS" ><P CLASS="ADDRESS" > viu@iki.fi<br> </P ></DIV ></DIV ><H3 CLASS="AUTHOR" ><A NAME="AEN18" >Stephen Stafford</A ></H3 ><DIV CLASS="AFFILIATION" ><DIV CLASS="ADDRESS" ><P CLASS="ADDRESS" > stephen@clothcat.demon.co.uk<br> </P ></DIV ></DIV ><DIV ><DIV CLASS="ABSTRACT" ><A NAME="AEN24" ></A ><P ></P ><P >An introduction to system administration of a Linux system for novices.</P ><P ></P ></DIV ></DIV ><A HREF="ln26.html" >Legal Notice</A ><HR></DIV ><DIV CLASS="TOC" ><DL ><DT ><B >Table of Contents</B ></DT ><DT ><A HREF="f33.html" >Source and pre-formatted versions available</A ></DT ><DT >1. <A HREF="c38.html" >Introduction</A ></DT ><DT >2. <A HREF="c56.html" >About This Book</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >2.1. <A HREF="x58.html" >Acknowledgements</A ></DT ><DT >2.2. <A HREF="x76.html" >Typographical Conventions</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >3. <A HREF="c88.html" >Overview of a Linux System</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >3.1. <A HREF="x94.html" >Various parts of an operating system</A ></DT ><DT >3.2. <A HREF="x110.html" >Important parts of the kernel</A ></DT ><DT >3.3. <A HREF="x121.html" >Major services in a UNIX system</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >4. <A HREF="dir-tree-overview.html" >Overview of the Directory Tree</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >4.1. <A HREF="x264.html" >Background</A ></DT ><DT >4.2. <A HREF="x319.html" >The root filesystem</A ></DT ><DT >4.3. <A HREF="x399.html" >The <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/etc</TT > directory</A ></DT ><DT >4.4. <A HREF="x533.html" >The <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/dev</TT > directory</A ></DT ><DT >4.5. <A HREF="x542.html" >The <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/usr</TT > filesystem</A ></DT ><DT >4.6. <A HREF="x595.html" >The <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/var</TT > filesystem</A ></DT ><DT >4.7. <A HREF="x672.html" >The <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/proc</TT > filesystem</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >5. <A HREF="device-list.html" >Device Files</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >5.1. <A HREF="x782.html" >The <B CLASS="COMMAND" >MAKEDEV</B > Script</A ></DT ><DT >5.2. <A HREF="x797.html" >The <B CLASS="COMMAND" >mknod</B > command</A ></DT ><DT >5.3. <A HREF="x822.html" >Device List</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >6. <A HREF="c955.html" >Using Disks and Other Storage Media</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >6.1. <A HREF="x975.html" >Two kinds of devices</A ></DT ><DT >6.2. <A HREF="x1001.html" >Hard disks</A ></DT ><DT >6.3. <A HREF="x1042.html" >Floppies</A ></DT ><DT >6.4. <A HREF="x1057.html" >CD-ROMs</A ></DT ><DT >6.5. <A HREF="x1073.html" >Tapes</A ></DT ><DT >6.6. <A HREF="x1079.html" >Formatting</A ></DT ><DT >6.7. <A HREF="x1139.html" >Partitions</A ></DT ><DT >6.8. <A HREF="x1298.html" >Filesystems</A ></DT ><DT >6.9. <A HREF="x1657.html" >Disks without filesystems</A ></DT ><DT >6.10. <A HREF="x1675.html" >Allocating disk space</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >7. <A HREF="memory-management.html" >Memory Management</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >7.1. <A HREF="x1752.html" >What is virtual memory?</A ></DT ><DT >7.2. <A HREF="x1762.html" >Creating a swap space</A ></DT ><DT >7.3. <A HREF="x1794.html" >Using a swap space</A ></DT ><DT >7.4. <A HREF="x1828.html" >Sharing swap spaces with other operating systems</A ></DT ><DT >7.5. <A HREF="swap-allocation.html" >Allocating swap space</A ></DT ><DT >7.6. <A HREF="buffer-cache.html" >The buffer cache</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >8. <A HREF="boots-and-shutdowns.html" >Boots And Shutdowns</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >8.1. <A HREF="x1887.html" >An overview of boots and shutdowns</A ></DT ><DT >8.2. <A HREF="x1901.html" >The boot process in closer look</A ></DT ><DT >8.3. <A HREF="x1949.html" >More about shutdowns</A ></DT ><DT >8.4. <A HREF="x1983.html" >Rebooting</A ></DT ><DT >8.5. <A HREF="x1992.html" >Single user mode</A ></DT ><DT >8.6. <A HREF="x1996.html" >Emergency boot floppies</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >9. <A HREF="init.html" ><B CLASS="COMMAND" >init</B ></A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >9.1. <A HREF="x2016.html" ><B CLASS="COMMAND" >init</B > comes first</A ></DT ><DT >9.2. <A HREF="x2051.html" >Configuring <B CLASS="COMMAND" >init</B > to start <B CLASS="COMMAND" >getty</B >: the <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/etc/inittab</TT > file</A ></DT ><DT >9.3. <A HREF="x2111.html" >Run levels</A ></DT ><DT >9.4. <A HREF="x2151.html" >Special configuration in <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/etc/inittab</TT ></A ></DT ><DT >9.5. <A HREF="x2179.html" >Booting in single user mode</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >10. <A HREF="log-in-and-out.html" >Logging In And Out</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >10.1. <A HREF="x2210.html" >Logins via terminals</A ></DT ><DT >10.2. <A HREF="x2243.html" >Logins via the network</A ></DT ><DT >10.3. <A HREF="x2256.html" >What <B CLASS="COMMAND" >login</B > does</A ></DT ><DT >10.4. <A HREF="x2288.html" >X and xdm</A ></DT ><DT >10.5. <A HREF="x2291.html" >Access control</A ></DT ><DT >10.6. <A HREF="x2308.html" >Shell startup</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >11. <A HREF="c2318.html" >Managing user accounts</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >11.1. <A HREF="x2324.html" >What's an account?</A ></DT ><DT >11.2. <A HREF="x2331.html" >Creating a user</A ></DT ><DT >11.3. <A HREF="x2424.html" >Changing user properties</A ></DT ><DT >11.4. <A HREF="x2452.html" >Removing a user</A ></DT ><DT >11.5. <A HREF="x2466.html" >Disabling a user temporarily</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >12. <A HREF="backups.html" >Backups</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >12.1. <A HREF="x2493.html" >On the importance of being backed up</A ></DT ><DT >12.2. <A HREF="x2506.html" >Selecting the backup medium</A ></DT ><DT >12.3. <A HREF="x2516.html" >Selecting the backup tool</A ></DT ><DT >12.4. <A HREF="x2540.html" >Simple backups</A ></DT ><DT >12.5. <A HREF="x2615.html" >Multilevel backups</A ></DT ><DT >12.6. <A HREF="x2705.html" >What to back up</A ></DT ><DT >12.7. <A HREF="x2717.html" >Compressed backups</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >13. <A HREF="c2732.html" >Keeping Time</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >13.1. <A HREF="x2738.html" >Time zones</A ></DT ><DT >13.2. <A HREF="x2751.html" >The hardware and software clocks</A ></DT ><DT >13.3. <A HREF="x2757.html" >Showing and setting time</A ></DT ><DT >13.4. <A HREF="x2804.html" >When the clock is wrong</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >14. <A HREF="c2816.html" >Finding Help</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >14.1. <A HREF="x2821.html" >Newsgroups and Mailing Lists</A ></DT ><DT >14.2. <A HREF="x2855.html" >IRC</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >A. <A HREF="gfdl.html" >GNU Free Documentation License</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >0. <A HREF="x2907.html" >PREAMBLE</A ></DT ><DT >1. <A HREF="x2912.html" >APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</A ></DT ><DT >2. <A HREF="x2922.html" >VERBATIM COPYING</A ></DT ><DT >3. <A HREF="x2926.html" >COPYING IN QUANTITY</A ></DT ><DT >4. <A HREF="x2932.html" >MODIFICATIONS</A ></DT ><DT >5. <A HREF="x2968.html" >COMBINING DOCUMENTS</A ></DT ><DT >6. <A HREF="x2973.html" >COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</A ></DT ><DT >7. <A HREF="x2977.html" >AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</A ></DT ><DT >8. <A HREF="x2981.html" >TRANSLATION</A ></DT ><DT >9. <A HREF="x2984.html" >TERMINATION</A ></DT ><DT >10. <A HREF="x2987.html" >FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</A ></DT ><DT ><A HREF="x2992.html" >How to use this License for your documents</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT ><A HREF="g2999.html" >Glossary (DRAFT, but not for long hopefully)</A ></DT ></DL ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="LOT" ><DL CLASS="LOT" ><DT ><B >List of Tables</B ></DT ><DT >6-1. <A HREF="x1139.html#PARTITION-IDS" >Partition types (from the Linux <B CLASS="COMMAND" >fdisk</B > program).</A ></DT ><DT >9-1. <A HREF="x2111.html#RUN-LEVELS" >Run level numbers</A ></DT ><DT >12-1. <A HREF="x2615.html#EFFICIENT-BACKUP-LEVELS" >Efficient backup scheme using many backup levels</A ></DT ></DL ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="LOT" ><DL CLASS="LOT" ><DT ><B >List of Figures</B ></DT ><DT >3-1. <A HREF="x110.html#KERNELOVERVIEW" >Some of the more important parts of the Linux kernel</A ></DT ><DT >4-1. <A HREF="x264.html#FSTREE" >Parts of a Unix directory tree. Dashed lines indicate partition limits.</A ></DT ><DT >6-1. <A HREF="x1001.html#HD-SCHEMATIC" >A schematic picture of a hard disk.</A ></DT ><DT >6-2. <A HREF="x1139.html#HARD-DISK-LAYOUT" >A sample hard disk partitioning.</A ></DT ><DT >6-3. <A HREF="x1298.html#HD-MOUNT-ROOT" >Three separate filesystems.</A ></DT ><DT >6-4. <A HREF="x1298.html#HD-MOUNT-ALL" ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/home</TT > and <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/usr</TT > have been mounted.</A ></DT ><DT >6-5. <A HREF="x1298.html#DUMPE2FS-OUTPUT" >Sample output from <B CLASS="COMMAND" >dumpe2fs</B ></A ></DT ><DT >10-1. <A HREF="x2210.html#TERMINAL-LOGINS" >Logins via terminals: the interaction of <B CLASS="COMMAND" >init</B >, <B CLASS="COMMAND" >getty</B >, <B CLASS="COMMAND" >login</B >, and the shell.</A ></DT ><DT >12-1. <A HREF="x2615.html#BACKUP-HISTORY-TIMELINE" >A sample multilevel backup schedule.</A ></DT ></DL ></DIV ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="NAVFOOTER" ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"><TABLE WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" > </TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" > </TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="f33.html" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" > </TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" > </TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" >Source and pre-formatted versions available</TD ></TR ></TABLE ></DIV ></BODY ></HTML >